The festival is a celebration of a specific theme to which the public is invited for a given season. This event could be done every year or less than one year (Grappi and Montanari, 2011). In this article we will present the different variables to measure the attractiveness of festivals. The result of this investigation will be: summarizing the variables of the festival variable measure from different authors in one paper.

This study empirically investigates the impact of human development on bank development in WAEMU countries. Over the period 1990 to 2014, empirical results have shown a positive relationship between banking development and human development. Credit to the private sector and the size of the economic system have a positive and significant impact on human development, but this impact remains small. Moreover, the growth rate of GDP per capita and the level of inflation have a positive impact on human development.

To assess the size of gold smuggling in Sudan we estimated scale inefficiency of operating mines in the country using primary data survey covering about 18 artisanal mines during the year 2016. The output variable represent gold production of each state and the inputs represent the water mills, and the number of mines (wells) in each state. The findings in the paper indicate about 34% of the artisanal gold production in the country is smuggled. The distribution of the gold smuggling among the states reveal that the states with bigger share of smuggling are those states with internal armed conflicts (South Kordofan and Darfour states) or states bordering loosely controlled borders (Northern and Red see states). This result coincides with our view that weakness in regulatory framework of natural resource management is a major driver of gold smuggling in the country. The regulatory restriction that only gold council members and jewelry traders locating in the capital city of the country are the sole buyers of gold from all miners in the country could be the main cause of smuggling. This requires lifting or easing the exclusive right given to the gold council members and a few jewelry traders in the capital city Khartoum the monopsony power of buying gold from all artisanal miners. Also required to adopt more stringent monitoring regulations on gold exports by jewelry traders.

This article deals about the relationship between rural women’s enterprising work and microcredit in two villages of south-western Bangladesh, named Char Khankhanapur and Decree Charchandpur. It tries to understand the local women’s perception of entrepreneurial work and examine whether it fits the microcredit lenders’ concept of entrepreneurship. Focusing on the case of Grameen bank, as one of the main microfinance institutions of the villages, I aim to see whether microcredit facilities universally promotes rural women’s enterprising work or only certain group of women can develop their entrepreneurship capacity through microcredit’s support. I also enquire whether the promise of Women in Development (WID) paradigm, which boldly claims that women’s participation in paid work will empower them, is valid in my study villages. Drawing multiple cases of rural women’s work (around 40 women were interviewed), this article attempts to reveal the politics of microcredit and development in rural Bangladesh. It finds that not all women in rural areas of Bangladesh possess entrepreneurship capacities, and microcredit has varied effect on women depending on their individual standpoints.

To assess the size of gold smuggling in Sudan we estimated scale inefficiency of operating mines in the country using primary data survey covering about 18 artisanal mines during the year 2016. The output variable represent gold production of each state and the inputs represent the water mills, and the number of mines (wells) in each state. The findings in the paper indicate about 34% of the artisanal gold production in the country is smuggled. The distribution of the gold smuggling among the states reveal that the states with bigger share of smuggling are those states with internal armed conflicts (South Kordofan and Darfour states) or states bordering loosely controlled borders (Northern and Red see states). This result coincides with our view that weakness in regulatory framework of natural resource management is a major driver of gold smuggling in the country. The regulatory restriction that only gold council members and jewelry traders locating in the capital city of the country are the sole buyers of gold from all miners in the country could be the main cause of smuggling. This requires lifting or easing the exclusive right given to the gold council members and a few jewelry traders in the capital city Khartoum the monopsony power of buying gold from all artisanal miners. Also required to adopt more stringent monitoring regulations on gold exports by jewelry traders.

Gender is a term used to convey the process of social construct that mediates the relationships between women and men. Water is an environmental resource and it is essential to sustain life. Its scarcity pose negative impact on women and also children as they are usually saddled with the responsibility of scouting around for water for use at home for cooking, washing, bathing among others when it is scarce. Women that have these much responsibility on water issues are not always involved in the development of water projects in the communities as they are usually expected to stay back to take care if home when men decide on what and how the water projects should be done. The study used the natural spring and borehole projects facilitated by the Sustainable Ibadan Project as case study. 729 respondents were sampled for the study out of which 493 were male and only 236 were female. It is observed that water projects that involved more women are more sustainable that those with lesser number of women. It is therefore recommended that more women should be involved at all the stages of development of water projects.

Properties of concrete have been reported to depend mainly on cement and coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregates, in turn, depend on the type of the parent rock from which aggregates has been obtained as well as the methods of aggregates production. Suitability of coarse aggregates obtained from three different methods of production namely; machined crushed stone from the quarry (MCSQ), manually crushed stone by application of fire (MCSF) and manually crushed stone with hammer after blasting (MCSH) was investigated. A total number of 216 concrete cubes were cast, in order to determine the compressive strength of the various concrete made with MCSQ, MCSF and MCSH; with varied mix ratios of 1: 1½: 3, 1: 2: 4 and 1: 3: 6. The results of aggregate crushing value (ACV) and aggregate impact value (AIV) for MCSH are 28.4 % and 15.06 % respectively, for MCSF are 30.7 % and 19.5 % respectively, and for MCSQ are 29.8 % and 18.07 % respectively. Furthermore, the compressive strength of concrete cubes obtained from MCSQ, MCSF and MCSH respectively at the end of 28 days were: 22.07 N/mm2, 19.04 N/mm2 and 28.15 N/mm2 respectively for the mix 1: 11/2: 3; 22.00 N/mm2, 20.96 N/mm2 and 23.33 N/mm2 respectively for the mix 1: 2: 4 and 17.04 N/mm2, 12.52 N/mm2 and 17.48 N/mm2 respectively for the mix 1: 3: 6. . The compressive strength values obtained for the various mixes and aggregates fall within 15 to 30 N/mm2 as specified in BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 except the concrete obtained from MCSF for the mix 1:3:6 at 28 days curing. The statistical analysis was done and reported for the various results.

This Article aimed at analyzing the role of Ethiopia in conflict resolution in the Horn of Africa, particulrly in Somalia with the specific objectives of explaining the political condition of Somalia by explaining Motives for the Ethiopian Military Intervention in Somalia post 2006 and analyzing the effectiveness of Ethiopian military intervention in Somalia conflict. The study adopted qualitative reasearch Metdology approach to explain Motives for the Ethiopian Military Intervention in Somalia in which the data were collected from Somalia Embassy in Ethiopia and Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs through organized and well-prepared interview guidelines. The study result showed that Motives for the Ethiopian Military Intervention in Somalia. Currnetly political condition of Somalia is not capable to build organized governement; the Transitional government needs support of other countries like Ethiopia. The involvement of Ethiopia also have value in the way that struggling AlShabaab, Islamic Court Union and other terrorist groups. From the result of this study the researcher recommended that peace is not only a need for individual but rather it is worldwide and not only Ethiopia but also all nations should give a due consideration for the establishment of stability in all countries.

Women in Ethiopia are disadvantageous in all aspects of life despite the efforts made by government. Gender-based inequalities constrain women’s leadership ability to participate in agricultural cooperatives. To study the status of women, this research designed with the objectives to assess the current status of women membership in specific agricultural cooperatives. To address the objective of the study, quantitative method was used. Quantitative data collected from primary sources through questionnaires. Gog was selected purposively due to inadequate studies conducted on women’s status in the agricultural cooperatives. To select the sample size, 12 cooperatives with both men and women members were selected purposively and 127 respondents were selected by using simple random sampling techniques based on the probability proportionate to size. To analyze the data, simple descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used. Concerning the status of women members in agricultural cooperatives established in Gog district, the results show up and down in their growth for the last twelve years. Women represent only 21.3% in both management and control committees of all agricultural cooperatives which is below the number stated in article 34(7) of cooperative societies’ proclamation no.985/2016. Except for the year 2009, 2013 and 2017, the numbers of women joined agricultural cooperatives every year since 2006 were less than ten. Women represent 31.7%, 16.7% and 25% in the management committees, control committees and chairpersons respectively. The women elected as chairpersons were from cooperative whose members were only women. Therefore, over findings of the study can be concluded that the status of women is very less compared to men in all agricultural cooperatives organized in the district.

The current article traces the conceptual transformations of cinema. It begins by problematizing the historical genesis of cinema and the major role culture plays in both its emergence and development. The role of culture is further illustrated through the shifts that cinema has undergone from a site of spectacle to a means of expression; from cinema of attraction to cinema of narrative integration. Within the debate of cinematic development and conceptualizations, this study comprehensively discusses two broad and almost overlapped definitions: cinema as an art and cinema as an ideology. The aesthetic aspects of cinema, along with their challenges and defenses, are discussed in terms of the artistically external and internal characteristics, while the ideological features are investigated in relation to the sociopolitical orientation of cinematic content and the ideological manipulation of the formal elements. To account for the complex debate about cinema, we conclude by defining it within the framework of discourse to recognize the possibilities of the articulation of resistance and agency.

The title of this paper Natural Environment vis-à-vis Living Environment in the Culture and Philosophy of Papua Melanesia questions the Natural Environment versus Living Environment in cultural and philosophical life of the Melanesian in general and Papua in particular. In questioning that, we are confronted with three main points, first, in the daily practice of Melanesian ethnicity, especially in Papua, facing tensions that can also be called conflicts of interest between "environment" as the Natural Environment but because it is confined to foreign interests (outsiders) so it must accept the concept of the Living Environment; second, Environmental Concepts in Culture and Philosophy of Papua-Melanesia, third, Peaceful Steps as a logical consequence of the concept of sustainability.The purpose of this writing is academic and practical. The academic goals is using Structuralism and Hidden Structure theory converged with other supporting theories, bringing the compromise and action to nature in a sustainable manner. The practical purpose with respect to that is to know the concept of Papua-Melanesian emik related to the existence environment in the form of daily life behavior as well as philosophy in the form of”source of life” and "way of life".Furthermore, this research also introduces what is called Papuanistics and Melanesianology. Papuanistic focuses on the languages (lingustic) of Papua in this case Melanesian-Austronesians langguages and Non-Austronesian languages or the more elegant are called Papuan languages. Melanesianology focuses on Anthropology. If Papuanistics had just moved in the 1980s, Melanesianology had been going on for a long time since Melanesianist Franz Boas encouraged anthropological studies in the region in 1896. In the meantime, with an understanding of the underlying propriety, through the Department of Anthropology, the Faculty of Social Sciences of Cenderawasih University has been launched the Papuan Anthropology as the Basic Science of the Main Lecture. It would hope to be also applying to all universities in the Land of Papua.The results of this study are revealing from the perspective that Papua Melanesia regulates its environment so that it is in harmony with the available natural environment. The Culture and Philosophy of Papua-Melanesian continues only by a balanced touch of the natural environment with the desired environment. What is more understanding can be confronted with the binary opposition method of Structural Anthropology based on the ideas of Claude Lévi-Strauss.

Background of study: There is emerging evidence that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, even in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) toxicity and other cofactors, may have a direct impact on liver pathogenesis. Aim: Based on this premise, our study determined the impact of HIV infection on liver enzymes as markers of hepatic function. Methods: the case-control study comprised of a total of 60 participants (30 males and 30 females) aged 18-60 years. The study compared aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cluster of differentiation (CD4+) cells among ART-naïve HIV patients (n=20), follow-up HIV patients who were on highly active ART (n=20) and apparently healthy controls (n=20). Results: a significant (P<0.05) change was observed in the liver enzymes and CD4+ cells among the study groups compared. Specific changes showed that serum AST, ALP levels of ART-naïve patients were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of follow-up and controls. Serum ALT levels of controls were significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of ART-naïve and follow-up patients. The CD4+ cell count of ART-naïve patients was significantly (P=0.000) lower than that of follow-up and control groups. Conclusion: Liver enzyme abnormalities were observed in ART naïve HIV infected patients. Consequently, there is a need to monitor liver enzyme levels before and after initiation of therapy.