Filariasis is a common healthcare problem in Tropical countries caused by nematodes of the order Filariidae. Typical clinical manifestations include a subclinical syndrome, Acute adenolymphangitis (ADL), Filarial fever (characterized by fever without associated adenitis) and Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE). Unusual manifestations include a subcutaneous nodule, filariasis of breast, lymphadenovarix in the axilla and others. Massive hemorrhagic pericardial effusion due to Filariasis is rare. Diethylcarbamazine is the treatment of choice.

Azadirachta indica, locally called Dongo yaro is one ubiquitous native herb in Nigeria today. Though yet to be fully explored by orthodox and trado-medical practitioners, its positive and/or hazardous effect(s) remain(s) a “mysterious” to researchers, the academia, public and health care providers. In view of this, this study was instigated to investigate and chronicle (where found), the exact effect(s), that extracts from Dongo yaro (Neem Oil) will pose on the male reproductive gamete; specifically semen quality, as well as lipid peroxidation levels. To achieve this, semen from thirty (30) Normo-zoospermic males was obtained from Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Edo State. Specimens were then categorized under two groups (A and B) based on incubation periods per incrementally added quantities of semen and neem oil. With groups A and B respectively allotted 15 specimens (n = 15 each) for their respective subgroups (A1 through A15 and B1 through B15), test-tubes A1 through A3, and subgroup B1 (comprising of 3 specimen) were left untreated with Neem oil, thus acting as controls. photocolorimetric results show, upon comparison with other experimental groups (A4 through A3 and subgroups B2 through B5), that prolonged increase in the quantity of Dongo Yaro extract (Neem Oil) has a negative effect on male reproductive gametes, as it caused high reduction in semen quality while increasing lipid peroxidation levels as well.

Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.

The aim of this work is to illustrate a difficult diagnostic in vitamin B12 deficiency because of using of multivitamin preparations to a patient with unknown etiology of anemia. History Patient: a 70 year old engineer, following 8 years vegetable – dietary, was admitted to the county hospital, in neurology department, with diagnostic of poli-radiculonevrites, received in ward the treatment with milgama (containing 250 micro-gram multivitamin). After a lipotimia status the patient was transferred to cardiology department. Laboratory examinations showed in peripheral blood: Hb = 6 3 g/dl; Ht = 18.8%; RBC= 290.000/mm³; PLT. = 214000/mm³; WBC = 5300/³mm; Ret. = 3, 7%; Erythrocytes indices = normal values; ESR = 38 mm/h, moderate increase and serum iron decreased, 36 microgram/dl value. On blood smear in optic microscopy was registered: Band = 5% (with nucleus in ring!!!), differential count being normally with aspect flags on Coulter HMX Analyzer with 22 parameters: neutrophilia, lymphopenia, anemia. To microscopic examination of slide from bone morrow, have occurred the hyperplasic series of erythrocytes ~ 45%, deficiency of erythropoiesis, poly-cromathopil and acidophil erythroblasts with megaloblastic character, large metamielocytes and giant band forms. Macrocytes and ovalocytes where also presented. Biopsy results from gastric mucosa showed lesions of chronic gastritis, non-atrophic epithelium. Conclusions: Megaloblastosis appears in some time with vitamin B12 deficiently in bone morrow but no in peripheral blood because of administration of multivitamin drugs, deleting haematological shape of megaloblastic anemia.

Background: Traumatic dental injuries are common in children, and they are often associated with facial fractures in road traffic accidents. Boys sustain dental trauma almost twice as much as girls. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injury among 8-12 years old Sudanese children. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional school based study for 813 school children (395 boys and 418 girls) 8-12 years old were selected from private and public primary schools for assessment of traumatic dental injuries according to Ellis classification and the causes of trauma were studied. Data was collected by visual examination and no radiographs were taken. Chi-square test was used to test association between the different variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High prevalence (27.9%) of traumatic dental injuries was observed in this study. Boys and girls were more or less equally affected (48.6%, 51.4%) respectively. Falling was the most common cause (14.1%) while the least common one was road traffic accidents (0.6%). Tooth fracture was the most frequent type of tooth injury reported in the current study (13.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence, type and most common causal factors of traumatic injuries to the maxillary anterior teeth in Sudanese schoolchildren 8-12years old was approximately the same as that found in other countries.

Background: Urinary incontinence is a prevalent symptom among women. In a Danish-German study, the barriers experienced by general practitioners regarding communication about urinary incontinence are identified using a newly developed questionnaire. Objectives: Description of the development and validation of a questionnaire for general practitioners on the topic urinary incontinence. Methods: Investigation of literature and instruments and conduction of qualitative interviews. Development of an initial questionnaire in English language, which was then translated into the target languages, Danish and German. The questionnaire was verified in cognitive interviews, revised and tested for its retest-reliability and linguistic validity. Results: The analysis of the qualitative interviews allowed identification of general practitioners’ barriers and insecurities on this topic. Cognitive testing led to a change in 14 questions or answering categories. The evaluation of the retest-reliability showed good or moderate absolute concordance or correlation of 98% of the items. Conclusion: The process of the development of a questionnaire which must suit the different languages and cultural and structural differences of two countries is very complex and time-consuming. Initial results showed a high acceptance of the questionnaire.

Objective: The prevalence of consanguineous marriage in Middle East Countries is higher than the rest of the word. In Iran, consanguineous marriages have a frequency between 15.9%- 47%, with the highest in Eastern provinces. To determine prevalence of consanguineous marriage, kind of referral, prevalence of genetic disorders, and reasons of the referral in couples referred to genetic centers in central Iran. Methods: 2141 couples referred from 2008 to 2013 to genetic centers in central Iran fill out a simple questionnaire designed for this study. Results: Our findings indicated that premarital, preconception, prenatal and postnatal counseling had the frequency of 46.8%, 33.9%, 9.6% and 9.6%. At least a genetic disease was diagnosed in 75.3% of the clients. Mental retardation has the highest frequency of 49% among the diseases in the pedigrees. Conclusion: The low frequency of the referrals for premarital counseling and high frequency of diseases in the couples’ pedigree indicate the poor awareness of the residents in this part of Iran of the genetic centers services. There is a great need for planning educational programs to inform young people about the potential threats of consanguineous marriage and also the merging services in genetics for diagnosis of inherited diseases.

Subserosal leiomyomas rarely have any significant effect on a pregnant uterus, but very large ones may compress the uterine cavity in early pregnancy resulting in abortion. A 32 year old female presented with vagina bleeding for days. There was a 3 month history of amenorrhoea. Her last confinement was 3 years prior to presentation which ended with vaginal delivery with no complication. However, obstetric ultrasound scan done 3 years earlier during the first pregnancy showed a subserous leiomyoma at the fundus of the uterus. On examination, the uterine size was greater than the gestational age. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound showed huge degenerating leiomyoma extending from the uterine fundus to the left lobe of the liver. The uterus was anteverted and harbours a 12 week non-viable foetus which appeared compressed in the upper aspect of the uterine cavity. The size of the myometrium was normal for the gestational age. An impression of missed abortion associated with a huge degenerating subserous leiomyoma was made.

This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.

Massive pneumoperitoneum in a neonate should be treated as an emergency; immediate action of management should be applied as soon as the diagnosis is made. A four day old male neonate was admitted into the intensive care baby unit (ICBU) with severe birth asphyxia, anaemia and sepsis. An exchange blood transfusion was done due to the anaemia and sepsis. The following morning, patient vomited twice after food, feeds where consequently withheld and baby was on nil per oral with intravenous infusion. By evening the patient developed fever and passed non-bloody buy foul smelling meconium. That same night (5th day of life), the abdomen became distended and quite tense that the abdominal organs were difficult to palpate. Abdominal radiography showed bulging of the flanks; a large amount of free gas was seen under the diaphragm which compressed the abdominal viscera caudally and medially. A diagnosis of massive pneumoperitoneum was made, an emergency laparotomy was done; a longitudinal tear, about 9cm long was found in the descending colon, another perforation with necrotic border was found in the sigmoid colon with faecal soilage all over the peritoneal cavity. The affected segments of the colon were resected and transverse colosigmoid anastomosis was done, colostomy was not constructed because of the condition of the baby and poor management of colostomy in the environment. Post operative recovery was uneventful; the patient was discharged on the 29th post operative day at age of 6 weeks.

Except in association with molar or hydropic degeneration of the placenta, with or without a coexistent fetus, eclampsia before 20 weeks of gestation is rare and only few cases have been described. The case reported was that of a 24 year old primipara who had tonic-clonic seizures at 19 weeks gestation without prior Preeclampsia. She remained stable and was managed closely up to 36 weeks gestation. She had spontaneous vaginal delivery of a live baby at 38 weeks with good outcome. Atypical eclampsia may develop before 20 weeks of gestation and could pose serious management challenges. Such patients if carefully selected and closely monitored may have satisfactory outcome. This case deserves reporting because of its rare nature as several literature search did not reveal any reported case of eclampsia before 20 weeks that was successfully managed to term.

Background: Recently our group performed a cross-sectional study in which 930 general practitioners (GP) in Germany and Denmark received a newly developed questionnaire concerning lower urinary tract symptoms. We developed the questionnaire on the basis of cognitive interviews with GPs and tested the reliability of the German version of the questionnaire in a test-retest process. Methods: 16 GPs took part in the test-retest process and completed the questionnaire twice with a time period of about four weeks between each attempt. The questionnaire consists of 28 questions. The given-answer categories and description fields sum up to a total of 60 items (answers). We assessed the reliability of answers by calculating and interpreting the absolute agreement and Cohen´s Kappa with a 95%-confidence interval for data that were nominal scaled and Pearson´s correlation coefficient for data that were interval scaled, respectively. Results: A total of 27 questions with 59 answer items were included in the analysis. Of them, 13 questions dealt with “management of UI”, six questions addressed the “communication about UI”, four questions asked for the “structure of the practice”, and five questions assessed personal data of the GP. Each more than 50% of the items in the subject areas “management of UI” (53.1%), “communication about UI” (66.6%), “structure of the practice” (57%), and “personal data” (100%) were rated as having high reliability. In summary, 35 of the analyzed items were rated a having a high reliability and 22 items were rated as having a moderate reliability. Conclusion: Given the low number of study participants our results have to be interpreted with caution, but is seems that the developed questionnaire is – for the vast majority of items – a reliable tool for assessing the communication about and the management of female urinary incontinence during a general practitioners’ consultation hour. Before application in future studies we recommend revising one item of the questionnaire in order to gain a higher reliability of this item.

Background; Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a term which is used for defining the necrosis in the heart muscle due to the lack of the oxygen need of myocardium which cannot be supplied by the coronaries. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the effects of some lifestyle and anthropometric parameters on some cardiac enzymes. Methods: A total of 146 students of sex, age bracket, (16 - 30) were recruited for this study. Enzymatic methods were used in the determination of AST, ALT, CKMB activities. Anthropometric measurements of the participants were taken. The result showed that there was significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), weight and height (p<0.05), but there was no significant increase in their diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) (p>0.05) in the serum ALT, AST, and CKMB activities. However, there was significant difference in ALT and AST activities (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference in serum CKMB activity (P>0.05). Statistically the percentage of the participants that had their serum ALT activity above the reference range were 16.6%, those within the reference range were 83.4%,. In serum AST activity, the percentage above the reference range were 19.9%, those within the reference range were 80.1%. Meanwhile, in serum CK-MB activity, those above the reference range were 25.2% while those within the reference range were 74.8%. Conclusion: This could be probably indicate that the leakage of AST and ALT activities may be of hepatic origin. . The non-significant increase in CKMB which is a specific marker of myocardial injury, could suggest that the subjects were not at risk of developing of myocardial infarction as regards their age.

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor-B super family. This hormone is a sensitive marker of ovarian reserve. The present study aims to measure the Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemic females receiving the regular blood transfusion as well as patients of chronic idiopathic thrombocgtopenic purpura and age and sex matched controls. Serum Anti-Mullerian hormone was measured by ELISA and Ferritin were measured by RIA. Clinical evaluation was done for all patients including anthropometric measurements, pubertal staging and history taking. Results of the study were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Obtained results revealed that the values of Body Mass Index as well as Anti-Mullerian were significantly higher in controls than thalassemics and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and there was a negative correlation between serum Ferritin and Anti-Mullerian hormone. Moreover, Anti-Mullerian hormone was significantly higher in patients receiving Desferal than in those receiving Deferriprone. Reduced Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemics as well as chronic ITP patients are considered an important indicator declines in ovarian function which entail modification in the therapeutic plans for thalassemic and chronic ITP patients.

The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.