To improve the efficiency of timber harvesting process, forest industries have implemented tree length logging technique. Unfortunately, the effort in utilization as much as the tree parts has not been followed by minimizing the production cost, for example in the felling process. Industries apply a full contract felling system by involving third party even it is considered as an expensive cost. A solution of this problem is by implementing self-management felling system. This paper studies the felling cost conducted by third party and self-management. The study was carried out at two natural forest concessionaires (IUPHHK-HA) Central Kalimantan. Results reveal that self-managed felling system in both IUPHHK-HA PT. A and PT. B costed about IDR 4,051.11/m and IDR 6,800.11/m , respectively. This cost is self-management cheaper than the contract felling system which is ranged from IDR 6,000 to 7,000/m Hence, for cost efficency, implementing felling system is recommended.

Biomass resource mainly from forest industries waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is abundantly available, Currently, the utilization of TKKS as pyrolysis products is still limited to charcoal product, activated charcoal and charcoal briquettes. On the other hand, research on bio-oil manufacturing from biomass using fast pyrolysis method may increase hydrocarbons and calorific values, however the amount of catalyst used is higher than the biomass. This paper observes data and information on the characteristics of bio-oil made from oil palm empty fruit bunches through the addition of Ni/NZA as a catalyst. The optimal results (yield 30.27%, pH 2.94, specific gravity 1.068, viscosity 44 cSt and calorific value 29.38 MJ/kg with flame in medium category) were obtained with the addition of 6% catalyst. The bio-oil produced was dominated by acetic acid, phenol and benzene or toluene, and there were also alkene hydrocarbons compound, for instance hexadecene and aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene.

It is presumed that the wood susceptibility to drying defects is related to several physical properties. This paper examines the drying defects: honeycombing and deformation of six wood species (trema, fast growing teak, bayur, jabon, angsana and lamtoro) during high temperature drying and analyses their relationship with initial moisture content, T/R shrinkage ratio and density. Terazawa method was used to examine the defect during high temperature drying. Result shows that after high temperature drying, lamtoro suffers the worst honeycombing (level 4-6), and fast growing teak deforms severely (level 4-6). Regression analysis shows multiple regression models using all physical properties as predictors provides better estimation on deformation and honeycombing than single-predictor regression models. The multiple regression model for each defect could explain 57.52% and 39.46% of variation in deformation and honeycombing, respectively.

Currently, bioethanol is one of biofuels which is potentially developed for new and renewable alternative energy. Bioethanol could be fermented from agriculture and forest wastes, with pre-treatment and hydrolysis process before the fermentation. Those process could be carried out by an addition of microbe (yeast). In order to gain greater ethanol content, yeast mixing formulation is crucial to obtain optimum ethanol content. This paper studies the formula of yeast mixing for optimum ethanol production of sengon wood waste. Formulation was conducted by mixing Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisae was used as a comparable control. Results showed that 7% yeast mixing was effective to produce 1.569% ethanol content from lignocellulose fermentation. The ethanol content is relatively greater than those of commercial yeast which constitutes of about 0.652% ethanol content.

Proper quantity of equipments in timber harvesting should be well planned and managed to obtain efficient time and cost of production. This paper study the proper quantity of timber harvesting equipment in accord with production target. The study was conducted in 2010 at PT Surya Hutani Jaya, East Kalimantan. Data collected from the field consisted of equipment productivities, owners and operating costs, number of equipments, and production plan. The collected data were then averaged, and the effects of equipments on productivity and production cost were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results reveal that there are excessive and shortage uses of equipments in felling to hauling activities, according to the production plan. The most efficient wood harvesting equipments composition for the correlated production consist of 21 units chainsaws for felling , 9 units excavators for skidding , 10 units loaders, 2 units excavator for unloading and 31 units trucks for hauling. The number of timber harvesting equipments has significant influences on harvesting productivity and production cost.

Information regarding physical properties of bamboo is essential for interpreting its dimensional stability, while drying properties are needed as a basis in determining the optimum drying temperature. This research was aimed to investigate the effect of bamboo species and position at the culm on physical properties, as well as drying properties of five bamboo species i.e. temen bamboo (Gigantochloa verticillata Munro), ori (Bambusa blumeana Bl. ex Schult.f.), ater (Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz ex Munro), ampel (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.), and peting (Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr.). Physical properties were tested by measuring diameter and thickness of bamboo culms. Determination of drying temperature was carried out in accordance with wood drying method and followed by observing visual defects, i.e. deformation (concave & wrinkle) and end/node split. Assessment results revealed that there were close relationships between green moisture content of bamboo and their density as well as their culm shrinkage. Based on bamboo drying properties (bottom-middle portions), the optimum drying temperatures (initial and final temperature) for temen and ori were occurred at 45 – 70 C, ampel and ater were occurred at 40 – 60 C, while the optimum drying temperature for peting were at 33 50 C.

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin is one of the entomopathogenous fungi species which is widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture areas. This paper observes the effective isolates to control subterranean termites. Five isolates: PLT, SMG, PKM, BDG, and BGR were tested in the laboratory, while three isolates: SMG, PKM and BDG were tested on the field. Each isolate was mixed with sieved sand (60-80 mesh) in various concentration (v/v) of 0% (untreated), 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. The results showed that based on the laborator y test, 10% concentration of BGR isolate was the most effective in controlling subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and PLT was the most ineffective isolate. However, all isolates tested in the field were not effective against subterranean termites.

Pleurotus spp. for food has been cultivated on various lignocellulose wastes. This paper studies the feasibility of fast grown wood species sawdust waste as medium for the cultivation of edible mushroom, Pleurotus spp. Wood species studied were mangium (Acacia mangium), damar (Agathis borneensis) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Twenty percent rice bran, 1% CaCO3; 1% gypsum; 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% urea fertilizer as well as TSP (tri-superphosphate); and distilled water, were added to each wood sawdust formula. The results showed that sawdust from those three wood species could indicatively be utilized as medium for cultivating Pleurotus spp. Supplementation of urea into the media performed better result than that of TSP. The highest Biological Conversion Efficiency (BCE) value was obtained on rubberwood containing 0.3 % fertilizer. With respect to the mushroom species in their ability to convert wood sawdust into mushroom biomass, the highest BCE value was recorded from Pleurotus ostreatus, then P. flabellatus, while P. sajor- caju was recorded as the lowest. Inoculation of Pleurotus mushroom at rubber-wood sawdust decreased the C/N ratio, although the used-medium was un-ripe compost.

Currenty, raw and supporting materials for adhesives industr y such as NaOH, NH OH and methanol are available in the domestic market, while raw material such as phenol and resorcinol derived from petroleum are reduced significantly, then, the use of raw material from other natural resources, like tannins derived from the tree bark is potentially developed. This paper explores and characterizes adhesive raw materials from mahogany bark (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.) as phenolic source and tapioca as a source of carbohydrates. This paper also studies the copolymerization reaction between mahogany tannin extract with formaldehyde, as well as their mixtures with tapioca for adhesive application and its gluing quality. Pieces of mahogany barks were cut into chips measuring of approximately 2 x 1 x 0.1 cm, then soaked in an extractor containing of hot water (70-80 C) with a ratio of bark chips : water = 1: 3. Extraction was undergone for three hours with continuous stirring before the mixture was cooled and filtered. The chip bark residue was repeatedly extracted using the same procedure for the second cycle. The obtained filtrates were then mixed with the first one and divided into two parts: crystallized in a water bath and the other part was used for adhesive manufacture. The results showeed that tannin extracted from the bark of mahogany was a dark reddish brown in colour similar with that of phenolic compounds with viscosity of 1.04 poise, specific gravity of 1.02 and the degree of acidity (pH) of 4.0. Extraction of mahogany bark yielded 8.10 % extract, with an average solid content of 2.01%, phenolic compounds level of 6,9%, and distribution of molecular weights ranging from 44-658. The optimum adhesive formulation of the extract mahogany bark was the mixture using of 0.25 mol of technical resorcinol with 15% tapioca, 1 mol technical formalin and 4% catalyst (NaOH 40%) of the total adhesive weight.

Wood utilization for various products such as building construction, furniture and handycrafts deserves through attention to the properties such as chemical composition and durability, as those are interrelated. This paper investigates chemical composition and natural durability of 20 wood species originated from several Indonesian regions. Celluloses content was analyzed according to Norman and Jenkin methods; lignins content was tested according to SNI 14-0492- 1989; and extractives content was analysed based on SNI 14-1032-1989. Testing of wood durability was conducted under the shade at Cikampek, experiment station, West Java. Durability observation was conducted in one year afterwards by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by wood-destroying organisms. Results show that jaha wood (Terminalia arborea K.et.V.) exhibited the highest cellulose content (61.35%), while the lowest (43.30%) at bambang lanang wood (Michelia champaca L.var.pubinervia). Mahang putih wood (Macaranga hypoleuca Muell. Arg.) contain the highest lignin (35.80%), conversely cempaka wood (Elmerrillia papuana Dandy) contain the lowest lignin (23.67%). The highest extractive content (7.87%) was found at bawang wood (Azadirachta exelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs), while the lowest content found at kandis wood (Pentaphalangium pachycarcum A.C. Smith.) with extractive content of 1.52%. Assessment on natural durability indicated that four species were categorized as durable (class II), six species as rather durable (class III), three species as not-durable (class IV), and seven species as perishable (class V).

Nanotechnology research in the realm of forest products can be exploited from lignocellulose into nano carbon. The research was aimed to provide the potency of nano carbon structure from lignosellulose as bioenergy or biosensor material. The materials of teak wood and bamboo were carbonized into charcoal at 400-500 C followed by activation using chemical and physical processes at 800 C for 60 minutes. This process produced charcoal with high crystalinity and surface area. After purification and activation, the activated charcoal at 400-500 C followed by activation using chemical and physical processes at 800 C for 60 minutes. This process produced charcoal with high cr ystalinity and surface area. After purification and activation, the activated charcoal was subsequently doped process with Zn and Ni metals which then followed by sintering using spark plasma at 1300 C. The qualities and structure of all the resulting carbon were evaluated using nano scale devices i.e. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer, Scanning Electron MicroscopeEnergy Diffraction X-ray Spectrometer, X-ray Diffractometer, I-V meter and potensiometer. Results showed that the best activated charcoal produced from the chemical-physical activation (KOH steam) possessed high fixed carbon of 84.29%; surface area of 850.5 m /g, cr ystallinity of 38,99% and resistancy of 0.10. The teak activated charcoal which intercalated by Ni at ratio of 1:5 produced the best properties with cr ystallinity degree of 73.45% and conductivity of 433.86 S/m. The sintered teak activated charcoal had cr ystallinity degree of 78.29% with I-V meter pattern in sigmoid shape and the potentiometer response formed a slope approaching the Nerst factors. Nano carbon produced from lignocellulose is a semiconductor and more suitably use for biosensors, particularly the one derived from teak wood.

Wood utilization for various products such as building construction, furniture and handycrafts deserves through attention to the properties such as chemical composition and durability, as those are interrelated. This paper investigates chemical composition and natural durability of 20 wood species originated from several Indonesian regions. Celluloses content was analyzed according to Norman and Jenkin methods; lignins content was tested according to SNI 14-0492- 1989; and extractives content was analysed based on SNI 14-1032-1989. Testing of wood durability was conducted under the shade at Cikampek, experiment station, West Java. Durability observation was conducted in one year afterwards by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by wood-destroying organisms. Results show that jaha wood (Terminalia arborea K.et.V.) exhibited the highest cellulose content (61.35%), while the lowest (43.30%) at bambang lanang wood (Michelia champaca L.var.pubinervia). Mahang putih wood (Macaranga hypoleuca Muell. Arg.) contain the highest lignin (35.80%), conversely cempaka wood (Elmerrillia papuana Dandy) contain the lowest lignin (23.67%). The highest extractive content (7.87%) was found at bawang wood (Azadirachta exelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs), while the lowest content found at kandis wood (Pentaphalangium pachycarcum A.C. Smith.) with extractive content of 1.52%. Assessment on natural durability indicated that four species were categorized as durable (class II), six species as rather durable (class III), three species as not-durable (class IV), and seven species as perishable (class V).

Forest harvest is the first activity to undertake in extracting logs from the forest site. The amount of wood wastes generated during logging operation can be used for measuring the value of exploitation factor (FE). The greater FE indicates more efficient of wood utilization. Indonesian government has so far decided the formal FE is 0.7. This value is no longer accurate for the current better forest management situation which adopting practices of reduced impact log ging-RIL and or RIL-C. Considering from economic aspects, the FE value has a ver y important role, i.e. as multiplying factor in determining annual allocation of wood production (JPT) and as a basic parameter in predicting earn business provision of natural forest (PSDH). Ecological aspects may inter prete that the big ger FE value will bring about reduction of forest damages. This paper examines the FE in Sub-Region of East Kalimantan. Results show that the proper FE value for the East Kalimantan Province is ranged between 0.77 – 0.89. The amount of FE value is more influenced by factor of feller skills than the management competence factor of IUPHHKHA.

Bioenergy is new and renewable alter native energy which is currently developed enthusiastically. Bioenergy could be produced by catalytic cracking method, which is cracking carbon chain to raise energy fraction. This paper observes potential-food bioenergy of cashew nut shell liquid as an alter native bioenergy source using catalytic cracking method. The effect of impregnated-metals Nikel and Molibdenum catalyst used in hydrocracking of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) into bioenergy was investigated. It focused specifically on two type of natural activated zeolite catalysts: NiO and NiOMoO at temperature reaction of 450 C and ratio feed catalyst of 2 and 4. Catalysts characterization was conducted according to a gravimetric method to determine acidity of catalyst; Spectroscopy FT-IR analysis to get distribution of active site catalyst; X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis to observe cr ystalinity of catalyst; and Gas Sor ption Analyzer (GSA) to measure surface area, porosity and total of pore volume. Bioenergy of CNSL in the liquid-phase, which were predominantly by gasoline, diesel oil, and heavy oil, was further analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometr y (GC-MS) to determine the compound energy fraction qualitatively and quantitatively. The result showed that the NiOMoO (natural activated zeolite) provided an optimal performance with liquid product conversion was about 65-75%, and selectivity gasoline as well as diesel fraction was about 37-47% and 22-31%, respectively.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of various layer compositions on the properties of 3-layer vertically lued laminated bamboo beam (LBB). Bamboo strips for LBB fabrication were prepared from mature culms (± 4 years old) of andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja) collected from private gardens in West java. The strips were pre-treated by soaking them in 7% boron solution for four hours. Three-layer LBBs were manufactured with six different layer compositions, including bamboo combination with wood planks of manii Maesopsis eminii Engl.) or sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) as the core layer. The LBB was manufactured using Water Based Polymer-Isocyanate (WBPI) adhesive. The glue spread and cold pressing time applied were 250 g/m and one hour, respectively. Results showed that the average density, moisture content, thickness swelling , and width expansion of LBB were 0.65 g/cm ; 11.1%; 2.09%; and 1.99%, respectively. No delamination occurred in all samples using WBPI adhesive, which indicates high bonding quality. The average bonding strength and percentage bamboo failure (dr y test) of LBB were 61.6 kg/cm and 90%, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of LBB were significantly affected by the layer composition. The presence of wood laminates as the core layer of LBB and the cross wide orientation of the core layer decreased mechanical properties of LBB. On the contrar y, the presence of cross-layer in LBB structure increased dimensional stability of the produced LBB.Three-layer thick laminated bamboo beam made of vertically glued andong bamboo strips with various constituted layer composition and all constitued layers laminated together in parallel grain dir ection had strength values comparable to those of class II of solid wood strength, venthough the core layer was made of sengon or manii planks.

Natural durability of 57 wood species originated from several regions in Indonesia was investigated outdoor under coverage. Initially, wood specimens were prepared from each species with dimension of 20 cm (length), 10 cm (width) and 2.5 cm (thickness). Specimens were placed on top of the bricks to avoid direct contact with soil, arranged randomly, and covered with crated-plastic sheets which served as protecting shades. Such experiment was conducted in research forest, Cikampek, West Java. Observation was conducted one year afterwards included evaluating the percentage of deteriorated wood specimens due to wood-destroying organisms. Results showed that after a year, 57 wood species could be categorized into five classes. Further scrutiny on each class revealed that four wood species belonged to class I (very durable); 16 wood species were class II (durable), 15 wood species class III (fairly durable), three wood species class IV (non-durable), and 19 wood species were classified as class V (perishable).

Smoke liquid is a liquid obtained fr om smoke condensation during charcoal firing process. The main content of the Latex and cause the latex to coagulate rapidly. This paper determines effectiveness of using smoke liquid as a latex coagulant and characteristics of the treated latex. The smoke liquid in this study was derived from pine wood. The smoke liquid solutions consisted of the crude smoke liquid and the diluted solution in various concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The smoke liquid solution was then each poured into a container of latex. Testing was undergone by observing latex coagulating time, coagulate condition, texture, color, odor and homogenity. The most effective smoke liquid which produced the best latex based on its performances was then taken for further testing of physico-chemical properties which included dry rubber content, plasticity retention index (PRI), initial plasticity (Po), final plasticity (Pa), dirt content, ash content, volatile matter content (Vm), and nitrogen content. Results were then compared with the conventional use of formic acid as a control coagulant. The result showed that the crude and distillate smoke liquid solutions with concentration of 10% produced the best coagulantperformances than the other solutions. Rubber latex treated with the crude smoke liquid produced the smoke liquid is acetic acid, hence, can be used as an alter native latex coagulant. Acid in vinegar can reduce the pH of best physico-chemical properties and could meet requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for Rubber Quality.

Beside for its high natural durability and resistancy of weather properties, teak (Tectona grandis) wood is also valued for its beautiful grain and colour. Theoretically, wood colour is highly affected by extractive content, particularly in the heartwood. Identification of correlation between wood colour and extractive content was determined through wood colour and extractive measurements on the outer part of heartwood zone. The wood samples were collected from two locations of Perum Perhutani forest plantations, i.e. KPH Randublatung (35 trees, age class III-IV) and KPH Purwakarta (32 trees, age class VI). Samples were cut from bottom part of the trees and then ground into powder measuring of 40-60 mesh. The wood colour properties(CIE-L*a*b, CIE-L*C*h, CIE-X*Y*Z, Munsell Colour Chart and ISO Brightness) were then measured. Solubility of the teak wood extractives were determined by extracting the powder in ethanol-benzene and hot water respectively. Results showed that the range of colour properties were L*= 40-62; a* = 3-11; b* = 19-31; C* = 20-31; h = 70-82; X= 10-25; Y= 8-23; Z=4-13; H=5-8; V =3-8; C =3-6; and W (ISO Brightness) = 4-12. Different sample location resulted in different trends of correlation between colour properties and extractive contents. No significant correlation was found between extractive solubles in hot water and colour parameters. In general, the best correlations were encountered between brightness parameters from CIE-L*a*b* or ISO with ethanolbenzene extractive contents (r=-0.54or 0.50, respectively).

Terentang wood (Campnosperma auriculata Hook.f) is relatively low in specific gravity (0.3), hence its utilization as pulp by chemi-mechanical is an alternative process. Energy consumption was reduced by applying lignin degrading fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) as pretreatment in the chemi-mechanical process. This paper examines the effects of P. chrysosporium incubation periods into chemical components and energy refining consumption of terentang wood. Four percent of NaOH was used in the chemi-mechanical process, and incubation periods studied were 0 (control), 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Results showed that P. chrysosporium significantly affected the weight loss, chemical properties, and refining energy consumption of terentang wood pulping process. Wood chip weight loss was about 15.95- 21.31% and alpha-cellulose raised up to 6.77%. Five weeks incubation time decreased lignin content up to 22.97% and saved the refining energy up to 22.7%.

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is an alternative food sources from forest. Porang grows under forest canopy and potentially developed to improve food security. Naturally harvested porang contains high oxalate and less lucomannan. This paper observes possible quality improvement of porang flour in term of whiteness and glucomannan content. Porang collected from Nganjuk, East Java was quality tested and mixed with natrium bisulfite then rinse in ethanol repetitively. Results showed that the addition of sodium bisulfite improved the whiteness of porang flour for about 6.59%. Ethanol dehydration proces was able to improve glucomannan content from 12.86% to 38.11%. Fe and Ca content of mixed porang flour showed no significant difference. Porang flour from Nganjuk contained of 1,6-AnhydroBeta-D-Glucopyranose; 1,2,3,4 Cyclopentanetetrol,(1.alpha., 2.beta., 3.beta., 4.alpha.); cyclopropyl carbinol; aceticacid(CAS)ethylicacid; and hexadecanoic acid.

The report describes the use of adhesive made from merbau wood extract (Spp) which is allowed to copolymerize Intsia . with resorcinol, formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, and tapioca as an extender. The adhesive was used to manufacture three-ply composite board consisting of a back and core layers sengon (Falcataria mollucana ), and jabon (Anthocephalus chinensis), while the face layer was made either one of three bamboo species, namely, andong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea), mayan (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz), and bitung (Dendrocalamus asper Schult.F) Result shows that physical-mechanical properties of the composite board with using adhesive by formula (% of weight ratio) Merbau extract : Resorcinol 50% : Formaldehyde 37% : Extender = 100 : 10 : 10 : 5) were similar with to those of products made of synthetic phenolic adhesive and classified as an exterior quality type with E or F**** types of low formaldehyde emission.

The report describes the use of adhesive made from merbau wood extract (Spp) which is allowed to copolymerize Intsia . with resorcinol, formaldehyde under alkaline conditions, and tapioca as an extender. The adhesive was used to manufacture three-ply composite board consisting of a back and core layers sengon (Falcataria mollucana ), and jabon (Anthocephalus chinensis), while the face layer was made either one of three bamboo species, namely, andong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea), mayan (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz), and bitung (Dendrocalamus asper Schult.F) Result shows that physical-mechanical properties of the composite board with using adhesive by formula (% of weight ratio) Merbau extract : Resorcinol 50% : Formaldehyde 37% : Extender = 100 : 10 : 10 : 5) were similar with to those of products made of synthetic phenolic adhesive and classified as an exterior quality type with E or F**** types of low formaldehyde emission.

In the forest products field, the nano technology that can be developed is among others nano carbon derived from lignocellulosic stuffs. In relevant, this paper observes information and technology on the charcoal processing from lignocellulosic stuffs into nano carbon. The lignocellulosic stuffs used in this research consisted of teak wood, further carbonized into charcoal at 400-500 C using drum kiln and then purified by re-carbonizing it at 800 C for 60 minutes by using steam and sodium hydroxide (KOH) 15% as activation agent. Prior to purification, the charcoal sustained the doping (intercalation) process with Nicel and re-carbonize again at 900 C for 60 minutes. The qualities and structure of all the resulting carbon were evaluated using nano scale device pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrophotomtry (Py- GCMS), scanning electron microscope-energy disverse spectrophotometry (SEM-EDS and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and examined as well of their dielectric characteristics. Result show charcoal was examined of its physical and chemical properties. Manufacture of biosensor by using molecularly imprinted polimer (MIP) system based on carbon paste and optimizing. Results show that nano carbon from lignocellulose can be made for biosensor with MIP system. Optimized formulation were mixed with15% MIP, 45% carbon and 40% parafine with nernst factor of 49 mV/decade and limit detection of 1.02x10 M at pH 4

content reduction amix of parenchym and vascular bundle (PVB). Result show that of all tre tments (using surfactant) before fermentation higher than without surfactant (control) at 10 and 15 FPU/g substrat of cellulase is that e concentration. The highest ethanol content (1.63%) from parenchyma with 15 FPU/g substrat of cellulase was recorded econcentration.Biomass is an alternative potential raw materials for biofuels or bioethanol production. This paper studies bioethanol production of the oil palm trunk waste. The trunk was divided into three parts; parenchym (P), vascular bundle (VB) and the ture a s sugar

Bark extracts of nine plant species from Lore Lindu National Park (NP) had been studied for the antioxidant potential and their cytotoxic effects. The antioxidant activity was tested by determining the peroxide value (POV) using the iodometric method. The toxicity test was done by counting the death of shrimp larva (Artemia salina) using Brine Schrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The test results showed three bioactive components (saponin, flavonoid, and polyphenol) were mostly obtained from the 3 plant species that have low POV, namely , Dysoxylumgaudichaudia Gardenia augusta Nauclea orientalis ,.and The most striking of cytotoxic effects (LC < 200 g/ml) were found from Koordersiodendron pinnatum (170.86 µg/ml), Nauclea orientalis (182.89 µg/ml), and Kleinhovia hospita (191.35 µg/ml) extracts.

Overtapping of pine resin in terms of quare size which is too wide and deep and the use of anorganic stimulant may cause tree damage and increase the risk of tree to fall. Modification of tapping technique may reduce the damage of trees and increase the production of pine resin. The modification should consider several aspects of economical, ecological, social, and technical. The objectives of the research were to determine the width and number of quare on each tree, the appropriate type of organic stimulant, and also cost of tapping technique The result showed that different type of tapping such as width and number of per tree significantly different resin production. However, different types of quare gave organic stimulant and its interaction with number and width of was not correlated significantly resin production. quare with M the use had direct s on odification of tapping techniques and of organic stimulant influence the cost and profit.

The palm oil industry in the capacity of 100 thousand tons of raw material per year will produce about six thousand tons of palm shell waste. The solid waste is not optimal untilized as fuel boiler and pavers around the factory. This study aims to get quality palm shell biobriquettes from of treatment particle size palm shell and hydrolyc pressure. Procedure research include: natural drying palm shell, crushing of palm shell, powder filtering, mixing with 5% starch solution, printing and pressing, drying naturally biobriquette , and s analysis biobriquettes quality.The treatments used are palm shell 0.26 - 5.36 kg/cm .particle size which includes 7 mesh, 16 mesh, 25 mesh, and the pressure hydrolyc covering 3 tons, 5 tons, 7 tons. Each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters tested include: moisture content, ash content, calorific value, carbon content, volatile matter content, density and compressive strength. The result research: moisture content is between 4.15 -9.06%;. ash content is between 1.68 - 6.19%; the carbon content is between 7.57 - 19.55%; volatile matter content is between 70.49 - 81.95%; sulfur content of all negative; calorific value is between 4218.17 - 4442.34 cal/g; density is between 0.69 - 0,87g/cm ; and compressive strength is between.

Rattan is spiny climbing palms, which is mostly utilized for furniture. This paper determines the chemical composition of 12 rattan species from Papua and its resistance against powderpost beetle (Dinoderus minutus Fabr.) and subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren). Chemical composition tested includes cellulose, lignin and starch contents. Cellulose content was determined by Norman and Jenkins method, while lignin content was determined based on the Indonesian National Standards (SNI 14-0492-1989 and SII-70-1979). Rattan resistance against powder post beetles and subterranean termites according to Indonesian Standard SNI 01-7207-2006. Results show that the highest cellulose content was found in somi-1 rattan (Calamus pachypus WJ Baker & al) of 52.82%, while the lowest cellulose content was found in longipina rattan (Calamus zebrianus Becc) which constitutes 42.29% cellulose content. The highest lignin content was recorded in endow rattan (Calamus zebrianus Becc) which was 33.37%, and the lowest was recorded in itoko rattan (Calamus vitiensis Warburg) which was about 21.00%. Two rattans studied were classified into class I against powder post beetle, and three of them were c lassified as class II. Four rattan species falls into class III and one species classified as class IV, and the other two species were classified as class V against powder post beetle. Based on the test against subterranean termites, three rattan species were classified as class I, five species as class II, two species as class III, one species as class IV, and one species as class V. Rattan species which was classified into III, IV, and V classes need to be preserved to enhance its service life.

Natural durability of forty five wood species collected from several forest regions in Indonesia was tested against dry- wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) and subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen). Natural durability tests against dry-wood termites and subterranean termites were conducted based on Indonesian standard SNI 7207:2014. Results show that six wood species are classified as very durable wood (class I), eleven wood species are durable (class II), and 28 species belong to the low durability classes (class III, IV and V) against dry wood termites (C. cynocephalus Light.). Similar tests against substeranean termites (C. curvignathus Holmgreen reveal that seven wood species are classified into highly resistant (durable class I), 14 wood species are resistant (durable class II), and the remaining 24 wood species belong to durability class of III, IV, and V. The testing results indicate that wood with high natural durability against dry wood termites is not necessarily resistant to subterranean termites and vice versa.

Rattan is spiny climbing palms, which is mostly utilized for furniture. This paper determines the chemical composition of 12 rattan species from Papua and its resistance against powderpost beetle (Dinoderus minutus Fabr.) and subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren). Chemical composition tested includes cellulose, lignin and starch contents. Cellulose content was determined by Norman and Jenkins method, while lignin content was determined based on the Indonesian National Standards (SNI 14-0492-1989 and SII-70-1979). Rattan resistance against powder post beetles and subterranean termites according to Indonesian Standard SNI 01-7207-2006. Results show that the highest cellulose content was found in somi-1 rattan (Calamus pachypus WJ Baker & al) of 52.82%, while the lowest cellulose content was found in longipina rattan (Calamus zebrianus Becc) which constitutes 42.29% cellulose content. The highest lignin content was recorded in endow rattan (Calamus zebrianus Becc) which was 33.37%, and the lowest was recorded in itoko rattan (Calamus vitiensis Warburg) which was about 21.00%. Two rattans studied were classified into class I against powder post beetle, and three of them were c lassified as class II. Four rattan species falls into class III and one species classified as class IV, and the other two species were classified as class V against powder post beetle. Based on the test against subterranean termites, three rattan species were classified as class I, five species as class II, two species as class III, one species as class IV, and one species as class V. Rattan species which was classified into III, IV, and V classes need to be preserved to enhance its service life.

The palm oil industry in the capacity of 100 thousand tons of raw material per year will produce about six thousand tons of palm shell waste. The solid waste is not optimal untilized as fuel boiler and pavers around the factory. This study aims to get quality palm shell biobriquettes from of treatment particle size palm shell and hydrolyc pressure. Procedure research include: natural drying palm shell, crushing of palm shell, powder filtering, mixing with 5% starch solution, printing and pressing, drying naturally biobriquette , and s analysis biobriquettes quality.The treatments used are palm shell 0.26 - 5.36 kg/cm .particle size which includes 7 mesh, 16 mesh, 25 mesh, and the pressure hydrolyc covering 3 tons, 5 tons, 7 tons. Each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters tested include: moisture content, ash content, calorific value, carbon content, volatile matter content, density and compressive strength. The result research: moisture content is between 4.15 -9.06%;. ash content is between 1.68 - 6.19%; the carbon content is between 7.57 - 19.55%; volatile matter content is between 70.49 - 81.95%; sulfur content of all negative; calorific value is between 4218.17 - 4442.34 cal/g; density is between 0.69 - 0,87g/cm ; and compressive strength is between

Six wood species from West Java ki hiur ( A.DC.), tunggeureuk which are Castanopsis acuminatissima (huru pedes ( Reinw.Ex Bl.), huru koja ( Bl.), ki Castanopsis tunggurut Cinnamomum iners Litsea angulata) kanteh ( Heyne) and kelapa ciung ( Warb) have been disti lated by dry distillation at Ficus nervosa Horsfieldia glabra l temperature 50 for hours in the retort distillation. Distillates from the dry distillation in form of charcoal, 450°C- 0°C five tar and liquid are calculated. The results exhibited charcoal quality of woods me t standard six e the s of Indonesia for charcoal and charcoal briquettes with calorific values ranging from 6743-6795 cal/g, fixed carbon ranging from 79.42 % -82.37 %. Charcoal yield ranging from 27.43 % -33.55 % . Pearson correlation analysis on the lignin content and wood gravity to charcoal calorific value indicates that the lignin content has a significant correlation to the calorific value of charcoal.

Preserving wood is one way to enhance its natural durability. The degree of wood protection achieved depends on the preservative impregnated in the wood and measured by its retention and penetration. Preservative retention is calculated based on the gravimetric system, while penetration is observed based on the colour differences after spot test. Preservative penetration pattern is observed visually and percentage is calculated conventionally. Digital image interpretation using Image-J software is one way to measure the preservative penetration. This paper studies the treatability of six wood species from West Java and Riau. Preservative penetration was inter preted both conventionally and digitally. R sesult show hamirung, jaha and mahang putih wood species are classified into easy to preserve (class I), while bung bulang, pasang taritih and bira-bira wood species are classified as medium to preserve (class II). Digital image identification provides easier, faster and more accurate in inter preting preservative penetration than the conventional method.

T the information on production technology of bio-oil from gelagah grass (his paper studies Saccharum spontaneum Linn.) and its properties using fast pyrolysis. The variables used in this study are temperature 550 C and 600 C and size of samples which are 20, 40 and 60 mesh. The results showed that highest production of bio-oil attained from sample size 40 mesh with treatment at 550 C, with the following characteristics; yields of liquid was 30 88%, phenol 7.58, pH 2.62, specific gravity 1.1108 g/cm , heating value 25 29 MJ/kg and flame power was at slow level. Bio-oil produced by this process predominantly composed of acetic acid, phenols and dan 1-hydroxy 2-propanone.

This study examining study fungal resistance properties of five wood species using Kolle-flask method. The studied wood species include: ki hiur huru pedes huru koja ( ), ( ), ( Castanopsis itseaacuminatissima Cinnamomum iners L angulat Ficus nervosa Horsfieldia glabra)a), ( ), (ki and kanteh kelapa ciung Samples were grouped into inner part and outer part of logs as well as metal screwed and unscrewed. Results show that all of five studied wood species no matter parts of log are classified not-resistant (class IV). Weight loss of wood samples with the attached metal screw is higher in average than the unscrewed wood samples. The highest weight loss was recorded on the inner part of unscrewed huru pedes wood exposed to Pycnoporus sanguineus . While the lowest weight loss was found in screwed samples of the same species The metal screws were found corroded after the test and the highest screw exposed to Dacryopinax spathularia. weight loss was found on kanteh wood. Metal screw that attached on the inner part experienced lower eight lost than kiscrews attached on the outer part of log.

This study examining study fungal resistance properties of five wood species using Kolle-flask method. The studied wood species include: ki hiur (Castanopsis acuminatissima), huru pedes (Cinnamomum iners), huru koja (Litsea angulata), ki kanteh (Ficus nervosa), and kelapa ciung (Horsfieldia glabra). Samples were grouped into inner part and outer part of logs as well as metal screwed and unscrewed. Results show that all of five studied wood species no matter parts of log are classified not-resistant (class IV). Weight loss of wood samples with the attached metal screw is higher in average than the unscrewed wood samples. The highest weight loss was recorded on the inner part of unscrewed huru pedes wood exposed to Pycnoporus sanguineus. While the lowest weight loss was found in screwed samples of the same species exposed to Dacryopinax spathularia. The metal screws were found corroded after the test and the highest screw weight loss was found on ki kanteh wood. Metal screw that attached on the inner part experienced lower eight lost than screws attached on the outer part of log.

Laboratory-scale manufactured hardboard made of Saccharum Sponaneoun Grasses (SSG), Empty Oil-palm Bunches (EOPB), and andong bamboo is potentially developed. However, initial experiment shows the hardboard did not meet Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) and International Standard Organization (ISO) for hardboard. This paper observes modification of the hardboard to satisfy the standards. Modification includes adding alkali concentration during pulp cooking and changing the additives composition. Result shows modification can enhance the hardboard quality to satisfy JIS and ISO requirements. Fiber mixture of SSG pulp and andong/betung bamboo pulp was cooked in 10.5% alkali concentration; and 12% alkali concentration for EOPB pulp. Additives composition used were tannin-resorcinol- formaldehyde/TRF adhesive, alum, and activated charcoal; without wax emulsion. The mixture of SSG pulp (50%) + EOPB pulp (50%) was the most prospective for hardboard, followed by SSG pulp (100%) solely; SSG pulp (50%) + andong bamboo pulp (50%); and SSG pulp (50%) + betung bamboo pulp (50%) as the lowest prospects. The least- prospective fibrous material (betung bamboo) are expectedly be improved by using more TRF adhesive, nano-size activated charcoal and cross-linking agents.

Timber hauling has a main goal to remove timber from forestland to the wood processing industry or directly to consumers. The hauling should be managed efficiently, so that the smooth running of transport should be prioritized. Slip is a serious obstacle that must be anticipated when hauling using trucks. It can reduce labor productivity and increase cost of hauling. The experiment was conducted in April 2014 in the RPH Ciogong, BKPH Tanggeung, Cianjur KPH Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten. The pur pose of research is to find out the use of auxiliary tools for reducing road slip in teak land hauling. The auxiliary tools were designed and manufactured in the workshop. The tools were then applied on the truck wheels in various slopes of slip. Results showed that: the average slip on slope class 0-8%, 9-15% and 16-25 % respectively 3.24 %, 6.11% and 7.58 % with each traction coefficient of 0.59, 0.44 and 0.36. The productivity of teak logs using the tools on slope class 0-8 %, 9-15% and 16-25% respectively 92.02 m .km/hour, 89.07 m km/hour and 83.59 m km/hour and production, costs of corresponding teak logs are Rp 2640.01/m km, Rp 2737.92/ m km and Rp 2917.27/m km.3

Log skidding technique in peatland is different with those practiced in dry land. A well planning is required especially in the use of the skidding tool. Since skidding takes a large portion of production costs, it is nedeed to compensate by increasing productivity through implemention of the proper harvesting techniques. This paper studies the increase of productivity and minimize production cost by implementing RIL technique at peat swamp plantation forest. The was conducted study on 2012 the work area PT Satria Perkasa Agung, in Simpang Kanan District Pelalawan, Riau Province. at of Data of skidding cost and productivity were processesed by using tabulation to obtain the mean and then analized using t-test of SPSS 18 software. Skidding in peatland of Results show that: 1. RIL technique could increase the average productivity by 8.37% and e the average production 3.93%; . The use of matting lines skidding peatdecreas cost of 2 proper on in swamp forest uneffective about 8.3% equal to 3.66 minutes/trip. can reduce time

Bintaro seed is widely used as an alternative raw material for biodiesel and waste the fruit-shell. This paper studies the utilization of fruit-shell waste for activated carbon. Activated charcoal was relied on two factors, namely chemical activator (H PO consentration) and activation time of hot steam. Activated charcoal Indonesian quality was tested against National Standard (SNI 06-3730-1995). es the best activated charcoal is treatment H PO 15% R ults show the using and 90 minutes hot steam 9.98% , volatile matter . The process produce activated charcoal quality of moisture content 9.16% ash content 12.45% fixed carbon 78.4% adsorption on iodine 784.498 mg/g adsorption on benzene 17.73% and adsorption on methilene blue 127.705 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism with th adsor ption ofis similar ose Langmuir isotherm with linearity 0.9691. he best activated charcoal of In term of improving water quality t should be able the in the water by by to reduce consentration of Fe 100 % and Mn 86.94 % respectively.

This paper studies the characteristic of cupressus oil ( Endl) from Forestry Research Institute Cupressus benthamii Arboretum at Aek Nauli. The essential oil colected from leaves of plant by steam distilation of Cupressus benthamii a fresh and dry leaves for seven hours. Result shows that the dry leaves provide the highest yield (0.41%) with its properties of specific gravity 0.889, refractive index 1.481, solubility on ethanol 1:5, and acid value 3.8 mg KOH/g sampel. The chemical compound of cupressus oil was dominated by -pinene (17.6%), sabinene (8.59%), 4-ter pineol (6.56%), ? and - terpentin (5.12%)?

This study aims to determine the resistance of 20 wood species against subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) and dry wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light). The test method of subterranean and dry wood termites refers to the SNI 01-7207-2006. Parameters observed for determining resistance class to subterranean and dry wood termites are the percentage of wood weight loss and the survival percentage of termites. Besides that, a subjective observation an severity of subterranean and dry wood termites attacks were also conducted. Results show that the resistance of 20 wood species against subterranean termites are as follow: class II (3 wood species), class III (2 wood species), class IV (13 wood species) and class V (2 wood species). The resistance to dry wood termites of the 20 wood studied species can be grouped as follow: class I (4 wood species), class II (5 wood species), class III (8 wood species) and class IV (3 wood species).

Formaldehyde emission and physical-mechanical properties of particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) could have negative effects on human health, specially when used in a room with limited ventilation. To reduce formaldehyde emission, an adsorbent can be added into adhesive mixture. This report describes the effect of imposing active charcoal into urea formaldehyde adhesive in terms of formaldehyde emission, physical-mechanical changes and economic aspect of the recycled particleboard. Results showed that the addition of active charcoal in particleboard production significantly changed the product properties. The charcoal addition as much as 3% to the UF adhesive could reduce formaldehyde emission and improve physical-mechanical properties of particleboard, and meet the Indonesian and Japanese Standards. The addition of active charcoal into particleboard is financially feasible.

In Indonesia, logging in natural forests is generally undertaken by cutting the main trunk along the clear boles and skidding the trunk to the landing point. This paper examines skidding performance of an alternative method, i.e. tree length logging which conducted by cutting off the stem above the first branch up to minimum diameter of 20 cm, which is manifested by the productivity and skidding cost. The method was practiced in four areas of Licency Natural Forest Concessionary managed by intensive sylvicultural system. Results show that the log skidding productivity ranged from 21.127 – 23.893 m³/hour with average of 22.217m³/hour depending on skidding distance. Meanwhile, skidding cost of tree length methods ranged fromRp 24,852.36 - Rp 29,318.49/m with average of Rp 28,628.10/m with skidding

Research of liquid smoke from 3 species of bamboo has been conducted by using modified drum furnace. The pur pose of this study is to determine the chemical components and other properties of liquid smoke. The results showed that the yield of liquid smoke 3 types of bamboo ranged from 5.00 to 24.00%, a pH of 2.70 to 3.36 has been standardized Japan; gravity of 0.99 to 1.03, acetic acid 31.37 - 83.59%, from 1.37 to 2.07% methanol and 0.56 to 1.24% total phenol. Acetic acid, methanol and total phenol liquid smoke test results of black bamboo has the highest value, followed by liquid smoke and spotted bamboo lowest in the liquid smoke bamboo betung.

Natural durability is determined through the tests of wood against wood attacking organisms. Natural durability of wood against marine borer was tested by exposing wood into the open sea water for six months. Damage intensity can be measured on the basis of digital image using Image-J software. This paper studies natural durability of nine wood species from Sumatera, Java and Kalimantan against marine borer. Results show that sempur lilin (Dillenia obovata Hoogl.) bambang lanang (Michelia champaca L.var pubinervia) and kayu bawang Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs) were classified into class durability I(very resistant) while cangcaratan(Lithocarpus sundaicus(Blume)Rehd. And aveangkelalai(Shorea pervistipulata ssp .albifolia) were classified into class durability II (resistant) against marine borer Ki pasang (Prunus javanica Miq.) and segelam (Hopea rudiformis)were grouped into class durability III (moderately resistant) while ki bugang (Arthophyllum diversifolium Blume) and ki langir (Otophoraspectabilis Blume) fall into class durability V (perishable). Damage intensity could be measured accurately using Image-J software. However, this method obtained higher damage method should be modified by excluding the ex-rope image to achieve high accuracy percentage since the ex-rope hole was included in the measurement.

Tree length logging method is an alternative way in timber harvesting to improve the efficiency of timber utilization and preservation of forests resources. This paper studies the performance of tree length logging application method in operational scale. Observation was conducted in the forest area of PT Sarmeinto Parakanca Timber in East Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, where Intensive Silvicultural Technique (SILIN) was applied. Data were collected through observation and direct measurements in the field including labor productivity and cost of felling and skidding, logging waste, exploitation factor (FE) and the damage of residual stand. Results show both felling productivities and skidding were improved. The felling capacity was improved into 60.535 m /hour and skidding was improved into 31.931 m /hour. The application of tree length logging can also reduce the felling cost into Rp 1,604.36/m and skidding cost into Rp 21,142.75/m . The method also increase the exploitation factors (FE) into 0.93 and minimize the damage on residual stand by 20.70%.

Weeds are abundantly available, which grow on peat swamps, but unfortunately have not yet been widely utilized. Those weeds can be prospectively potential as raw material for bio-briquettes. In relevant, this research aimed to look into the qualities of bio-briquettes manufactured from 10 species of peat swamp weeds. Initially, each weed species was carbonized and then shaped into charcoal powder. The resulting weed-charcoal powder was then mixed with wood sawdust at 1:1 ratio (w/w), and agitated thoroughly to obtain homogenous stuff. Afterwards, the homogenous stuff was added with starchderived binder (adhesive). Such adhesive was previously prepared by heating 5 g tapioca-starch flour in 75 ml of water. The starch-added stuff was then pressed into bio-briquette, and further put in the oven at 60°C for 24 hours, or just dried under the sunlight heat for 2 days. The parameters as examined on the dried bio-briquette comprised calorific value, moisture content, fixed-carbon content, ash content, and sulfur content. Results revealed that the weeds of purun tikus (Eleocharis orcrostachys ) species was regarded as the best for bio-briqutte manufacture, as it excelled other species in the overall examined parameters, i.e. calorific value (4,647.9 cal/g), fixed carbon (25.63%), moisture content (5.48%), ash content (8.78%) and sulfur (0.55%).Steud.

The engineering and trial testing on the skyline system tool of third Generation Expo-2000 powered by 13-HP engine was conducted to look into its performance for exstracting wood logs from the forest at steep terrain. This undertaking took place at Forestry District Resort of Tanggeng, Forestry District of Cianjur, the State-Owned Forest Enterprise Unit III, Cibatu Village, West Java. Results revealed that working productivity was 1.72 m of wood/hour, with the entire cots of tool ownership and wood extraction at Rp 138,587.39/hour or being equal to Rp 80,346.45/m .

Delignification signifies as the crucial stages in converting lignocelluloses into ethanol. It affects further hydrolysis and fermentation processes. This paper looks into the effects of three different delignification processes (physical-, chemical-, and biological- treatments) of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e sawdusts of sengon and oil-palm petioles) on cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation. Physically, biomass was pressurized in autoclave which has been set for 121°C, 1 atm for 30 minutes. Chemically, 1% H SO was added during pressurized process. Biologically, pressurized biomass was inoculated using microorganism MD-14 FB.1 obtained from INTROF-CC collection For the control, biomass stuffs without chemical, physical, and biological treatments, sustained the hydrolysis/fermentat ion process as well. Delignification properties with regard to hemicellulose contents in the treated as well as control biomass were examined according to a cellulose the ASTM procedures. The amount of glucose exhibited from cellulose hydrolysis was determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, while the ethanol content was determined by potassium dichromate method. Results show that in general, chemical delignification is more effective than physical and biological treatments. It shows greater yield of lignin decomposition and sugar liberation in hydrolysis. Chemical delignification treatment produced about 0.0022 - 0.4046% ethanol from the substrate fermentation. The enzyme produced from the isolationhas not significantly optimized the ethanol fermentation. Further research is needed in finding the compatibility between lignocellulose biomass and enzymes which were developed from microbe isolates.

Biomass resource mainly from forest industries waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is abundantly available, Currently, the utilization of TKKS as pyrolysis products is still limited to charcoal product, activated charcoal and charcoal briquettes. On the other hand, research on bio-oil manufacturing from biomass using fast pyrolysis method may increase hydrocarbons and calorific values, however the amount of catalyst used is higher than the biomass. This paper observes data and information on the characteristics of bio-oil made from oil palm empty fruit bunches through the addition of Ni/NZA as a catalyst. The optimal results (yield 30.27%, pH 2.94, specific gravity 1.068, viscosity 44 cSt and calorific value 29.38 MJ/kg with flame in medium category) were obtained with the addition of 6% catalyst. The bio-oil produced was dominated by acetic acid, phenol and benzene or toluene, and there were also alkene hydrocarbons compound, for instance hexadecene and aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene.

Proper quantity of equipments in timber harvesting should be well planned and managed to obtain efficient time and cost of production. This paper study the proper quantity of timber harvesting equipment in accord with production target. The study was conducted in 2010 at PT Surya Hutani Jaya, East Kalimantan. Data collected from the field consisted of equipment productivities, owners and operating costs, number of equipments, and production plan. The collected data were then averaged, and the effects of equipments on productivity and production cost were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results reveal that there are excessive and shortage uses of equipments in felling to hauling activities, according to the production plan. The most efficient wood harvesting equipments composition for the correlated production consist of 21 units chainsaws for felling , 9 units excavators for skidding , 10 units loaders, 2 units excavator for unloading and 31 units trucks for hauling. The number of timber harvesting equipments has significant influences on harvesting productivity and production cost.

To improve the efficiency of timber harvesting process, forest industries have implemented tree length logging technique. Unfortunately, the effort in utilization as much as the tree parts has not been followed by minimizing the production cost, for example in the felling process. Industries apply a full contract felling system by involving third party even it is considered as an expensive cost. A solution of this problem is by implementing self-management felling system. This paper studies the felling cost conducted by third party and self-management. The study was carried out at two natural forest concessionaires (IUPHHK-HA) Central Kalimantan. Results reveal that self-managed felling system in both IUPHHK-HA PT. A and PT. B costed about IDR 4,051.11/m and IDR 6,800.11/m , respectively. This cost is cheaper than the contract felling system which is ranged from IDR 6,000 to 7,000/m . Hence, for cost efficency, implementing self-management felling system is recommended.

It is presumed that the wood susceptibility to drying defects is related to several physical properties. This paper examines the drying defects: honeycombing and deformation of six wood species (trema, fast growing teak, bayur, jabon, angsana and lamtoro) during high temperature drying and analyses their relationship with initial moisture content, T/R shrinkage ratio and density. Terazawa method was used to examine the defect during high temperature drying. Result shows that after high temperature drying, lamtoro suffers the worst honeycombing (level 4-6), and fast growing teak deforms severely (level 4-6). Regression analysis shows multiple regression models using all physical properties as predictors provides better estimation on deformation and honeycombing than single-predictor regression models. The multiple regression model for each defect could explain 57.52% and 39.46% of variation in deformation and honeycombing, respectively.

Currently, bioethanol is one of biofuels which is potentially developed for new and renewable alternative energy. Bioethanol could be fermented from agriculture and forest wastes, with pre-treatment and hydrolysis process before the fermentation. Those process could be carried out by an addition of microbe (yeast). In order to gain greater ethanol content, yeast mixing formulation is crucial to obtain optimum ethanol content. This paper studies the formula of yeast mixing for optimum ethanol production of sengon wood waste. Formulation was conducted by mixing Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Rhyzopus oryzae and other substances with various treatments. Commercial yeast of 3 – 9% Sacharomyces cerevisae was used as a comparable control. Results showed that 7% yeast mixing was effective to produce 1.569% ethanol content from lignocellulose fermentation. The ethanol content is relatively greater than those of commercial yeast which constitutes of about 0.652% ethanol content.