We are going to implement least squares approach to fit the bivariate quartic polynomial to (2n+1)^2- perceptions/data, where n>2. By taking different values of n, (2n+1)^2-point approximating subdivision schemes are built. The proposed scheme can be applied for illustrate individual items as a part of 3D (Three Dimensional) space. The proposed scheme is based on fitting the local least squares bivariate quartic polynomial of degree four to the (2n+1)^2-observations. The influence of the proposed scheme is shown by 2D example and its working is presented with the help of different quadrilateral meshes. Subdivision and topological rules are also explained with graphical and mathematical representation. Applications and visual exhibitions of the plan have additionally been displayed to show the implementation of the plan.

WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is an emerging technology that has unlimited potential for numerous application areas including military, crisis management, environmental, transportation, medical, home/ city automations and smart spaces. But energy constrained nature of WSNs necessitates that their architecture and communicating protocols to be designed in an energy aware manner. Sensor data collection through clustering mechanisms has become a common strategy in WSN. This paper presents a survey report on the major perspectives with which energy conservation mechanisms has been proposed in dynamic cluster based WSNs so far. All the solutions discussed in this paper focus on the cluster based protocols only.We have covered a vast scale of existing energy efficient protocols and have categorized them in six categories. In the beginning of this paper the fundamentals of the energy constraint issues of WSNs have been discussed and an overview of the causes of energy consumptions at all layers of WSN has been given. Later in this paper several previously proposed energy efficient protocols of WSNs are presented.

The ride quality including comfort and safety is the primary factor that is targeted in the design of an effective suspension system. The parametric behavior of suspension system is non-linear but for simplicity most of the researchers have assumed it as linear. The emphasis of this study is to analyze the non-linear behavior of basic components of the suspension system. Anon-linear mathematical model for semi-active suspension system equipped with MR (Magnetorheological) damper is developed based on a two degrees of freedom quarter vehicle model. Matlab/Simulink is used for simulation of the proposed model for different types of road disturbances. Transient response characteristics of the proposed non-linear model is compared with linear semi-active suspension model which show the difference between the responses of these models.

Human beings reflect nomadic behaviour as they keep on travelling place to place whole day for personal or organizational purposes. The inception of modern networking technologies and the advent of wide range of applications in terms of services and resources have facilitated the users in many ways. The advancements in numerous areas such as embedded systems, WN (Wireless Networks), mobile and context-aware computing, anticipated pervasive computing dominated the human communication at large. Pervasive computing refers to the environment where information is accessible anywhere and anytime while existing system is invisible to the user. On the other hand, the invisibility of pervasive computing is also a problem in its adoption as users are unaware when and what devices collect their personal data and how it is being used. It has caused new security chaos as the more information about user is collected the more privacy and security concerns it raises, thus, the pervasive computing applications became key concern for user. This paper is aimed at analyzing the security and protection issues that arise while traveling from place to place connected with wireless mobile networks. The paper reviews many existing systems that offer possible security to pervasive users. An easy, precise and relative analysis and evaluation of surveyed pervasive systems are presented and some future directions are highlighted.

LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) system is an important class of system, as it covers many physical systems. In the existing design theory related to control system, the major part is related to linear and non-linear systems. However, the LPV system is getting prominence and hence is an attractive area of research. Control issues linked with LPV systems are an emerging area of modern research. To investigate the control of this predominant class, the idea of observer design has been carried out in this article. In this paper, an observer based on RKF (Routine KalmanFiltering) scheme and LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) is employed for a set of linear parameter variations. The state and gain matrices are scheduled using an interpolation method, which is linear according to each parameter and is expected to be non-linear globally. For stability of observer, bound on rate of parameter variation is imposed. For simulation purpose, a real life case study of Boeing-747 is adopted. The proposed scheme is implemented for the stated LPV system. All the associated states of the system are examined with and without observer. Results obtained in this work show better performance as manifested by errors. Error in measurement is much reduced by employing this scheme. Short-listed features are presented in this paper to comprehend the performance of observer.

We are going to implement least squares approach to fit the bivariate quartic polynomial to (2n+1)2- perceptions/data, where n>2. By taking different values of n, (2n+1)2-point approximating subdivision schemes are built. The proposed scheme can be applied for illustrate individual items as a part of 3D (Three Dimensional) space. The proposed scheme is based on fitting the local least squares bivariate quartic polynomial of degree four to the (2n+1)2-observations. The influence of the proposed scheme is shown by 2D example and its working is presented with the help of different quadrilateral meshes. Subdivision and topological rules are also explained with graphical and mathematical representation. Applications and visual exhibitions of the plan have additionally been displayed to show the implementation of the plan.

FSOL (Free-Space Optical Links) are becoming very popular due to the inherent advantages of high data rates, rapid deployment, portability, cost effective and immunity to electromagnetic interference. FSOL is a line-of-sight technology that uses a modulated beam of light to transmit and receive the data of multiple of Giga Bit per second. FSOL uses the free space or atmosphere as a communication channel. Optical signal launched at transmitter end, travels through the atmosphere and reaches to the receiver, is severely affected by the local atmospheric conditions. Atmosphere contains different atmospheric particulates like fog, rain, snow, smog, clouds and haze. These atmospheric particulates, particularly fog, effect the propagation of optical signal passing through the atmosphere and cause significant amount of optical attenuation. In order to deploy FSO system, a detailed analysis of local weather condition is much more important. Here, we present the measured visibility data for analysis of optical attenuation. Visibility data was measured at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology from 2009-2012. Percentage CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function) is used to find out the detailed insight about the optical attenuation of FSOL. Yearly based CDFs is compared with each other which clearly suggest that almost 99% of time optical attenuation remains within the range of 2 dB/km.

Flooding is globally a major natural hazard. Floods result in property and life loss and poor economic development. Though it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of floods, but their negative impacts could be minimized considerably through proper planning and effective preparation. The vulnerability to floods could be reduced by accurate and timely prediction (Forecasting and Warning) and by impactreducing measures. Pakistan faces flooding problem almost every year in the recent past. For the period 1947-2015, a financial loss of US$ 38.165 billion has been estimated as a result of 23 major flood events in Pakistan. Approximately, more than 12,000 human beings were dead and 616,598 km2 land area was affected due to these floods. Climate change has been projected to lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of floods in future in Pakistan due to high glacial melting and deicing of mountain caps and high monsoon rainfall. The situation demands for effective and sustainable flood management to reduce flood damages. This paper reviews flood management current state, highlights challenges of flood management and identifies prospects for effective and sustainable flood management in Pakistan. The paper also seeks to make certain recommendations toward effective and sustainable flood management in Pakistan.

This paper is devoted to explore the RICCI and MCs (Matter Collineations of the Som-Ray Chaudhary spacetime. The spacetime under consideration is one of the spatially homogeneous and rotating spacetimes. Collineations are the some kinds of the Lie symmetries. To discuss the required collineations we have used the RICCI and energy momentum tensors. As the RICCI tensor is formulated from the metric tensor, it must possess its symmetries. RCs (RICCI Collineations) leads to conservation laws. On the other hand for the distribution of matter in the spacetimes, the symmetries of energy momentum tensor or MCs provides conservation laws on matter field. Throughout this paper, these collineations are discussed by vanishing Lie derivative of RICCI and energy momentum tensors respectively. Complete solution of the RCs and MCs equations, which are formed in the result of vanishing Lie derivative are explored. Studying all these collineations in the said spacetime, it has been shown that RCs of the spacetime form an infinite dimensional vector space where as MCs are Killing vector fields.

A speculation-based resource organising technique aids agencies in routing information across many industrial components. Organisation functions through IT (Information Technology) with the use of the latest technology helps HR (Human Resources) increase gross sales and beyond. The problem associated with an industry organizational tool is that it needs to share data from the MRP (Material Requirements Planning) system with financial accounting, customer relationships, the supply chain or other applications with the use of the latest technologies. Organisations cannot easily acquire choices, whatever ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) devices are made for their organisation.In this research paper, we performedand maintained QA (Quality Assurance) using two ERPs are Microsoft Design AX and SAP (Software and Application). Selecting the best ERP technique is never easy. These sort of options are likely to be a really expensive investment decision along with lifetime costs which include a huge amount of money. In this research article, we have highlighted the important elements of the investigation tasks – the biological materials or groupings, steps, treatment options or applications, and also strategies within the assignment. This study can be a resourceful approach to get the essential details through the most effective way possible. This is caused by truth migration; you can use technique personalisation and employee education thoroughly, making use of the types of programs and talks that take a couple of months to more comprehensive period of time to perform. This research study hasfound that ERP is better than the currently used Supply Chain module. Key Words: Supply Chain, Quality Assurance, Microsoft Design AX,

Sacrificial anodes possessing higher electrochemical efficiency is the demand of marine, oil and gas industries. Due to high energy capability and long life light weight aluminum based anodes are more favorable as compare to magnesium and zinc based anodes to protect the engineering structures from corrosion. In present study an attempt was made to develop Al-5% Zn based composite with nano-ceria. The effect of nano-ceria on physiognomies of Al-5% Zn anode was determined through weight loss, CPR (Corrosion Penetration Rate) and emf study in CCP (Close Circuit Potential) conditions. The results indicated that by incorporating the ceria in the matrix of Al-5% Zn anode the corrosion inhibition efficiency and hardness were increased significantly.

Nowadays, every internet user is part of cyber world. In this way, millions of users, knowledge seekers, and service provider organizations are connected to each other, a vast number of common people shifted their everyday activities to cyber world as they can save their time, traffic problem and gets effective and costless services by using various services such as, online banking, social networking sites, government services and cloud services. The use of Cyber services, eBusiness, eCommerce and eGovernance increases the usage of online/cyber services also increased the issue of cyber security. Recently, various cases have been reported in the literature and media about the cyber-attacks and crimes which seriously disrupted governments, businesses and personal lives. From the literature. It is noticed that every cyber user is unaware about privacy and security practices and measures. Therefore, cyber user has provided knowledge and fully aware them from the online services and also about cyber privacy and security. This paper presents a review on the recent cybercrimes, threats and attacks reported in the literature and media. In addition, the impact of these cyber breaches and cyber law to deal with cyber security has been discussed. At last, a defensive model is also proposed to mitigate cyber-criminal activities.

In recent years, technology enabled learning also called e-learning is penetrating in the educational sector and its use is increasing especially in ODL (Open and Distance Learning). But a majority of the e-learning systems merely focuses on instruction delivery with little focus on learning activities and thus creating opportunities to develop e-learning more interactive and engaging by adding adaptive features. However, it is also a challenging task to develop and implement an adaptive e-learning model for an ODL environment. There are various issues like non-availability of the specialized contents, the learning sequence story board and the preferences of learners under the available infrastructure. This paper proposes a model of adaptive e-learning for an ODL environment. The proposed model has three important components: content model, learner model and adaptive model. The content model defines and stores the organization of chapters and topics in a logical sequence. The learner model stores information about survey and quizzes data and keep the track of the learning performance. The survey is designed to investigate the personal profiles and the preference of students about their favorite content types. The adaptive model manages content presentation and its navigation derived by the learning algorithm. The learning algorithm takes information from the learner model, analyzes it and adjusts the display of the contents by retrieving it from the content model. The implementation was conducted on two courses of computer science and in each course the experimental and control groups were formed to investigate the change in their learning level. The results show that the proposed adaptive e-learning model has improved the knowledge level of the students. The percentage of highest grade holders has increased and the failure rate has dropped in both courses. The feedback of the students enrolled in adaptive e-learning course is also conducted. The results of the survey highlight the positive opinion about this new paradigm of technology based learning.

In recent years, technology enabled learning also called e-learning is penetrating in the educational sector and its use is increasing especially in ODL (Open and Distance Learning). But a majority of the e-learning systems merely focuses on instruction delivery with little focus on learning activities and thus creating opportunities to develop e-learning more interactive and engaging by adding adaptive features. However, it is also a challenging task to develop and implement an adaptive e-learning model for an ODL environment. There are various issues like non-availability of the specialized contents, the learning sequence story board and the preferences of learners under the available infrastructure. This paper proposes a model of adaptive e-learning for an ODL environment. The proposed model has three important components: content model, learner model and adaptive model. The content model defines and stores the organization of chapters and topics in a logical sequence. The learner model stores information about survey and quizzes data and keep the track of the learning performance. The survey is designed to investigate the personal profiles and the preference of students about their favorite content types. The adaptive model manages content presentation and its navigation derived by the learning algorithm. The learning algorithm takes information from the learner model, analyzes it and adjusts the display of the contents by retrieving it from the content model. The implementation was conducted on two courses of computer science and in each course the experimental and control groups were formed to investigate the change in their learning level. The results show that the proposed adaptive e-learning model has improved the knowledge level of the students. The percentage of highest grade holders has increased and the failure rate has dropped in both courses. The feedback of the students enrolled in adaptive e-learning course is also conducted. The results of the survey highlight the positive opinion about this new paradigm of technology based learning.

The study of feature extraction and clustering techniques for an image is carried out to find the future scope in the area of image clustering for the real world applications. Nowadays, a huge amount of image data is being collected in various application domains. As clustering approaches group homogeneous data together and also deals with unlabeled data, it is used quite often for accessing the interesting data easily and quickly. Image clustering is a process of grouping image data on the basis of similarities present between them. Features extracted from the images are used for the computation of similarities among them. This paper presents a technique for CBIR (Content Based Image Retrieval) by selecting the regions on the basis of their contribution to image contents. Texture and edge features are extracted at region-level whereas shape feature is extracted at image-level. At region-level image is divided in nonoverlapping regions. Texture and edge features are calculated for each region separately. Curvelet transform is used for extracting the texture feature by providing the curve continuity as well as line continuity in the feature extraction process. Moment invariant is used for extracting the shape features. All of the regions of the image may not have equal contribution in identifying the user perception of the image. Proposed method does not dominate to the non-highlighted regions but it decreases the region weight for less contributing regions. IRM (Integrated Region Matching) technique is used for retrieving the relevant images. The performance of the proposed system is tested on Flickr and COREL databases. Experimental results show that the retrieval performance of the proposed algorithm is better in comparison to other state-of-the-art methods.

The steady–state analytical and numerical solutions are obtained for the mixing of effluent with Newtonian fluid in subsurface. The problem presented in this research work is flow through a channel packed by homogeneous porous media, associated to environmental sciences. Simulations are performed employing a time–marching scheme. Numerical method used in the study is a finite element method, while, the frame of reference is Cartesian coordinate system. Adopted algorithm follow semi-implicit technique through Taylor-Galerkin/Pressure-correction scheme. Analytical solution is Obtained and compared with the numerical predictions. Impact of Darcy’s number, influence of change in diffusion coefficient of effluent concentration and time dependent effects of velocity profile is investigated. Numerical predictions are compared against both steady–state and time–dependent analytical solutions obtained in the present study, and observed very good agreement. Various interesting features of the flow are reported. The numerical results exhibit that with increasing fluid inertia, the effluent disperses immediately in flow field when entering from same direction with the flow of fluid. While, increasing dispersion coefficient of effluent at fixed rate of inertia the effluent disperses faster and occupy large area of upstream.

Land use planning is a technical approach for developing and managing the land into various public interests to endorse sustainable socio-economic development. This paper focuses on socio-economic problems by improper allocations of urban land uses particularly in vertical development (High rise buildings). Taluka Qasimabad Town was selected as a case study to observe the existing urban land use trends. Spatial and Quantitative data were collected through detailed land use survey and formal interviews. The ArcGIS and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) online software were used to analyze spatial and quantitative data. LRM (Linear Regression Model) was used for predicting urban land use change particularly in vertical development by the year 2050. In this context, yearly code and land use change variables were applied in LRM to predict land use change since 2007. The results were found that rapid change in land uses occurred in the study area, by which inhabitants are facing problems like privacy, insecurity, property devaluation, and orientation nearby their accommodations. This research can lead to suggest several ways to improve and enhance urban land use planning approaches for betterment of urban communities.

In current era of technology, information acquisition from images and videos become most important task due to the rapid development of data mining and machine learning.The information can be either textual, visual, or combination of these. Text appearing in images or videos is a significant source of information and plays a vital role to perceive it. Developing a unified method to detect the text is hard, as textual properties (i.e. font, size, color, illumination, orientation, etc.) may vary with the complex background. So far, multimedia and computer vision community unable yet to standardize any ideal approach to extract the text smoothly. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to detect and localize artificial Urdu text in individual video frames. Firstly, Sobel and Canny edge detection operators are applied to input frame and are merged with MSER (Maximally Stable Extremal Region) detected regions. Next, geometric constraints are applied to eliminate obvious non-text regions with large and small variations. Further refining of non-text regions is achieved by stroke width transform. SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier is trained to classify text and non-text objects. Finally, bounding boxes are used to localize the text.Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and efficient than state-of-the-art methods.

It is well understood that the creation and applications of new knowledge is the primary factor that drives economic growth. Aim ofthis research is to examine the KTCs (Knowledge Transfer Channels) in the universities of Sindh, Pakistan leading towards the scientific and technological development of environment sector. This research identified 29 KTCs from literature those were examined, making exploratory interviews with PhD faculty members of universities offering degrees in field of environment. The identified 29 KTCs are grouped together into 7 groups based on their characteristics. KTC-1: Publications (2-variables); KTC-2: Networking (4-variables); KTC-3: Mobility of Researchers (6- variables); KTC-4: Joint Research (5-variables); KTC-5: Intellectual Property with (2-variables); KTC- 6: Co-operations (6-variables); KTC-7: Institutional Infrastructure (3-variables). Findingsshows, relevancy of KTCs in terms of their role towards the utilization of knowledge capital towards development by means of professional publications from KTC-1, participation of industry staff in conferences and workshops from KTC-2, students working as trainees in the industry and outflow of graduates at M.Phil. level from KTC-3, consultancy of university staff members in the industry from KTC-4, research work in co-operation with research institutes and with consultants from KTC-6 and sharing of physical infrastructure from KTC-7 also shows their impact towards the utilization of knowledge capital for development of environment sector. None of variablefrom KTC-5 related to intellectual property rights shows their impact towards utilization of knowledge capital. This research contributes empirical results of KTCs in universities, with policy implications for future knowledge transfer, which can contribute in the development of society.

This study develops MHGM (1,1) (Modified Hybrid Grey Model) which is the combination of two models first one is improved GM (1,1), this model consists of optimization of initial and background values and other is concave EDDGM (1,1) (Dynamic Discrete Grey Model) termed, in this model equal division technique is applied to fit the concavity of cumulative sequence and after that created dynamic average value and on the basis of that dynamic average value dynamic discrete GM (1,1) model is established and by the gradual heuristics method or the dichotomy approach the initial equal division number is obtained. We have fixed equal division number ‘n’ between 0 and 1in MHGM (1,1). For forecasting of starting half years we use y(0)(m) as initial condition of model in time restored function and also multiply by a factor e-b 1 to adjust the model. This model has applied without solving by heuristics or dichotomy method. Subscribers of cellular networks increase day by day in Pakistan; cellular industry has total five networks in Pakistan. In this paper data of three cellular networks subscribers that are Mobilink, Ufone and Zong have taken as application of models and it has been proved by using mean absolute percentage error that the forecast accuracy of MHGM (1,1) is better than GM (1,1) (Grey Model) and improved grey model (1,1).

Effective utilization of the available resources is imperative approach to achieve the apex of productivity. The modern world is focusing on the conditioning, sustainability and recycling of the assets by imparting innovative techniques and methodologies. Keeping this in view, an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the strength of concrete made with treated waste water for structural use. In this study ninetysix cylinders of four mixes with coarse aggregates in combination with FW (Fresh Water), WW (Wastewater), TWW (Treated Wastewater) and TS (Treated Sewage)were prepared. The workability of fresh concrete was checked before pouring of cylinders. The test cylinders were left for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days for curing. After curing, the compressive strength was measured on hardened concrete cylinders accordingly. Test results showed that workability of all the four mixes were between 25-50mm but ultimate compressive strength of concrete with WW was decreased and with TWW, TS at the age of 28 days do not change significantly. This research will open a new wicket in the horizon of recycling of construction materials. The conditioning and cyclic utilization will reduce the cost of the construction and building materials as well as minimize the use of natural resources. This novelty and calculating approach will save our natural assets and resources.