This research project sought to find out the socio-economic status of the small-scale fishers of the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Samar, considering the diminishing volume of the catch of the species in the recent years. Using a blend of quantitative and qualitative methods, the study employed an interview schedule, focus group discussion (FGD) and observation in collecting data not only from the fishers but also from other sectors directly involved in the blue swimming crab industry.

The Itawis is one of the indigenous groups of Isabela, Philippines, along with the Ybanags, Yogads, and Gaddangs. In Cagayan Valley, two groups of Itawis are found: one from the Province of Cagayan and the other, from Echague, Isabela.This study was conducted to determine what is left of the traditional practices of the indigenous group “Itawis” of Echague, Isabela, Philippines that are gradually vanishing due to the modern way of living or due to acculturation. The study used the descriptive research method. The researchers, who belong to the minorities themselves, gathered the data of the study through immersion with the living cultural masters and through participation in the rituals. Other data were gathered through interview with the remaining members of the minority group. The rituals were documented, noted, and were explained by the elders. Frequency and percentages were used. The findings showed that the Itawis women still observe some practices in giving birth, in caring and feeding the baby such as “passa”, “tappe-tappet”, “baraga”, “iyaw”, “alintugurayan”. The “botiso and lallay” in baptism, the “passerbi” in courtship, the “intrega” and “pamonek” in marriage and “patunak” in building a house were some of the identified rituals still practiced by the Itawis.

Securing the safety of transport between the metropolitan area and local areas and accelerate the flow of people and goods is the main objective of the rehabilitation of the damaged bridges along the road section in the Luzon island, which is the longest north-south highway in the Philippines and the Manila North Highway, which connects Metropolitan Manila and the northern Luzon island, thereby contributing to the economic development of the Luzon Island.The study determined the conditions of the major bridges in Isabela section of the Cagayan Valley Road like the Naguilian bridge, Ganano bridge, and Tumauini bridge and among others. The study was conducted to examine the different structural parts of those bridges such as substructure, superstructure, other appurtenances and the defects were noted. The possible factors that may have caused the defects were also identified. Likewise, the sites around the bridges were examined to identify the conditions that may have affected the bridges. The conditions of the major bridges in Isabela section of the Cagayan Valley Road was evaluated as not in good condition. The bridge defects as evaluated were spalling and scaling of concrete, cracks, eroded embankment, corrosion and paint peel-off of steel members, scouring, potholes and honeycombs. The bridge defects were caused by concrete expansion or contraction due to environmental factors like the change of weather, the weight of passing vehicles, perhaps fatigue, and action of water. The joints of the bridges may have been caused by heavy traffic.

Hotel businesses consume significant amounts of natural resources, expel large amounts of raw and solid wastes and affect the sustainability of the natural environment in which they operate (Ustad,2010).To reduce the negative impact on the environment, the hotel sector worldwide has embarked on a course of implementing environmental management practices (Green Hotel Association, 2009). The study was conducted to identify the green practices in the deluxe hotels of Cebu and its level of implementation. It employed the descriptive design. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect the needed data and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that the existing green practices in the deluxe hotels of Cebu are the use of key card, low energy saving bulbs, purchase of food items and cleaning chemicals in bulk containers and reuse of linen and towel. Furthermore, the Deluxe Hotels in Cebu were only partially implementing green practices. Hence, the study recommended an operational plan to improve the implementation of green practices.

This study focused on eliciting information on the employment status of the Information Technology (IT) graduates of Cagayan State University. Further, it also highlighted on the assessment of the IT program objectives and components, and the relationship between selected profile variables to their employability. Descriptive method was used to describe the profile of the 96 respondents from the 3-part survey-questionnaire, and t-test for determining relationships. Sixty-nine (69) respondents or 71.88 percent were employed by predominantly single and young females. Granted with PC Operations NCII, their areas of interest were mainly on PC Operations and multimedia. Majority had more than ten (10) attendances to trainings/seminars. As contractual along data entry operations in private companies, majority received just enough monthly salary of P9, 000.00 to P11, 000.00, in jobs relevant to their IT education, skills and knowledge deemed important in the exercise of their functions. IT program objectives, components and processes were attained, implying that the University had attainable objectives including a responsive IT curriculum and instructional systems, competent and technically knowledgeable teachers, and adequate physical facilities. Instructional systems, convenient classroom and school buildings were contributory to graduates’ employability.

This paper aimed to evaluate the existing environmental code of the municipality of Malvar in Batangas. Specifically, this paper aimed to evaluate the quality, relevance and effectiveness of the existing policies on water resources particular on water pollution abatement in the three river systems of Malvar. It made use of triangulation of methods: observation, interview and survey. A total of 40 samples were adopted and proportionately distributed to Bagong Pook and Poblacion- barangays considered as major pollution contributor. Twenty household- respondents from each barangay were selected from the list of households living along the river since Malvar- MENRO reported that household use and dumping of solid waste were critical in these areas. Results showed that quality in terms of activities and resources was not elaborated in the three ordinances; though these policies were relevant; River Protection Ordinance had the least level of awareness; effectiveness of implementation was constrained by politics. The study concluded that historical developments of the three ordinances revealed of a policy framework which is a top-down approach. These ordinances were of great relevance to the need to protect San Juan River and its tributaries. However, the absence of Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) for River Protection and Anti-Littering Ordinances affects the extent of their implementation.

Writing has become a difficult task and skill to develop; even to native English speakers. It is a complicated process that requires rigorous application of grammar and mechanics.This study attempted to investigate the grammatical errors in a corpus of 158 compositions written by Criminology students enrolled in English 12 (Writing in the Discipline) during the second semester of school year 2014- 2015 at Isabela State University Echague campus. The study made use of quantitative analysis method as it required a thorough, careful and exhaustive analysis in identifying and categorizing the errors in the written composition. The study specifically determined the profile of the respondents, their morphological errors in terms of tenses, subject and verb agreement and preposition and their Mechanical errors in terms of capitalization, spelling, and punctuation. The study also looked into the relationship of the respondents’ profile and their morphological and mechanical errors in writing. The results revealed that the respondents’ committed the most error in Mechanical terms than in Morphological terms. In addition, it was found that there was a relationship between the respondents’ morphological errors and their profiles, particularly in terms of their ethnicity and mothers’ educational attainment

This research designed and built a portable wireless sensor network that is capable of handling data acquisition and transmission over a generic and dedicated network. The project used sensors, actuators and a real-time tracking system application in demonstrating the capability of wireless sensor network which is useful during disasters when all communication systems are down. The finished design includes a base station that controls three wireless sensor nodes which can communicate up to a maximum distance of 2 miles outdoors (line of sight) and 300-400 feet urban/indoors. Each node featured a device or module application that sends data to our base station for proper monitoring and processing. The network is self-configurable when powered on and is expandable in supporting a number of wireless sensor nodes to create a network. The use of wireless sensors in tagging and sensing data to the application in many industries and disaster mitigation provides endless possibilities that have potential to be the economically viable replacement to wired networks.

The Philippines is full of dynastic families that are the elites of the country, as what the people perceived of it. Political dynasty is very common in our country for the people tend to vote the families that are very influential and are rich. It is a problem in politics that is still present nowadays and that no law prohibiting political dynasty has been passed. Badian, Cebu is one of the towns that is being influenced by dynastic families, the Agravante and the Librando, now, being influenced by the Librando clan. Badian as a third class municipality, needs to improve economically as it is facing a lot of problems in its way to urbanization. The study aims to discover the local resident’s perception of political dynasty, why political dynasty continues to exist and how political dynasty shapes the political landscape of the town in order to find answers toward the attitude of the respondents of four selected barangays in Badian of a political dynasty. As the researchers finished the conducting of surveys, the researcher interpreted the results and discovered that the local residents are voting Librando family for they trust them. Majority of the respondents put much of the members of one family in the positions for they think that the family can give attention to their personal interests. The respondents are still voting the same members or relatives of the family even though there’s a prohibition from the Constitution because they still want to vote for them. The researchers recommend that residents should vote wisely for their future.

There are a lot of human activities that contribute to waste generation. These waste materials if failed to be disposed in the proper manner and in the proper place create a serious problem to humans and threat to nature. Solid Waste Management plays a big role on the preservation of life and nature. Managing wastes has become a problem especially in highly urbanized areas. Philippines is considered as the tiger economy of Asia for its fast growth and development. This advancement comes together with problems of solid waste management. Republic Act 9003 of the Philippines addresses different issues regarding Solid Waste Management. It mandates Local Government Units to implement policies to promote proper solid waste management. This study is concerned on the SWM of Barangay Lahug, Cebu City. It examines the ordinances and implementation enforced by the local government unit (LGU) and the status of practices and compliance the residents in the barangay make regarding solid waste management. It will also investigate the municipal solid waste management in a barangay level. In conducting this study, interview questionnaires were answered by 107 household residents and 21 business/commercial establishments’ respondents. An interview with the Lahug LGU representative was held. The survey was conducted to gather information on the knowledge and practices respondents have on solid waste management. This paper concludes that solid waste management in Barangay Lahug implements solid waste management through enforcing Cebu City Ordinance No. 2031 known as Solid Waste Segregation. The awareness of the residents and business establishments in the barangay about solid waste management is high. The practices and compliance of residents indicate the knowledge and training they have acquired. Solid waste management is a human obligation to fulfill. The inefficiency and failure to sustain proper solid waste management is a societal, environmental, economic, and political issue.

This research project sought to find out the socio-economic status of the small-scale fishers of the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Samar, considering the diminishing volume of the catch of the species in the recent years. Using a blend of quantitative and qualitative methods, the study employed an interview schedule, focus group discussion (FGD) and observation in collecting data not only from the fishers but also from other sectors directly involved in the blue swimming crab industry.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary conditions and food handlers practices of 22 high school canteens from five major cities of Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Fifteen public and seven private schools in Tacloban, Ormoc, Catbalogan, Baybay and Maasin City which adopted the "cook-serve" method were selected and assessed based on food service checklist that was formulated in compliance to the Philippine Code of Sanitation (1976) for food establishments. Results have shown that six (40%) out of 15 public schools have medium sanitary conditions while 9 (60%) of these schools were classified under poor sanitary conditions. In private schools, 14, 57 and 29 percent of schools have good, medium and poor sanitary conditions, respectively. Results have also indicated that public schools may have an overall lower sanitary condition as compared to private schools based on the higher numbers of public schools classified under poor sanitary conditions. Considering the criterion on food handlers hygiene, both public (6.25) and private schools (6.25) scored low indicating poor hygiene practices. From this study, it can be suggested that aspects of the acquisition of permits and certificates, improvement of facility design and strict implementation of hygiene practices should be given careful consideration by the school administrators, including the local government units. An example of an intervention that should be done includes training targeting food handlers to increase their awareness of good manufacturing practices (GMPs). Quantification of microbial contents of food and water is also warranted.

Climate change has become one of the major global challenges of the 21st century. It has been observed that the developing countries of the world (Philippines inclusive) will suffer most from the impacts of climate change. One of the easiest ways of intervention is through education. A well-informed person is likely to act positively towards managing the impact of climate change. A well-informed teacher (or teacher-to-be) will magnify this effect as they can influence their students towards climate change. In this study, a total of 76 education students’ perspectives about climate change were determined. One-way ANOVA, t-test, Pearson r were used to analyze responses. Data revealed that respondents have high perception and attitude on climate change and everyone shares the same no matter what is their age, gender or course. It also has confirmed that perception about climate change results into an attitude towards helping reduce factors causing climate change.

This study is conducted to identify the attitude 101 students towards online-integrated teaching using the online program Schoology in the subject Literature. Survey was conducted after the exposure and classroom experience using the technology-driven platform. Findings of the study revealed that students after the exposure on online-integrated teaching using Schoology in the subject Literature have positive attitude towards it. Computer basic literacy as assessed personally by the students has qualitative descriptor of “Functional Knowledge and Skills” and no significant differences were found when compared among variables. However, moderate significant relationship was found between attitude towards computer and attitude towards online-integrated teaching using Schoology. Moreover, a strong correlation between readiness to learning online-integrated teaching and compatibility in the subject Literature was found. This concludes that personal assessment of computer basic literacy and their attitude towards online-integrated teaching using Schoology are the same. The more they believe that a certain subject like Literature is compatible to Schoology, the more they expressed their readiness to learn on it or vice versa as shown in its positive correlation. Further, the moderate significant relationship between attitude towards computer and attitude towards online-integrated teaching using Schoology could imply that students’ perception towards computer is parallel to the online-integrated teaching using Schoology. This study contradicts to what Porter (1999) meant when she said that there is general perception in higher education that technology has little to contribute to the study of Literature and culture.

The ever-increasing energy demand nationwide leads to the increase of distribution and transmission losses. Improving the power quality places an important role in suppressing power losses and disturbances in the electrical system. Mostly, electrical loads are inductive that generates reactive power component which causes poor power quality. However, correcting power factor by switching capacitor enhances the power quality profile of an electrical system thereby reducing the current injected into the distribution line. Although there are technologies available in the market capable of correcting power factor, its functionality and application are limited to industrial application only. This paper presented the development of power factor correction (PFC) device through the use of power analyzer as the primary instrument. Data from the analyzer was received and manipulated by microcontroller unit which performs switching capacitor in the electrical system. Application of capacitive power depended on the reactive power drawn by the electrical load and the associated program embedded to the microcontroller. The PFC device automatically improves the power factor of the electrical system up to 95 percent. As a result, the apparent power drawn by the electrical system and the electrical current injected to distribution line decreased. It does not apply capacitive power once the overall power factor of the electrical system is above 95 percent or capacitive. The device was suitable for improving the power efficiency of distribution and transmission system. Its adaptability to power quality monitoring and energy metering equipment is easy since it uses a power analyzer which could serve as the interfacing component between them.

Like in other countries land use planning is imperative because of the scarcity of land. Land use planning aims to find a balance among competing and sometimes contradictory uses. In the Philippines, all local government units (LGUs) from the province, city and municipality are mandated to formulate its Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs). This paper assesses the capacity of the planning team of the LGUs in the CLUP preparation. It takes the case of the Province of Samar, one of the hardest hit provinces during Super Typhoon Yolanda “Haiyan". Its methodology includes primary data gathering through interview using a structured questionnaire among the planning teams of one provincial, two cities and 21 municipalities out of 27 LGUs in the preparation of comprehensive land use plan. It is supported by secondary data from the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, and the Provincial Land Use Committee. The study result showed that capacity building is desperately needed by CLUP planners as LGUs are unable to craft this required document. CLUP planners are not equipped to deal with the issues of CLUP formulation, not just in terms of know-how but also in terms of staffing, equipment, and database. Almost the entire system needed to support CLUP planning teams in the LGUs is inadequate. It is recommended that the government provide a packaged technical assistance on the whole cycle of CLUP preparation with corresponding funding to fully capacitate the cities and municipalities.

The study was conducted to assess the impact of the RDET Program of the Cagayan State University at Sanchez Mira Campus, “The Kaniyogan: Reaching People, Transforming Lives” after its second year of service implementation. The study made use of a combination of a quantitative and qualitative research design with documentary analysis, field visits and interviews to the farmer beneficiaries as methods of gathering the needed data. The accomplishments of the programs were measured in terms of the number or nature of seminars conducted and or technical/advisory services provided, demonstration areas established, enterprises organized or established, and IEC materials produced and distributed. Impacts of the program were measured in terms of the responses of the adopters of the technology and some individual members of organizations. There were 37 seminars and skills training conducted and attended to by a total of 2496 participants during the 2-year period. There are 15 community-based demonstration farms established and 15 campus-based demonstration farms maintained. The extension program is assisting 10 small-scale enterprises with 4 individuals and 6 groups or cooperatives/ associations. The RDET Program was able to publish a Coffee Table Book called Kaniyogan and a Kaniyogan Newsletter. The services offered by the Kaniyogan were rated by 97.80% of the participants as “Good or Better”. The extension program has a very good impact on individuals who are able to fund their projects. Moreover, it has not affected much the lives of the individual members of small groups or associations. Based on the result of the study, a common observation was noted. If the technology is adopted by an individual who can afford to spend the inputs of the project, it will be sustained and will grow into an enterprise. Moreover, if this is introduced to a group of people just to be able to avail of a small amount of grant, it will die when the fund is used up. It is recommended that training should be given to individuals who are interested and capable of adopting the technology and they will be the ones to create employment opportunities for the less capable groups.

The flooding problem in San Jorge Samar, the Philippines can be effectively addressed using a holistic approach using factual information. This is the main purpose of the study, which is to understand the parameters contributory to the flood hazard specifically along the San Jorge channel of the Gandara River. The paper also evaluated flood control initiatives implemented by authorities. The evaluation is guided by the DPWH Flood Control Planning Manual, assessment and computation of the needed parameters in planning and design of flood control program was processed through HEC-HMS (Hydrological Engineering Center –Hydrologic Modeling System) software. Findings suggest San Jorge rurban areas, as well as portions of its adjacent barangays as depicted in topography, is surrounded by significant upland and rolling hills. San Jorge basin is considered a flood prone. Using the designed rain based on historical data, it was found out that the floodplain which is 431 hectares (which includes a big portion of most commercial, educational and agricultural area) adjacent to the river channel will be inundated; A. Peak discharge is 1,474 cubic meters per second, resulting in a flood depth up to about 7 meters is expected. This can go higher if sedimentation or siltation is not managed. There is no concrete strategy to control flood hazard. There is an immediate need to establish measures to prevent a catastrophe when the San Jorge channel of Gandara River in Samar capacity is exceeded.

The effects of climate change on low-lying communities discouraged cities to reclaim seas for urban expansion. The storm surge that has occurred during the onslaught of Typhoon Haiyan in some parts of the Visayas in the Philippines discouraged the City of Catbalogan from pursuing expansion through reclamation. Instead, the local government proposed a Sky City project which intends to develop the hills surrounding the city as the new growth area. However, the development will cause various problems, one of which is the increased runoff due to change in ground cover. The paper aimed to calculate the increased runoff at various stages of development which will lead to flooding in the old city. Data from 36 scenarios (9 rainfall intensity and 4 stages of the project) using Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS 4.1) of the US Corps of Engineers, reveals that areas along the river will swell at rains smaller than 10mm in 1 hour. While potential risk on other parts of the city remains almost the same. There is a need to implement mitigating measures against the expected increase in runoff volume before the Sky City project development starts.

Extension activities of a university are aimed at the well-being and development of the community it serves. Thus, food technologies developed from VSU - Tolosa’s research programs are being disseminated to the beneficiaries for them to be motivated to use appropriate practices and help augment their income. This study brings attention to the experiences of the respondents who are the members of the three women’s associations of Tolosa, Leyte in the adaption, production, and marketing of their products. Using the case study method utilizing interview and FGD, results showed that respondents participated in the training to acquire knowledge and skills in food processing techniques, gain knowledge in simple marketing, bookkeeping, and accounting, acquire new experience, and to avail of the opportunity offered by the program. The adoption of the food technology has led to increased income, enhanced knowledge, and awareness of the proper and appropriate practices of producing safe and quality food products, empowerment, enhanced the social relationship with their co-members and brings honor to the municipality. This suggests that the adaption of VSU-Tolosa generated technologies contributed to the enhancement of the knowledge, skills, economic and social conditions of the beneficiaries which resulted in a number of changes in their lives. Further, an adaption of the technology has caused gainful employment to the beneficiaries through entrepreneurship.