The predicament experienced by the majority of commuters as a result of the state of roads across Nigeria is of major concern that must be positively addressed by the authority before it gets out of control. The problem is not limited to a particular geopolitical region, it cuts across the nation. This paper therefore examines the causes and effects of bad roads in Nigeria and considered privatization a key option and the means for provision of good roads. Privatization provides another argument as a solution for reducing public sector corruption and a source of relief on budget for capital projects. The proffered options are in the interest of the public regardless of the tribe, faith, sect, gender, and status. This discussion is a descriptive approach. The paper concludes by identifiying outstanding problems and offers solutions and suggestions

It is an obvious and undeniable fact, that the cyberspace is become a powerful method which is increasingly and quickly utilized by terrorist organizations to achieve their gruesome and nefarious goals by hitting innocent individuals. This paper has conducted a critical and comprehensive study on the literature review aiming to answer several inquiries about utilization of cyberspace by terrorist groups and the applicability of Malaysian law on terrorism. The meaning, characteristics and goals of cyber terrorism will be highlighted. Furthermore, this paper will clarify how terrorist groups invade the cyberspace with highlighting on “ISIS” as an example. In addition, this paper will indicate how the Malaysian Law addresses the terrorism. This paper has proved that the terrorist groups become more sophisticated and complex by adopting the cyberspace. Moreover, this paper discloses how terrorist groups exploit the cyberspace. Even if, Malaysian law adopts many measures and precautions to counter terrorism, but, it still needs more efforts to deal with terrorism, by regulating the “Bitcoins”, introducing a clear definition about the meaning of "lethal device” to encompass harm programs and viruses, and distinguishing between clicking "like" or sharing the terrorist items with use explicit words to glorify the terrorism and without use any explicit glorification words. The lawgiver must take into consideration the possession of terrorist items or publications for academic and innocent purposes. Finally, under SOSMA, the power to intercept the communications must be subjected on the judicial oversight and the power of arrest must be based on objective test.

The Alternative Finance Industry of “Crowdfunding” is to collect relatively small contribution of large number of people in order to support the small and medium enterprises and startups. The financial market shows a significant growth in Asia volume grow by 320% to 3.4 billion. The financial model consist of Equity or Debt (peer to peer lending) based crowdfunding. The financial model basic feature of financial return on investment. The diversification in business model with the distinct approach of implement the financial model depend on their regulatory systems to encourage the crowd for invest in alternative financial industry and furthermore, these model ensure its financial return on high risk investment. The business model offered “Nominee and Non Nominee” structure in equity based crowdfunding where as in debt based crowdfunding business model are “Client Segregated Account, Fixed Loan, Notary and “Guaranteed” Return consist of (Offline Guaranteed Return or Automated Guaranteed Return)”. The principle aim of article is to analyses the diverse business models in terms of its rational, benefits and drawbacks. Subsequently to find out whether these models are able to eliminate the risk of investment. In last part article summed up with appropriate conclusion and suggestion.

Throughout the world, aviation transportation is noted to be increasing steadily largely because globalization of world economy and economic growth, have made air transportation affordable for a large number of populations in the world. The increase in growth of air transportation has led to increase in volume of aviation emission being discharged on the earth surface. This emission however, has severe consequences on the global environment inform of pollution of the atmosphere, stratosphere and lithosphere with high level of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and others. It has been observed that though aviation emission initially constitutes only 2% of the world’s total greenhouse emission, it has now become the fastest growing source of anthropogenic greenhouse emission. This is because aviation emission from annex 1 countries rose by 67% between 1991 and 2005 and is estimated to rise by as much as 90% when aviation emissions from non -annex 1 countries are included for the period. The problem is that the potential threat of aviation emission to the global environment is said to be so much unless it is regulated. This paper therefore, analyses the contaminants of aviation emission and its impact on human lives and the global environment. It also discusses the international laws introduced to curb its escalating growth. A doctrinal research approach is applied to collect information from primary and secondary sources on the above. . The paper recommends that effective implementation of the international legal regime will guarantee effective reduction of aviation emission.

Malaysia is generally characterized as having concentrated ownership structure in its corporate sector dominated by family-owned and state-owned companies. Although there seems to be a shift in ownership and control, there is nevertheless preservation of concentration of ownership and control. In contrast, the Anglo-American system has a dispersed ownership system which has the characteristics of an active share market and takeovers, high market transparency and rigorous disclosure standards. Despite the obvious differences, the concentrated ownership systems have been transplanting Anglo-American laws, regulations, codes and guidelines into the body of their corporate governance frameworks in the hope of precipitating corporate governance reform and strengthening financial and economic standards. Although the main objective of convergence of corporate governance is to improve a country’s governance standard, the widespread reforms by way of converging practices have the potential to isolate the domestic problems. In particular, the mismatch of legal rules and regulations between dispersed ownership systems and concentrated ownership systems. Thus, this paper will look at the popular concept of convergence of corporate governance as a method to ameliorate the differences between systems. This paper argues that functional convergence can create a corporate governance structure that is closer to home without resort to direct formal regulation that carries the risks of cosmetic changes to the system. Examples from the US and the UK will be of useful insights to provide a sound solution to improve corporate governance in Malaysia.

The present exploratory research attempts to study the traditional roles of Malay head villagers or Penghulu in achieving resolution of disputes among their subjects. A comparative perspective is appreciated by looking into two different countries from two different provinces. Whilst, province of Pasir Mas, Kelantan was selected to represent Malaysia; province of Indragiri Hilir, Riau was chosen from many territories of Indonesia. Based on qualitative research method, proximately ten exclusive interviews are done with the selected head villagers. The respondents are well-known head villagers and participate actively in resolution of disputes among their subjects. Through the in-depth interviews, the practicality of dispute resolution by Penghulu in their traditional roles is investigated. With a view in finding concrete evidences on advantages of such dispute resolution processes, validation of the said practices with the established legal systems of both countries is affirmed.

The paper discusses the importance of economic institutions as critical factor that determine whether a resource rich economy would be successful or not. It elucidates the reasons for differences in economic growth among countries in spite of homogeneous culture, population, and resources. The distinct contribution of a good economic institutions to create market economy which allocate, distribute available resources in efficient way for higher revenue and rent for the benefit of the majority cannot be overemphasized. Factors such as geography, culture and historical antecedent (colonial affiliation) play important role in the life of a nation but not as viable economic institutions. The paper concludes by relating the Nigeria economic problem amidst abundance resources to ineffective institutions. It is incumbent on the political power holders/elite to embark on institutional reforms to take the country out of the wood.

This paper is to discuss about to what extent does the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 adapt to the sensitivity of the multi-religious community in Malaysia. As Malaysians are of different races, there is a multi-faith society in this country. The Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act is enacted to deal with the non-Muslims marriages while the Muslims’ are administered by the Islamic family law. So, whether or not the application of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 can adapt well to the sensitivity of the multi-religious society is very important in order to preserve the peace in this country. The issues of section 51 including the converted spouse cannot apply to petition for divorce in civil court, the rights of non-convert spouse if he or she refuses to petition for divorce, and whether the converted party will be guilty of an offence in civil courts if she marries again after the Shariah Court has declared that the marriage concerned is dissolved. The issues have caused much problems, confusion and conflict of interest between the spouses concerned. These issues are to be identified and discussed with some suggestions given in order to rectify it.

Terrorism, at present instant, destroyed the possibility of safer world and became a great challenging security issue of maintaining the peaceful order of human movement. At this critical moment, it is crying need to clearly identify the root causes of terrorism and how it emerged in global surface. One of the important reasons of the emergence of terrorism in the Middle East is the hard core power politics of the powerful states. The existing literature is not enough for comprehensive understanding about the causes of terrorism in this region. My paper will follow empirical method of study for delineating the truth that, how blatant power politics of the United States, Russia, and regional countries prevailed divine environment for rising of terror groups in the Middle East.