This paper presents a half step numerical method for solving directly general second order initial value problems. The scheme is developed via collocation and interpolation technique invoked on power series polynomial. The proposed method is consistent, zero stable, order four and three. This method can estimate the approximate solution at both step and off step points simultaneously by using variable step size. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme over some existing schemes of same and higher order.

This study proposes a novel technique for solving Linear Programming Problems with triangular fuzzy variables. A modified version of the well-known simplex method and the Existing Method for Solving Interval Linear Programming problems are used for solving linear programming problems with triangular fuzzy variables. Furthermore, for illustration, some numerical examples and one real problem are used to demonstrate the correctness and usefulness of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm is flexible, easy, and reasonable.

In this paper we introduced Gompertz Gumbel II (GG II) distribution which generalizes the Gumbel II distribution. The new distribution is a flexible exponential type distribution which can be used in modeling real life data with varying degree of asymmetry. Unlike the Gumbel II distribution which exhibits a monotone decreasing failure rate, the new distribution is useful for modeling unimodal (Bathtub-shaped) failure rates which sometimes characterised the real life data. Structural properties of the new distribution namely, density function, hazard function, moments, quantile function, moment generating function, orders statistics, Stochastic Ordering, Renyi entropy were obtained. For the main formulas related to our model, we present numerical studies that illustrate the practicality of computational implementation using statistical software. We also present a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate the performance of the maximum likelihood estimators for the GGTT model. Three life data sets were used for applications in order to illustrate the flexibility of the new model.

There are various schools of mathematical philosophy. However, none of them can be founded on mathematics alone. At the same time, there are two types of mathematical proof styles: Dialectic and algorithm mathematical proof. The relationship between proof and philosophy is to study philosophical problems with mathematical models. This type of proof is important to Hong Kong Secondary education. In addition, teachers should explain the connection between mathematics-based subjects, such as physics, so that lessons are more interesting rather than technical. Mathematics relates to nearly all other subjects, and as such has the role of a ‘public servant’ when it comes to serving them. One role of mathematics is to act as a ‘rational’ instrument for various subjects. This can be shown in many ancient human activities, such as Daoism and Liu Hiu, together with their symbolic representations. These examples are similar to Jewish culture; when discussing confidence, Abraham is often mentioned due to being the “Father of Confidence”. Thus, it may be said that mathematics is more than just a servant—it is also a cultural subject that has been recorded throughout history. To conclude, other than mathematical proof, Hong Kong teachers should also allow students to learn the cultural context behind various topics and subjects.

The local regularization method for solving the first-order numerical differentiation problem is considered in this paper. The a-priori and a-posteriori selection strategy of the regularization parameter is introduced, and the convergence rate of local regularization solution under some assumption of the exact derivative is also given. Numerical comparison experiments show that the local regularization method can reflect sharp variations and oscillations of the exact derivative while suppress the noise of the given data effectively.

The continuum hypothesis has been unsolved for hundreds of years. In other words, can I answer it completely? By refuting the culturally responsible continuum [1], one can link the problem to the mathematical continuum, and it is possible to disproof the continuum hypothesis [2] . To go ahead a step, one may extend our mathematical system (by employing a more powerful set theory) and solve the continuum problem by three conditional cases. This event is sim-ilar to the status cases in the discriminant of solving a quadratic equation. Hence, my proposed al-gorithmic flowchart can best settle and depict the problem. From the above, one can further con-clude that when people extend mathematics (like set theory — ZFC) into new systems (such as Force Axioms), experts can solve important mathematical problems (CH). Indeed, there are differ-ent types of such mathematical systems, similar to ancient mathematical notation. Hence, different cultures have different ways of representation, which is similar to a Chinese saying: “different vil-lages have different laws.” However, the primary purpose of mathematical notation was initially to remember and communicate. This event indicates that the basic purpose of developing any new mathematical system is to help solve a natural phenomenon in our universe.

Goodness of fit (GOF) tests of logistic regression attempt to find out the suitability of the model to the data. The null hypothesis of all GOF tests is the model fit. R as a free software package has many GOF tests in different packages. A Monte Carlo simulation has been conducted to study two situations; the first, studying the ability of each test, under its default settings, to accept the null hypothesis when the model truly fitted. The second, studying the power of these tests when assumptions of sufficient linear combination of the explanatory variables are violated (by omitting linear covariate term, quadratic term, or interaction term). Moreover, checking whether the same test in different R packages had the same results or not. As the sample size supposed to affect simulation results, so the pattern of change of GOF tests results under different sample sizes as well as different model settings was estimated. All tests accept the null hypothesis (more than 95% of simulation trials) when the model truly fitted except modified Hosmer-Lemeshow test in "LogisticDx" package under all different model settings and Osius and Rojek’s (OsRo) test when the true model had an interaction term between binary and categorical covariates. In addition, le Cessie-van Houwelingen-Copas-Hosmer unweighted sum of squares (CHCH) test gave unexpected different results under different packages. Concerning the power study, all tests had a very low power when a departure of missing covariate existed. Generally, stukel’s test (package ’LogisticDX) and CHCH test (package "RMS") reached a power in detecting a missing quadratic term greater than 80% under lower sample size while OsRo test (package ’LogisticDX’) was better in detecting missing interaction term. Beside the simulation study, we evaluated the performance of GOF tests using the breast cancer dataset.

One of the most important classes of Lie algebras is sl_n, which are the n×n matrices with trace 0. The representation theory for sl_n has been an interesting research area for the past hundred years and in it, the simple finite-dimensional modules have become very important. They were classified and Gelfand and Tsetlin actually gave an explicit construction of a basis for every simple finite-dimensional module. This paper extends their work by providing theorems and proofs and constructs monomial bases of the simple module.

A new set of spiral formulas is introduced as a new member of the spiral formulas’ family, people with interest in mathematics and natural spirals may use the new spiral formulas to simulate natural spiral objects or generate their own spirals. The new formulas are derived from a proposed new hypothesis called Rotating Two Arm Sprinkler Emission model (ROTASE) for the formation of spiral galaxies. In this paper, the derivation of the new spiral formulas is illustrated with boats moving across a circular river from central round island. The formulas have only one parameter and one variable, the parameter can change with time in any format, the morphology of the spiral is decided by the behavior of the parameter. 4 real spiral galaxies are precisely simulated shown as examples. It is demonstrated in this paper that the new spiral formulas can be also applied to simulate Earth natural objects such as plants, animals and hurricanes which have spiral patterns. The result shows that the new formulas seem more universal spiral formulas which can produce various different spirals patterns, can be applied to architecture, artworks and industry design. The new spiral formulas will be a new addition to the family of current mathematic spiral formulas.

Lam [1], explained how mathematics is not only a technical subject but also a cultural one. As such, mathematical proofs and definitions, instead of simply numerical calculations, are essential for students when learning the subject. Hence, there must be a change in Hong Kong’s local teachers’ pedagogies. This author suggests three alternative way to teach mathematical philosophy through infinity. These alternatives are as follows: 1. Teach the concept of a limit in formalism through story telling, 2. Use geometry to intuitively learn infinity through constructivism, and 3. Implement schematic stages for proof by contradiction. Simultaneously, teachers should also be aware of the difficulties among students in understanding different abstract concepts. These challenges include the following: 1. Struggles with the concept of a limit, 2.Mistakes in intuitively computing infinity, and 3. Challenges in handling the method of proof by contradiction. Adopting these alternative approaches, can provide the necessary support to pupils trying to comprehend the above mentioned difficult mathematical ideas and ultimately transform students’ beliefs [2]. One can analyze these changed beliefs against the background of con-ceptual change. According to Davis [3], “this change implies conceiving of teaching as facili-tating, rather than managing learning and changing roles from the sage on the stage to a guide on the side”. As a result, Hong Kong’s academic results in mathematics should hopefully improve.

This paper is focused on estimating the parameter of Exponential distribution under right-censored data with cure fraction. The maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian approach were used. The Bayesian method is implemented using gamma, Jeffreys, and extension of Jeffreys priors with two loss functions, which are; squared error loss function and Linear Exponential Loss Function (LINEX). The methods of the Bayesian approach are compared to maximum likelihood counterparts and the comparisons are made with respect to the Mean Square Error (MSE) to determine the best for estimating the parameter of Exponential distribution under right-censored data with cure fraction. The results show that the Bayesian with gamma prior under LINEX loss function is a better estimation of the parameter of Exponential distribution with cure fraction based on right-censored data.

Practical nonlinear programming problem often encounters uncertainty and indecision due to various factors that cannot be controlled. To overcome these limitations, fully fuzzy rough approaches are applied to such a problem. In this paper, an effective two approaches are proposed to solve fully fuzzy rough multi-objective nonlinear programming problems (FFRMONLP) where all the variables and parameters are fuzzy rough triangular numbers. The first, based on a slice sum technique, a fully fuzzy rough multi-objective nonlinear problem has turned into five equivalent multi-objective nonlinear programming (FFMONLP) problems. The second proposed method for solving FFRMONLP problems is a-cut approach, where the triangular fuzzy rough variables and parameters of the FFRMONLP problem are converted into rough interval variables and parameters by a-level cut, moreover the rough MONLP problem turns into four MONLP problems. Furthermore, the weighted sum method is used in both proposed approaches to convert multi-objective nonlinear problems into an equivalent nonlinear programming problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated by numerical examples.