Rehabilitation of lost dental aesthetic is one of the most important concerns for contemporary dentistry. Conservative treatment modality along with aesthetic approaches, such as direct and indirect laminate veneer restorations were the treatment of choice. Laminate veneers are restorations to correct aesthetic deficiencies and discolorations. Direct laminate veneers involve the application of a composite material directly to the prepared tooth surface. This case report discusses the composite mirroring using direct composite laminate veneer technique application to the re-established the aesthetic problems related to discolorations in anterior region.

The aim of the present study was to compare the dental caries status of the 12 year old children of the eastern region of Macedonia and Budgam district of Jammu and Kashmir state of India. Material and Method: In this comparative study (N=396) 12-year old children from Macedonia and 592 from India were included. Dental status of participants was evaluated using the 2013 World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria for Decayed, Missing or Filled Teeth (DMFT) by 2 calibrated examiners in Macedonia and by the single examiner in India. Results: The mean value of the DMFT index for the whole sample of India was 1.91 ± 1.76 whereas for Macedonia it was 3.46 ± 2.90, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). In the Indian sample, 152 (25.68%) and in Macedonia sample 81 (21.46%) of the individuals were caries free (DMFT=0).In both countries, the female children have higher mean DMFT values. The filled component of DMFT was more among the Macedonian children which shows the higher utilization rates of dental care in that region in comparison to Indian counterparts. Conclusion: The mean DMFT of children from Macedonia was higher in comparison with children from India. The most possible reason for this can be the fact that sugar consumption in India was less in comparison with Macedonia.

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Carotid artery calcifications (CACs) of diabetic patients and compare it with normal non-diabetic individuals. Panoramic radiographs of 200 adult patients with type 2 diabetes (90 male and 110 females) (age range 16-79 years; mean age 40.54 years) and 200 controls (age-match, free of systemic diseases) were examined on panoramic radiographs for any unusual radiopacity adjacent to or just below the intervertebral space between C3 and C4. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared and Fisher exact tests. Carotid artery calcifications (CACs) were higher in diabetic patients compared with normal healthy control and the statistical difference between the two groups was significant (Chi-square test = 10.82, P = 0.001). Twenty-five (16 females, 9 males) diabetic patients showed CACs, Mean age of diabetic patients with calcification was 47.11 years. Further analysis of this group showed that 60% of patients with CACs were smokers, 48% had hypertension and 25% were obese. In conclusion, our study shows that in patients with diabetes mellitus CACs can be detected by panoramic radiography and the patients may benefit from a referral to physicians for further evaluation and necessary management.

Introduction: To investigate the possible association between presence of Epstein–Barr virus, human cytomegalovirus and three endodontic bacterial pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) “red complex” in samples from patients with acute apical abscesses using real-time PCR. Methods: Periapical samples were collected from 18 acute apical abscess specimens and 6 control samples. The apical area of each study tooth was examined in periapical radiographs obtained using a long cone paralleling technique. The study included only single-rooted teeth that had carious lesions, necrotic pulps, and radiographic evidence of periradicular bone loss. No apparent communication from the abscess to the oral cavity or skin surface was observed. DNA extracts from purulent exudate aspirates of acute apical abscess and six control samples were evaluated for the presence of microbial and viral loads using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) following the kit protocols recommended by the manufacturers. The chi squared test was used for statistical analysis. Results: HCMV, EBV, T. denticola, P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia were detected in 16.7 %, 5.6 %, 44.4 %, 27.7 %, and 22.2 % of the samples, respectively. As for the healthy pulps used as noninflamed controls, no control specimens contained bacterial or viral DNA. The pair HCMV/ T. denticola and HCMV/ T. forsythia was detected in one case. The association between HCMV, T denticola and T. forsythia was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, our PCR based findings revealed that in “red complex” bacteria, T. denticola and T. forsythia tended to occur in co-infection with HCMV.

Dentistry being a part of health care profession bears the responsibility of creating and nurturing good dentist-patient relationships. The doctor-patient relationships are essential component of any health care profession especially so with dentistry. Dental patients visit oral health professionals with a variety of oral health problems which hinders their quality of life. Seeking oral health services from a dentist or an oral health care professional is in most instances a necessity created by emergency dental problems which need immediate care. In other instances, especially in the recent information era where patients are highly informed, patients seek oral health services for both preventive and restorative care other than emergency dental problems.