Formaldehyde emission and physical-mechanical properties of particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) could have negative effects on human health, specially when used in a room with limited ventilation. To reduce formaldehyde emission, an adsorbent can be added into adhesive mixture. This report describes the effect of imposing active charcoal into urea formaldehyde adhesive in terms of formaldehyde emission, physical-mechanical changes and economic aspect of the recycled particleboard. Results showed that the addition of active charcoal in particleboard production significantly changed the product properties. The charcoal addition as much as 3% to the UF adhesive could reduce formaldehyde emission and improve physical-mechanical properties of particleboard, and meet the Indonesian and Japanese Standards. The addition of active charcoal into particleboard is financially feasible.

Natural durability is determined through the tests of wood against wood attacking organisms. Natural durability of wood against marine borer was tested by exposing wood into the open sea water for six months. Damage intensity can be measured on the basis of digital image using Image-J software. This paper studies natural durability of nine wood species from Sumatera, Java and Kalimantan against marine borer. Results show that sempur lilin ( Hoogl.),bambang lanang ( L.var. ) and kayu bawang ( (Jack) Jacobs)Dillenia obovate Michelia champaca pubinervia Azadirachta excels Lithocarpus sundaicus Shorea pervistipulata albifolia were clasified into class durability I (very resistant), while cangcaratan ( (Blume) Rehd. And aveangkelalai ( ssp. ) were classified into class durability II (resistant) against marine borer. Ki pasang ( Miq.) and segelam ( ) were grouped into class durability III (moderately resistant), while ki bugang ( Blume) and ki langir (spectabilis Prunus javanica Hopea rudiformis Arthophyllum diversifolium Otophora Blume) fall into class durability V (perishable). Damage intensity could be measured accurately using Image-J software. However, this method obtained higher damage percentage since the ex-rope hole was included in the measurement. Accordingly, the image method should be modified by excluding the ex-rope image to achieve high accuracy measurement.

Tree length logging method is an alternative way in timber harvesting to improve the efficiency of timber utilization and preservation of forests resources. This paper studies the performance of tree length logging application method in operational scale. Observation was conducted in the forest area of PT Sarmeinto Parakanca Timber in East Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, where Intensive Silvicultural Technique (SILIN) was applied. Data were collected through observation and direct measurements in the field including labor productivity and cost of felling and skidding, logging waste, exploitation factor (FE) and the damage of residual stand. Results show both felling productivities and skidding were improved. The felling capacity was improved into 60.535 m /hour and skidding was improved into 31.931 m /hour. The application of tree length logging can also reduce the felling cost into Rp 1,604.36/m and skidding cost into Rp 21,142.75/m . The method also increase the exploitation factors (FE) into 0.93 and minimize the damage on residual stand by 20.70%.

The engineering and trial testing on the skyline system tool of third Generation Expo-2000 powered by 13-HP engine was conducted to look into its performance for exstracting wood logs from the forest at steep terrain. This undertaking took place at Forestry District Resort of Tanggeng, Forestry District of Cianjur, the State-Owned Forest Enterprise Unit III, Cibatu Village, West Java. Results revealed that working productivity was 1.72 m of wood/hour, with the entire cots of tool ownership and wood extraction at Rp 138,587.39/hour or being equal to Rp 80,346.45/m .

Delignification signifies as the crucial stages in converting lignocelluloses into ethanol. It affects further hydrolysis and fermentation processes. This paper looks into the effects of three different delignification processes (physical-, chemical-, and biological- treatments) of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e sawdusts of sengon and oil-palm petioles) on cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation. Physically, biomass was pressurized in autoclave which has been set for 121°C, 1 atm for 30 minutes. Chemically, 1% H SO was added during pressurized process. Biologically, pressurized biomass was inoculated using microorganism MD-14 FB.1 obtained from INTROF-CC collection For the control, biomass stuffs without chemical, physical, and biological treatments, sustained the hydrolysis/fermentat ion process as well. Delignification properties with regard to a-cellulose hemicellulose contents in the treated as well as control biomass were examined according to the ASTM procedures. The amount of glucose exhibited from cellulose hydrolysis was determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, while the ethanol content was determined by potassium dichromate method. Results show that in general, chemical delignification is more effective than physical and biological treatments. It shows greater yield of lignin decomposition and sugar liberation in hydrolysis. Chemical delignification treatment produced about 0.0022 - 0.4046% ethanol from the substrate fermentation. The enzyme produced from the isolationhas not significantly optimized the ethanol fermentation. Further research is needed in finding the compatibility between lignocellulose biomass and enzymes which were developed from microbe isolates.

Weeds are abundantly available, which grow on peat swamps, but unfortunately have not yet been widely utilized. Those weeds can be prospectively potential as raw material for bio-briquettes. In relevant, this research aimed to look into the qualities of bio-briquettes manufactured from 10 species of peat swamp weeds. Initially, each weed species was carbonized and then shaped into charcoal powder. The resulting weed-charcoal powder was then mixed with wood sawdust at 1:1 ratio (w/w), and agitated thoroughly to obtain homogenous stuff. Afterwards, the homogenous stuff was added with starchderived binder (adhesive). Such adhesive was previously prepared by heating 5 g tapioca-starch flour in 75 ml of water. The starch-added stuff was then pressed into bio-briquette, and further put in the oven at 60°C for 24 hours, or just dried under the sunlight heat for 2 days. The parameters as examined on the dried bio-briquette comprised calorific value, moisture content, fixed-carbon content, ash content, and sulfur content. Results revealed that the weeds of purun tikus (Eleocharis orcrostachys ) species was regarded as the best for bio-briqutte manufacture, as it excelled other species in the overall examined parameters, i.e. calorific value (4,647.9 cal/g), fixed carbon (25.63%), moisture content (5.48%), ash content (8.78%) and sulfur (0.55%). Steud.

Delignification signifies as the crucial stages in converting lignocelluloses into ethanol. It affects further hydrolysis and fermentation processes. This paper looks into the effects of three different delignification processes (physical-, chemical-, and biological- treatments) of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e sawdusts of sengon and oil-palm petioles) on cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation. Physically, biomass was pressurized in autoclave which has been set for 121°C, 1 atm for 30 minutes. Chemically, 1% H SO was added during pressurized process. Biologically, pressurized biomass was inoculated using microorganism MD-14 FB.1 obtained from INTROF-CC collection For the control, biomass stuffs without chemical, physical, and biological treatments, sustained the hydrolysis/fermentat ion process as well. Delignification properties with regard to a-cellulose hemicellulose contents in the treated as well as control biomass were examined according to the ASTM procedures. The amount of glucose exhibited from cellulose hydrolysis was determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, while the ethanol content was determined by potassium dichromate method. Results show that in general, chemical delignification is more effective than physical and biological treatments. It shows greater yield of lignin decomposition and sugar liberation in hydrolysis. Chemical delignification treatment produced about 0.0022 - 0.4046% ethanol from the substrate fermentation. The enzyme produced from the isolationhas not significantly optimized the ethanol fermentation. Further research is needed in finding the compatibility between lignocellulose biomass and enzymes which were developed from microbe isolates.