Objective: Probiotics are living microorganisms that play a part in energy balance. One of the most important causes of obesity is dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota composition. This study aimed to determine the effects of a multi-strain probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on anthropometric measurements and body fat percentage in adults with overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized trial including 74 overweight and obese adults referring to two private clinics who entered the study after signing a written informed consent. Participants were randomly assigned to either group and received either 1×109 CFU/day probiotic capsule or a placebo for 12 weeks. They were advised not to change their usual diet or physical activity during the study period. Anthropometric measurements, body fat percentage, dietary intake, and physical activity were assessed both at first and 12 weeks of the treatment. Results: The intervention group showed significant differences in the mean body weight (-1.46 kg), body mass index (-0.54 kg/m2), waist circumference (-1.24cm), hip circumference (-0.42cm), waist-to-hip ratio (-0.01), and fat percentage (-0.66%) compared to their baseline values (all P< 0.001), but there were no significant differences in comparison with the placebo group (P> 0.05). In the placebo group there were negligible non-significant effects on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that probiotic supplementation containing several strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can improve anthropometric measurements and body fat percentage in adults.

Objective: Type 1 diabetes significantly affects children physical, emotional, social, and academic well-being, reducing their Quality of Life (QoL) and potentially causing psychological problems. This study evaluates the QoL in children aged 10 - 16 with type 1 diabetes in Yazd. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 75 children with type 1 diabetes who visited healthcare clinics in Yazd were assessed. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Pediatric QoL Inventory (PedsQL), QoL questionnaire, evaluating four subscales: physical, emotional, social, and academic performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS -24 software. Results: The highest QoL score was in the physical dimension (mean: 8.51 (± 7.04)), while the lowest was in academic performance (mean: 4.02 (± 3.75)). A significant relationship was found between gender and academic performance (girls: 2.43 (± 1.58), boys: 1.93 (± 1.04)) (P= 0.021). HbA1C levels significantly correlated with academic (P= 0.028) and social (P= 0.013) dimensions. Parental education (father: P= 0.007, mother: P= 0.047) and employment status (father: P= 0.039, mother: P= 0.025) were also associated with QoL and academic performance. Conclusion: Type 1 diabetes particularly impacts the academic and social dimensions of QoL in children, potentially leading to long-term psychological consequences. Further research should explore therapeutic, educational, and familial interventions to enhance their QoL.

Objective: Understanding the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is essential in getting its etiology and designing effective preventive strategies. Evaluation of the association between the gene polymorphisms rs689A/T (INS) and rs757110C/A (ABCC8) and the susceptibility to T2DM within a group of individuals diagnosed with T2DM in Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were used for DNA extraction (200 with T2DM and 200 healthy controls). The quality and quantity of extracted DNA were assessed via ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 260 nm and 280 nm wavelengths. To identify specific alleles, primer sequences were manually designed using Primer3Plus, and the genotypes of rs689 (A>T) and rs757110 C>A were determined through ARMS-PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism version 8. Results: For rs689 individuals with the genotype (AA) were found to have a higher likelihood of developing diabetes (P= 0.001). Additionally, the frequency of the A allele was found to be higher in the patient group (0.13) compared to the control group (0.05). For rs757110 individuals with the genotype (CC) were found to have a higher likelihood of developing diabetes (P< 0.001). Additionally, the frequency of the C allele was found to be higher in the patient group (0.57) compared to the control group (0.39). Conclusion: This study found that the frequency of AA and AT genotypes of rs689 and CC and CA genotypes of rs757110 are associated with T2DM risk.

Objective: Genetic studies indicate that available insulin influences the activity or expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes. This study aimed to assess the effect of resistance exercise program on gluconeogenic genes expression and their change relation with insulin in response to training.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the concurrent relationships between weight self-stigma and disordered eating behaviors, mediated by weight- and body-related shame and guilt, fear of negative appearance evaluation, and eating self-efficacy, among women with overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 228 Iranian women, aged 18-70 years, with overweight and obesity (BMI= 25), who were purposively selected. Participants responded to online demographic questions and research measurement tools (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire, Weight- and Body-Related Shame and Guilt Scale, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle-Short Form, Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale). Statistical methods of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation matrix, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping mediation analysis were used to analyze the data, through SPSS 23 and AMOS 23. Results: The results showed that weight self-stigma had significant paths to all research variables in a structural model (P< 0.05). Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that eating self-efficacy mediated the relationships between weight self-stigma and emotional (P< 0.001), external (P< 0.001), and restrained eating behaviors (P< 0.002). Additionally, weight and body-related guilt mediated the relationship between weight self-stigma and restrained eating behavior (P< 0.001). Totally, the research model explained 14.9% of the variance of emotional and external eating behaviors, and 36.2% of the variance of restrained eating behavior. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of considering weight self-stigma in obesity research. Additionally, improving eating self-efficacy and addressing guilt through psychological interventions are crucial for managing eating behaviors in this population.

Objective: The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of obesity is significant, as a known connection between metabolism and immune function. Lifestyle modification may be a useful strategy to prevent obesity-related complications. To the best of our understanding, there have been no studies conducted to examine the impact of various exercise protocols on the profile of inflammatory factors within the body. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on the levels of semaphorin-3E (Sema-3E) in individuals who are obese. Materials and Methods: This study examined the effects of a 12-week HIFT program on 22 obese men aged 23 to 32 years old. Participants were divided into two groups: a control group (C) and a HIFT exercise group (H). Body mass index (BMI) and blood levels of Sema-3E were measured before and after the intervention period. Results: In this study, the results of the ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference of the levels of semaphorin-3E between the studied groups (P< 0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that HIFT reduced the levels of semaphorin-3E in the body and may be effective in reducing systemic inflammation.

Anxiety, sleep quality deterioration and depression are among the disorders that diabetic patients encounter. Today, non-drug methods have grown significantly in an effort to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality. One of these methods is aromatherapy, which uses various plant essential oils. The present study was conducted to study the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with essential oils of various plants on the anxiety and sleep quality of diabetic patients. The results of this study indicate that aromatherapy with lavender, rosemary, bitter orange blossom, and orange essential oils can reduce anxiety levels. Additionally, using lavender, rosemary, sandalwood, and bitter orange blossom essential oils helps improve the sleep quality of diabetic patients. This study highlights the beneficial effects of aromatherapy using essential oils in reducing anxiety levels and improving sleep quality among diabetic patients. As the trend towards complementary medicine continues to grow, integrating aromatherapy into patient care represents an accessible and effective non-pharmacological approach to enhance mental well-being and sleep among this population. Implementing these findings in practice may lead to improved patient outcomes and a holistic approach to diabetes management.

The resident gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic entity and at times their imbalance (dysbiosis) can trigger the onset of diseases. Dysbiosis are known to be correlated to host metabolic disease, liver disease, immune complications amongst few others. Dysbiosis can deregulate the biosynthesis and secretion of metabolites by the microbiota which is normally considered beneficial to the host. Altered metabolites availability can modulate host organs/tissues functions which may influence certain disease onset and progression. Obesity and diabetes are diseases that exhibits a correlation with significant change in gut microbiota composition and diversity. Modulation in the secretion of gut microbiota-derived metabolites during dysbiosis appears to influence the onset and progression of obesity and diabetes. However, direct physiological link between the gut microbiota and obesity and diabetes is not confirmed yet and remains a challenge for further investigations. In this article, findings where by perturbation of the gut microbiota may contribute towards obesity and diabetes in the host are reviewed.