The experiment applied on four groups of calves, each of four calves. Three calves from each group were vaccinated with one of the following attenuated vaccines: Lumpy skin disease vaccine (LSD), Romanian sheep pox (RSP) vaccine, Held goat pox (HGP) vaccine and dual (bivalent) vaccine of SPV and GPV. All vaccines were evaluated by estimating the cellular immunity using lymphocyte blastogenesis measured by XTT assay, and humeral immunity using serum neutralization and ELISA tests of vaccinated calves. The NI coincided with the ELISA antibody results and corroborated the results of cell mediated immunity which demonstrated the capacity of LSD and dual vaccines to induce immune response higher than SP vaccine and GP vaccines. In conclusion, the current study proved that the LSD and dual vaccines were highly immunogenic than the RSP and HGP vaccines, and dual vaccine could be safely used for vaccination of cattle against lumpy skin disease.

"> Coagulase negative Staphylococci are the most prevalent cause of bovine subclinical mastitis. The current study were designed to study their occurrence, antibiogram and their ability to form biofilms. A total number of 95 CNS isolates were recovered from 400 lactating. S. xylosus (36.84%), S. chromogenes (12.63%), S. epidermidis (10.53%), S. saprophyticus (8.42%), S. haemolyticus (7.38%) were the most common recovered species. Disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials discs was used to detect their antibiogram. 100% were sensitive to Imipenem, 96.84% were sensitive to Enrofloxacin, 85.26% to Chlramphenicol and 84.21% to Vancomycin. But, 95.79% were resistant to Ampicillin, 77.9% resistant to Cefoxitin, 35.8% resistant to Cefuroxime, 32.63% resistant to Amoxycillin and 18.95% resistant to Clindamycin. Cultivation on Congo Red Agar (CRA) was carried out to detect biofilm formation. 47.37% were positive and S. epidermidis was the most biofilm positive species on CRA by the percentage of 70%. Haemolysins were studied by cultivating CNS on sheep blood agar. 25.26% were ß-haemolytic, 71.57% (n=68) were ?- haemolytic and 3.15% were a- haemolytic.

Infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian influenza (AI) are highly contagious and the most economically important diseases of the poultry affecting the respiratory tract and causing economic losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. In the present study, 180 broiler flocks were sampled from 6 different Egyptian provinces (Giza, Qaluobia, Sharqia, Menofia, Al Behira and Fayoum) during 2014 to 2015. The birds showed respiratory illness and they were examined for 4 respiratory viral diseases; avian influenza (AI subtype H5 and H9), vNDV and IBV. All farms were vaccinated against IBV, ND and AI and were investigated using RT-PCR. The results showed that 41 out of 180 broiler farms were positive for either IBV or vND or AI-H5 and AI-H9 as a single infection as follows: 24, 10, 5 and 2 farms respectively. There were 62 farms detected as mixed infection, the highest incidence was shown in 40 farms co-infected with IBV and AI (H9) and 11 with IBV and vNDV, rRT-PCR results for each governorate separately go more or less parallel to that of all governorates collectively, There was no clear geographical preferences in positive viruses among governorates. ,Mortality rate and clinical signs incidence showed the highest percentage for birds reared in winter and Autumn compared with the other seasons. The results revealed that IBV as a single or a mixed infection had a major role in the respiratory problem in the field.

A total of 247 intestinal samples from freshly dead broiler and layer chickens were collected from 150 farms in Giza, Sharkia, Qalubia, El-Behera, Daqahlia and Cairo governorates in different seasons. These samples showed different degrees of intestinal lesions from apparently normal to sever necrosis with ulcerations. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 138 samples with incidence of 55.9%. The incidence of NE was higher in spring and summer than winter and autumn. According to polymerase chain reaction and intradermal injection of guinea pig all isolates were Clostridium perfringens type A. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests made for 15 isolates and most of the examined isolates were highly sensitive to amoxicillin, ampicillin, florfenicol, penicillin and metronidazole. Three isolates showed resistance to most of antibiotics were used. Effect of piperazine salt on antibiotic resistance of C. perfringens isolate was studied in this work.

; "> Development of environmental, safe and protective vaccines against infectious pathogens remains a challenge. In consequence of its high morbidity and mortality rates canine distemper is one of the most important diseases of young dogs. The object of the present study is to develop a selected method for preparation of an inactivated canine distemper vaccine. This method involved exposure of the virus to different concentrations of binary ethyleneimine (BEI), beta propiolactone (ßPL) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Complete virus inactivation was obtained with BEI (0.003M) for 6 hours, ßPL (1/5000) for 4 hours and H2O2 at a concentration of 3% rapidly inactivated a Vero cell adapted canine distemper virus strain within 3 h of exposure without affecting its antigenicity or immunogenicity. The safety, immunogenicity and potency induced in four groups of puppies were evaluated using the three prepared experimental batches of inactivated canine distemper vaccine. These results revealed that no residual infectious virus was detected in H2O2 inactivated CD vaccine that proved to be safe and effective when compared with the same virus harvest that inactivated with the classical inactivating agents as BEI and ßPL. Thus, an alternative inactivation method, such as H2O2 is able to maintain the integrity of the virus protein may be essential for improving the potency of inactivated canine distemper virus vaccine produced sufficient level of antibodies which measured by serum neutralization test (SNT) and was protected when challenged with virulent CD virus strain. These findings reinforce the idea that H2O2 can replace BEI and ßPL as inactivating agents for canine distemper virus to reduce time and cost of inactivation process.

This study aimed to replace liquid foot pan in the poultry farm, with a novel model that is used more effectively in biosecurity program convenient with the workers in Egyptian farms that avoid foot pan. This novel model dry foot pan, semiliquid (wet) foot pan and floor mat that enabled the disinfectants to be worked for a longer time. In the present study authors are looking for a durable footbath, stable, fast, easily applied and log acting in the reduction of salmonellae. The efficacy of powder disinfectant (calcium hypochlorite powder, Halamid, Staldren, Virkon S and paraformaldehyde) were tested against salmonellae in a novel form of foot pan dry, semi-liquid and floor mat models. The disinfectants were diluted by calcium carbonate or sodium chloride powder in the dry form, surfactant in the semiliquid form and use of the sponge as a mat in the third form. Daily measurement of the active principle of the tested disinfectants and the log reduction of the Salmonellae were done. The dry form and semi liquid form of the Calcium hypochlorite was successfully effective for 10 days in dry form and 9 days in semiliquid form. However, Halamid and Staldren were successfully effective in dry form for 14 days and 17 days respectively, semiliquid form was worked for 21 day and 3 days and floor mat was effective for 21 days and 3 days respectively. Paraformaldehyde powder was also effective for 6 days in the dry form, but in the semiliquid form was effective for 10 days, floor mat was effective for 12 days. 5% Virkon S could be effective for 3 days in the dry form and semi-liquid form but only 2 days in the floor mat form.

0px; "> A study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity and the median lethal dose (LD50) of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from clinically diseased catfish against apparently healthy homologous fish to evaluate the lethality of extra-cellular products (ECPs) of the isolated strain in vivo. For pathogenicity experiment, five different concentrations of Aeromonas hydrophila strain BNS 01614 including 3× 108, 1.5 × 108, 1.5 × 107, 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 105 CFU/fish used via intra peritoneal. The results revealed that pathogenicity of BNS 01614 was confirmed by the mortality of 30 % to 100 % of all tested fish within 4 to 12 days with LD50 1.5 × 107 CFU/fish. The Concentrated extracellular products (ECPs) of the selected bacterium were prepared and confirmed to be toxic in Clarias garipineus with LC50 of 20µg.

The present study aimed to prepare a combined inactivated vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea genotype-1(BVD-1),bovine viral diarrhea genotype-2 (BVD- 2),infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR),parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) and adjuvanted with montanide oil ISA 206. Quality control results proved that the pneumo-5 vaccine was pure and completely safe to be used in calves without abnormalities. Potency test was performed on two groups of calves three for each group, where the first group was vaccinated with pneumo-5 vaccine adjuvant with montanide oil ISA 206 and the second group was left as non-vaccinated control group. In group (1), serum neutralization test revealed that the serum neutralizing antibody titers in BVD-1 and BVD-2 developed more higher than the minimal acceptable titer of the protective level (log10 0.9), while log10 0.6 was protective against IBR, PI-3 and BRS viruses at one month of vaccination and remained protective till the end of experiment compared to group (2) that showed no neutralizing antibody response. The prepared vaccine proved to be highly potent as the developed BVD-1, BVD-2, IBR, PI-3 and BRSV antibodies remained within the protective level for 9 months post vaccination.

> Brucellosis is considered an economically important highly contagious and zoonotic bacterial disease of water buffaloes. Control of brucellosis in buffaloes is very important for public health. The efficacy of control program depends on the detection and eradication of infected animals coupled with vaccination and application of biosecurity. This study was carried out to control the brucellosis in buffalo farm in Assuit Governorate, Egypt during the period from April 2015 to August 2016. Out of 620 unvaccinated buffaloes, 87 (14.03%) aborted. Moreover, 90/620(14.51%), 82/620(13.22%), 82/620(13.22%), and 80/620 (12.9%) buffaloes were serologically positive by BAPA, RBPT, m SAT and Riv.T, respectively. Three isolates were differentiated as Brucella melitensis, biovar 3, one strain isolated from one vaginal swap out of 10 Riv.T. positive recently aborted buffaloes (10%) and two strains were isolated out of ten milk samples of Riv.T. positive buffaloes (20%). Eighty serological positive buffaloes to Riv.T were culled from the herd, while 60 serological negative heifers were vaccinated by Brucella abortus S 19 vaccine, with a dose of 3-8×109 cfu/5ml and monitored for serological titer for 240 days. After 6 months of vaccination, the number of serologically positive calves declined marginally to 50 (83.33%), 40 (66.67%), 50 (83.33%), 0 (0%), 40 (66.67%) and 0 (0%) by BAPA, RBPT, mSAT, CFT, iELISA and cELISA, respectively. Three successive serological tests every three weeks were done by screening tests, BAPA and RBPT and confirmed by Riv.T. At the end of the control program, all examined buffaloes were serologically negative. Application of biosecurity in the farm was applied by the sanitary disposal of aborted material and application of proper disinfectants at its recommended work strength and contact time.

Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad affecting blood elements. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare ameliorative effects of Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid, MZD) and praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical parameters in S. mansoni-infected mice. Accordingly, Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used and were divided into 4 equal groups; 18 mice each. Group (1) was uninfected non-treated control. Mice in infected groups administered 100 S. mansoni cercariae/mouse. Group (2) contained infected non-treated mice. Group (3) was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Group (4) was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 successive days. Treatment started 7 weeks post infection (WPT) by the oral route. Blood samples were collected at the 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks post treatment for liver functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum cholinesterase level). PZQ ameliorated activities of serum enzymes; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated group. PZQ significantly decreased ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant reduction in ALT activity at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT. AST and ALP activities appeared at the 2nd and 4th WPT. PZQ caused progressive significant reduction in elevated levels of urea and creatinine at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT, respectively that produced by MZD. PZQ and MZD induced a significant elevation in the level of AChE. Such effect was early detected MZD, and it was showed at the 2nd and 4th WPT for PZQ. It was concluded that PZQ and MZD were safe drugs with no adverse biochemical effects on S. mansoni-infected treated mice with potential action done by PZQ rather than MZD.

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is the causative agent of chicken infectious anemia (CIA). Studying CAV isolates in Egypt and their genetic diversity and its potential role in vaccination failure recently noticed in broiler flocks, is lacking in Egypt. So, the present study aimed to characterize CAV isolate-collected from a commercial broiler flock suffered from severe anemia and high mortality based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 gene as well as to study pathogenicity and immunosuppressive potential in one day-old SPF chicks. The CAV isolate proved to be positive by PCR. The PCR product was sequenced and submitted to the gene bank under the accession number KX171350 and the CAV strain was designated as CLEVB-Zag2. Phylogenetic analysis at the nucleotide and amino acids level classify CLEVB-Zag2 CAV under group III (genotype III) of CAVs. On the other hand, the CLEVB-Zag2 CAV was found to be highly pathogenic for the experimentally inoculated SPF- chicks showing depression, severe anemia in almost all chicks in two infected groups beginning at the 7th day post infection (PI) and reached the peak of severity at the 14th day (hematocrit value, hemoglobin conc. and RBCs counts) are significantly reduced in chicks of the infected group. Blue wings were observed in few chicks in each infected group at the 14th day PI. Macroscopic lesions consisting of subcutaneous and muscular hemorrhages are observed with pale bone marrow, significant atrophy of thymus, spleen and bursa, hepatomegally with mottled liver and paleness of the carcasses were detected 7 days PI Those findings were evident and increased in severity until the day 14 PI. Concerning the CLEVB-Zag2 CAV, it was found to be highly immunosuppressive in the infected SPFchicks vaccinated with a commercial potent inactivated H5N1 vaccine as manifested by a significant reduction (protection 50%). The variance in the titer of the shieded challenge H5N1 virus was 1.45 log10 and the mean HI titer at the 4th week post vaccination was 1.5 log2 compared with the non-infected vaccinated group where these values were 90%, 2.35 log10 and 5.3 log2; respectively. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the CLEVB-Zag2 CAV isolate is highly pathogenic and immunosuppressive.

The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol, lidocaine and tramadol-lidocaine combination injected in the epidural space in goats. Nine goats were used to compare the epidural analgesic effect of tramadol (3 mg / kg), 2% lidocaine (2.86 mg/kg) and tramadol-lidocaine combination (1 mg /kg and 2.46 mg kg, resp.). Onset time, duration, and degree of analgesia and ataxia were recorded as well as Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and biochemical parameters were recorded. Time to onset and duration of analgesia, were tramadol 10 min and 225 min; lidocaine 4 min and 85 min and tramadol-lidocaine 4 min and 130 min respectively. Onset time and duration were significantly longer with tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine combination than the other treatment. Ataxia was not observed in tramadol and mildly observed in tramadol-lidocaine combination and was severing in lidocaine. Tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine combination might be clinically useful to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration surgical procedures than lidocaine alone.

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonotic disease causing approximately 6% of total human deaths. Its economic losses are not only a reduction of 10-20% in milk production and weight, but also infertility and condemnation of meat. Many serological tests are applied for detection of tuberculosis. ELISA test has the highest sensitivity and specificity than the other serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several forms of new technology were brought into the diagnostic approach to mycobacterial infection. The aim of this work was to detect bovine tuberculosis by application of different serological tests. Tuberculin skin test was applied on 2650 cattle, only 63(2.4%) were positive. Forty eight (76.2%) of the slaughtered positive animals showed visible lesions (VL) while the other 15 (23.8%) had non-visible lesions (NVL). The bacteriological examination of the 63 samples revealed isolation of M. bovis from 47 processed samples (74.6%). The results of the immunoassay test have detected 27 out of the tuberculin positive cattle, while the ELISA has detected 34 out of the positive reactor cattle. It was concluded that immunoassay and ELISA tests act as complementary tests for tuberculin skin test especially in anergic cattle.

h: 0px; "> Ice cream is a delicious dairy product commonly consumed during summer in all age groups. Due to its composition, it can harbor many potent pathogens. Most ice creams become contaminated with microbes during production, transit, and preservation. Such contaminated food product can be responsible for food borne infections in children, elderly people and immune-suppressed patients. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of street-vended ice creams sold in different areas of Alexandria city, Egypt. One hundred street vended ice cream samples (50 packed and 50 unpacked) randomly collected samples and analyzed for total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae count, coliform count, enterococci count and Staphylococcus aureus. The results revealed that the mean value of total viable count, Enterobacteriaceae count, Coliform count, Enterococci count and Staphylococcus aureus in packed and unpacked ice cream samples were 1.9x103±0.3x103, 1.0x106±0.8x106; 2.1x103±0.8x103, 1.9x104±0.8x104; 1.6x103± 0.6x103, 0.8x104±0.6x104; 1.3x103±0.05x103, 7.4x104±5.5x104 and 9.1x102±2.6x102, 0.8x104±0.4x104cfu/ml, respectively. Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter sp. could be isolated and identified from the examined packed and unpacked ice cream samples. Serological identification of E.coli showed that the O111: K58: B4 is the most serotype of E.coli isolated from unpacked ice cream samples while O128: K67: B12 is the most prevalent E.coli serotype isolated from packed ice cream samples. It is recommended to launch awareness programs to minimize the contamination of ice cream products.