Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness group training based on stress reduction on emotional self-regulation and self-care in type 2 diabetes people - Esfrain 2023. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental research with a pre-test and post-test method and a control group. The statistical society included all type 2 diabetes people in Esfrain city, of whom 36 people were selected as the study sample. The participants were simple random placed in an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received mindfulness group education based on stress reduction during eight 2-h sessions over 8 weeks, whereas the control group received no education. Before and after the education sessions, the two groups completed Hoffman and Kashdan’s (2010) emotional self-regulation questionnaire and Tobert and Glasso’s (2000) self-care questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance test. Results: The results showed that mindfulness group training based on stress reduction can improve emotional self-regulation scores and life expectancy in patients with type 2 diabetes(P: 0.0005). Conclusion: According to the results of the research, mindfulness training based on stress reduction is suggested to diabetic patients as a complementary treatment with the aim of improving the level of emotional self-regulation and self-care.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness group training based on stress reduction on emotional self-regulation and self-care in type 2 diabetes people - Esfrain 2023. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental research with a pre-test and post-test method and a control group. The statistical society included all type 2 diabetes people in Esfrain city, of whom 36 people were selected as the study sample. The participants were simple random placed in an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received mindfulness group education based on stress reduction during eight 2-h sessions over 8 weeks, whereas the control group received no education. Before and after the education sessions, the two groups completed Hoffman and Kashdan’s (2010) emotional self-regulation questionnaire and Tobert and Glasso’s (2000) self-care questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance test. Results: The results showed that mindfulness group training based on stress reduction can improve emotional self-regulation scores and life expectancy in patients with type 2 diabetes(P: 0.0005). Conclusion: According to the results of the research, mindfulness training based on stress reduction is suggested to diabetic patients as a complementary treatment with the aim of improving the level of emotional self-regulation and self-care.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness group training based on stress reduction on emotional self-regulation and self-care in type 2 diabetes people - Esfrain 2023. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental research with a pre-test and post-test method and a control group. The statistical society included all type 2 diabetes people in Esfrain city, of whom 36 people were selected as the study sample. The participants were simple random placed in an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received mindfulness group education based on stress reduction during eight 2-h sessions over 8 weeks, whereas the control group received no education. Before and after the education sessions, the two groups completed Hoffman and Kashdan’s (2010) emotional self-regulation questionnaire and Tobert and Glasso’s (2000) self-care questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance test. Results: The results showed that mindfulness group training based on stress reduction can improve emotional self-regulation scores and life expectancy in patients with type 2 diabetes(P: 0.0005). Conclusion: According to the results of the research, mindfulness training based on stress reduction is suggested to diabetic patients as a complementary treatment with the aim of improving the level of emotional self-regulation and self-care.

Objective: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that can be exacerbated by stress, poor compliance and self-care practices. This study investigated the effects of self-care training combined with stress management on treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) people. Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial with repeated measures. The study sample included 30 T2DM who were purposively selected among the eligible members of the Kerman Diabetes Association. The participants were randomized to the experimental group (stress management based on cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-care training) (n=15) and the control group (no intervention) (n=15). Both groups completed the Medanlo Treatment Adherence Questionnaire at the pretest, posttest, and follow-up time points. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA. Results: The post-test and follow-up mean scores of treatment adherence significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group (P< 0.001). In addition, the results demonstrated that treatment adherence improved in follow-up (P< 0.001). Conclusion: According to the study results, psychological training should be integrated with self-care training to achieve long lasting treatment adherence in T2DM people.

Objective Hepatic glucose release is greatly increased in the presence of obesity and related diseases. The research objective was to explore the impact of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on TCF7L2 gene expression in hepatocytes of obese rats. Materials and Methods: Out of 21 male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks years (220±10 g), obesity was induced in 14 rats by 8-week high-fat diet. The rats were then divided into normal (n=7), obese control (n=7), and HIIT obese (n=7) groups. Rats in the HIIT group completed 8 weeks of HIIT/5 days weekly, whereas the other groups were inactive. After intervention, TCF7L2 gene expression in hepatocytes, insulin resistance and glucose compared using ANOVA /Tukey’s post hoc test between groups by SPSS-22. Results: Obesity induction led to a significant decrease in TCF7L2 gene expression (P: 0.011) and an increase in blood glucose (P: 0.009) and insulin resistance (P: 0.019) compared with the normal group (P< 0.001). On the other hand, interval training led to a significant increase in TCF7L2 gene expression (P: 0.029) and a decrease in blood glucose (P< 0.001) and insulin resistance (P< 0.001) in the obese group compared with the control group. Conclusion: The observed enhancement in fasting blood glucose levels among obese rats could be linked to increased TCF7L2 gene expression in liver cells, which appears to be a response to interval training intervention. Nevertheless, understanding the main mechanisms responsible for observed changes requires further studies in this field.

Objective: For many years HbA1c used as diagnostic criteria for diabetes, however, measurement of HbA1 has some limitations that cannot be accurately assess blood glucose levels in conditions such as changes in red blood cell life. in this study, we evaluated and compared the levels of HbA1C in diabetic, pre-diabetic and non-diabetic individuals to understand the role and relationship of different values of RBC`s indices in these conditions. Materials and Methods: This study performed between august to December of year 2021, and the demographic information and hematologic indices of 706 individuals which referred to laboratories in Gorgan city were investigated. According to results of FBS and HbA1c, individuals categorized in three distinct healthy (H), pre-diabetic (PD), and diabetic (D) groups base on latest ADA criteria. Results: Evaluation of HbA1c level based on the presence or absence of anemia showed that in diabetic group with anemia significantly had a lower level 8.4 (± 1.5) than people without anemia 8.6 (± 1.5) (P= 0.045). Conclusion: In this study, it was shown that changes in RBC indices in anemia can lead to inaccurate measurement of HbA1c level.

Objective: Currently, spiritual health is the most important dimension related to adaptation in chronic diseases.The aim of the present study is review of the role of spiritual health in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Improvement of spiritual health leads to better adaptation, increasing psychological well-being, decreasing mood symptoms and improvement of life quality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is suggested that the treatment of diabetes must include spiritual care and interventions.

Objective: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an essential role in endothelial repair and neovascularization. Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to EPC depletion and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, iron overload is closely related to the development of diabetes and its various chronic complications. This study was designed to determine the relationship between EPC markers (CD34, CD133), vitamin D, and iron in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 67 diabetic patients with or without nephropathy. Blood pressure and all biochemical parameters were measured and compared. Serum concentrations of insulin, vitamin D, CD34, and CD133 were measured using ELISA. Serum iron concentration was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Body mass index (P= 0.006), diastolic pressure (P= 0.018), insulin level (P= 0.028), Creatinine (P= 0.013), duration of diabetes, uric acid, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were significantly different between the two groups (each P= 0.0001).The vitamin D (P= 0.034), CD34 (P= 0.0001), and CD133 (P= 0.025) levels decreased, and Iron (P= 0.0001) increased in the case group. Also, CD34 has a significant direct relationship with insulin, insulin resistance, and CD133. The results showed that vitamin D, iron, CD34, and CD133 had a significant relationship with the severity of nephropathy (P= 0.0001, each). Conclusion: Increased iron levels and decreased vitamin D, CD34, and CD133 levels are associated with the severity of nephropathy. This result indicates that diabetic nephropathy may directly reduce CD34 and CD133 levels in the body, increasing the incidence of secondary complications in these patients.

Objective: This review aims to address the critical role of sample size calculation in designing and conducting animal studies related to diabetes and obesity, particularly focusing on experimental comparison methods like ANOVA design. Materials and Methods: We discuss the factors influencing sample size decisions, including type I and type II errors, effect size, and standard deviation. We emphasize the importance of avoiding common pitfalls, such as using rules of thumb or arbitrary choices, and advocate for utilizing established formulas to ensure accurate and reliable sample size determination. Results: This review presents relevant equations for calculating sample size in animal studies with an ANOVA design, providing researchers with a framework for determining the appropriate number of animals needed to achieve robust and ethical research. Conclusion: Accurate sample size calculation is essential for achieving powerful and statistically sound animal studies in diabetes and obesity research. Utilizing established formulas and avoiding arbitrary choices ensures reliable and ethical research practices while minimizing resource waste and maximizing the validity of collected data.

Objective: Obesity is a major public health concern. Since the prevalence of obesity is increasing, exploring the impacts of obesity on the developing musculoskeletal system is important. The aim of this study was to compare postural balance, muscle force, and spinal posture between children and adolescents with and without obesity. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study on 90 children and adolescents with and without obesity (N=45 in each group). Outcome measures will be postural balance, muscle force, and spinal posture. These outcome measures will be compared between groups. Results: Evaluation of HbA1c level based on the presence or absence of anemia showed that in diabetic group with anemia significantly had a lower level 8.4 (± 1.5) than people without anemia 8.6 (± 1.5) (P= 0.045). Conclusion: The findings can determine the importance of assessing musculoskeletal health in children and adolescents with obesity.