The study is devoted to Casarius, representing the Central Gaulish potters from the late period of Antonine reign, whose terra sigillata vessels were recorded to the north of the middle Danube. The period of his activity coincides with the Marcomannic Wars. The case of Casurius is used for considering the question of time and circumstances of penetration of his pottery in the Barbaricum territory in the conditions of the ongoing conflict between barbarians and Romans. Casarius’s activity is placed in the years 160–180 (Rogers 1999) or 160–195 (Stanfield, Simpson 1958) and falls on the reign of Marcus Aurelius, or even Clodius Albinus. Activity after year 180 can be discussed. Among researchers there is lack of full compliance with regard to the location of the workshop; Lezoux and Lubié are mentioned. It is to be supposed that Casarius worked mainly in Lezoux, from where did the majority of the known vessels come. At the same time the branch of his workshop in Lubié was confirmed (Bet Delage‘s researches). Casarius was producing the considerable set of relief (bowls typeDrag. 37) and plain pottery (type Drag. 33, Drag. 18/31, and other). Casarius’s goods were distributed in areas of the Danubian provinces, especially often recorded on limes (among others Aquincum, Albertfalva, Brigetio, Carnuntum, Vindobona, Regensburg-Kumpfmül), finding recipients among the civilian population living in civitates and vicii and among the Roman crews stationed in castra and castella. Especially important are the discoveries of Casurius’s pottery in castellum in Mušov in Moravia (171–180 or rather 172–180 years) forming part of the soldier dishware. Based on the collected materials, the trading and use of Casarius’s vessels can be proven in the Danubian area, for years 175, 180, before years 170/178, 175 and after 171/172. As the start date can be accepted the period about 160/170 (163/170), as the final date – about 180 (and longer).There are few and far known finds from areas of the south – west of Slovakia (1 specimen) and Moravia (2 specimens). In this situation the number 5–6 (?) of Casurius’s relief bowls type Drag. 37 in the Przeworsk Culture surprises. These vessels were distributed on the course of the Moravian – Kuyavian section of the Amber Route (Piwonice, Zapowiednia, Jacewo, Lachmirowice) and the southern section of the upper course of the Vistula (Opatów, Zagórzyce?). Particularly interesting is the burial of a woman (No. 12) from Lachmirowice, containing a bowl type E. 77, a small chest elements, belt elements and bronze fibula type A. 129, dating back to the phase B2/C1 (vel B2/C1–C1a) (Zielonka 1993; Godlowski 1994; Tyszler 1999; 2012). Fibulae A.129, constituting a leading form of the phase B2/C1 of the Przeworsk Culture, are found among others in Roman camps layers in Mušov and Iža (Godlowski 1981; 1994; Hüssen, Rajtar 1994; Tejral 1999; 2006). Aforementioned bowl of type E.77 along with several other specimens from this cemetery creates a large collection, having no analogy in the Przeworsk Culture (bronze vessels, see below). Casurus’s bowl from Lezoux, a chronologically sensitive piece of equipment, entitles us to circumscribe the absolute chronology of the burial (No. 12). Having regard to the production (160–180 years), especially the trade and use in the Danubian provinces (proved to 175 year, and before 170/178, 175) and in the occupied Moravia (Mušov, in years 171 or 172–180), the burial in question can be placed in the time interval from about 170 to about 180/190, or 180/200. Taking into account the period of use/ storage of vessel before submitting it to the grave is very important. The presence of Casurius’s vessels on the Amber Route (Moravia, Great Poland, Kuyavia) shows the activity in the thoroughfare during the reign of late Antonine dynasty, i.e. in the period of the Marcomannic Wars. At the same time Casarius’s vessels are also the evidence of direct or indirect links of the population using the graveyard in Šitborice (about 20 km from the center of Suebi in Mušov, then in the period 171 or 172–180 Roman castellum) with the population using the graveyard in Lachmirowice in Kuyavia. Both cemeteries provide the full content of information on these relationships and chronology of contacts, covering the period of the Marcomannic Wars and time after their completion. Inventories of men (warriors) and women graves (phases B2/C1–C1a) from the graveyards in question are the evidence of high social and material status of mercantile elites (?) achieved by lucrative business contacts. The accumulation of imports (of bronze, ceramic) of southern provenance is characteristic especially for Lachmirowice. Cemeteries striking feature is the presence of a large number of bronze vessels from which especially types E. 27–28, E.40, E. 44–49, E. 77 and E. 160–161 belong to the characteristic range of equipment of the Germanic elite graves in the Central European Barbaricum areas form the middle Danube to Scandinavia (Tejral 1970; 2004; 2006). Their distribution began in the late phase of Antonine reign and the culmination moment occurred after the end of the wars. Casurius’s bowls uniqueness is associated with the period of their production, trade and use (about 160/170–180; wherein the period of use after 180 year should also be taken into account), attributable to the period of the Marcomannic Wars (166/167–180). The presence of Casarius’s terra sigilata bowls recorded on Moravian – Kuyavia section of the Amber Route shows the trade activity on this thoroughfare during aforementioned wars.At the same time, we can assume that the inflow of Casurius’s vessels took place in the late phase of the wars in question (about 171/172–180). It should be stressed that the region Kuyavia, remaining in the far northern hinterland of the direct Roman enemies, i.e. Marcomanni and Quadi, was not yet free from the changeable fate of the ongoing wars and the impact of Roman politics.

Kultura luboszycka rozwijala sie w okresie od fazy B2b do fazy C3 (pol. II w. n.e. – II pol. IV w. n.e.) na obszarze obejmujacym srodkowe dorzecza Odry i siegajacym az po prawy brzeg Laby. Charakterystyczna cecha zaliczanych do niej zabytków sa niezwykle liczne zapozyczenia od sasiadujacych z nia jednostek taksonomicznych. Oprócz wplywów z terenów kultury przeworskiej, wielbarskiej czy kregu nadlabskiego daje sie zauwazyc wyrazny horyzont przedmiotów nawiazujacych do terenów pólnocnoeuropejskich. Wspomniany trend jest bardzo wyrazny wsród znalezisk uzbrojenia, ale tez wystepuje w mniej prominentnych kategoriach zabytków, takich jak chociazby noze. Niniejszy artykul omawia dosyc szczególna grupe tych narzedzi i elementów uzbrojenia, a mianowicie noze z tzw. pelnym trzpieniem, czy tez dokladniej, z trzpieniem przechodzacym przez cala dlugosc rekojesci. Cecha ta jest niezwykle rzadko spotykana wsród nozy znanych ze srodkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum, za to niemalze dominujaca wsród egzemplarzy znajdowanych w Skandynawii. Szczególowa analiza inwentarza kultury luboszyckiej wykazala nie tylko zauwazalnie wysoka na jej terenie frekwencje tego typu artefaktów, ale równiez dostarczyla znalezisk, które moga posluzyc jako przeslanki do bardzo wczesnego (tj. siegajacego nawet okresu wczesnorzymskiego) datowania poczatków omawianego zjawiska w interesujacej nas jednostce taksonomicznej.

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W poludniowo-zachodniej Bialorusi (obszar województwa brzeskiego) znajduje sie kilka wybitnych obiektów architektonicznych, na których ostatnio przeprowadzono prace konserwatorskie oraz restauracyjne. Obiekty te sa znaczace ze wzgledu na ich role w historii i kulturze Bialorusi. W trakcie przygotowania dokumentacji projektowej na potrzeby renowacji tych zabytków, architekci spotykaja sie z koniecznoscia przeprowadzenia pierwszego etapu prac – kompleksowych badan naukowych, których integralna czescia sa badania archeologiczne. W Bialorusi sa odpowiednie akty prawne, regulujace dzialalnosc w zakresie ochrony i renowacji zabytków historycznych, archeologicznych, kulturowych i architektonicznych. W ramach programu rzadowego w szeregu miejscowosciach: Kamiencu, Kosowie, Rózanach, Skokach, Zakozielu, Berezie Kartuskiej i innych, prowadzono badania archeologiczne. Badania starozytnego Kamienca przeprowadzono w latach 1998 –2004. Obejmowaly one teren przylegly do istniejacej do dzis baszty murowanej, zbudowanej w latach 70. XIII wieku. W wyniku badan archeologicznych dokonano rekonstrukcji systemu obronnego miasta, fukcjonujacego od konca XIII do XVIII wieku, oraz odnaleziono pierwotny cmentarz mieszkanców grodu. Od roku 2008 trwaja prace restauracyjne w palacu Puslowskich, z pierwszej polowy XIX wieku, w miejscowosci Kosawa (rejon iwacewicki). W trakcie badan archeologicznych realizowanych w latach 2008–2013 zostal pozyskany liczny material zabytkowy. Odkryto relikty bram wjazdowych: zachodniej, wschodniej i poludniowej. W 2008 roku rozpoczento prace restauracyjne palacu Sapiehów w Rózanie (rejon pruzanski). Pierwsza zostala odbudowana brama wjazdowa z przyleglymi do niej budynkami-skrzydlami. W trakcie prac archeologicznych na terenie kompleksu palacowego z XVI–XVIII wieku zostaly zbadane warstwy kulturowe na przestrzeni wewnetrznej skrzydel palacowych. Wyniki badan dowiodly, ze wewnetrzny plan budynków przylegajacych do bramy wjazdowej wielokrotnie sie zmienial. Oprócz tego, w warstwach kulturowych zachodniego skrzydla, odnaleziono relikty starszego budynku – dowód na istnienie wczesniejszej, funkcjonujacej w XVI–XVII w. rezydencji Sapiehów. Prace archeologiczne w 2010 i 2011 roku w wewnetrznej przestrzeni budynku teatralnego palacu Sapiehów wykazaly bardzo dobry stan zachowania fundamentów wewnetrznej kolumnady, wspierajacej konstrukcje dachu i urzadzen teatralnych lozy. Podczas prac w podziemiach kaplicy rodu Orzeszków we wsi Zakoziel (rejon drohiczynski), wsród gruzu i smieci odnaleziono artefakty datowane na XIX w. – poczatek XX w.: fragmenty wnetrza kaplicy z metali i drzewna, brazowe elementy trumien, fragmenty pasów ze Slucka. Równiez odnaleziono znaczna ilosc ludzkich kosci pochodzacych ze zniszczonych grobów z XIX wieku. Wyniki analizy antropologicznej potwierdzily obecnosc pochówków czterech przedstawicieli rodu Orzeszków. W wyniku prac archeologicznych 2009 roku w miejscowosci Bereza (Bereza Krtuska) (rejon bereski) na terenie klasztoru kartuzów z XVII w., zostaly zbadane warstwy kulturowe w wewnetrznej przestrzeni bramy wjazdowej. Wyniki badan pozwalaja sugerowac istnienie reliktów starszego budynku, którego fundamenty zostaly wykorzystane podczas budowy bramy wjazdowej do klasztoru. Glównym celem badan archeologicznych w siedzibie Niemcewiczów w Skokach, (rejon brzeski) pochodzacej z XVIII wieku, bylo poszukiwanie reliktów dawnej zabudowy. Podczas badan odkryto pozostalosci po zachodniej oficynie, zniszczonej w latach 60. XX wieku. Fundament budynku oraz inne elementy konstrukcji zachowaly sie w stanie dobrym. W trakcie prac archeologicznych odnaleziono interesujacy zbiór zabytków datowanych na XVII–XX wiek. Zachodnia oficyna zostala zbadana tylko w 60%. Prace archeologiczne zawieszono z powodu problemów finansowych. Odkryte juz czesci zabudowy czekaja na konserwacje, badz na calkowita renowacje. Pomimo istniejacych problemów i trudnosci z renowacja, odbudowa zabytków i zachowaniem dziedzictwa kulturowego, w ostatnich latach badania archeologiczne w ramach prac konserwatorskich i restauracyjnych na obszarze poludniowo-zachodniej Bialorusi przyniosly znaczace wyniki.

In the Roman Iron Age can be observed the development of spurs production by the barbarian communities in Central Europe. Spurs were disseminated by Celts, then were gladly used and modified by local people. Their initial form were certainly bow-shaped spurs. But there were also chair-shaped spurs, which were derived from bow-shaped form. Through the work of numerous researchers we have more and vaster, but still incomplete knowledge about these monuments. With a high degree of certainty we can talk about development of forms of these monuments. Their development from bow-shaped forms perfectly shows spurs with three circular plates, so called Dreikreisplattensporen. First items of this type come from the fifth / fourth decade of the first century BC, which makes them the oldest form of rivet spurs. Their genetic zone is connected with area occupied by the Celtic tribe of Treveri. They are therefore not, as previously thought, germanic, but celtic product. However, thanks to the Elbe Germanic these spurs disseminated in the area covered by the settlement of tribes belonging to the Germanic circle of civilization. However, must be noted that in Treveri area at the same time we have to deal with three wholly distinct communities – Terveri (Celts), Suebi (Germans) and Romans. So it is not obvious who had the idea to initiate production of rivet spurs. Detailed analysis of these early forms of spurs, could bring measurable effects for our understanding of real origin of this monuments. It could also help to point trails which these monuments were further redistributed into the Germanic zone, and thus also the areas of the Polish lands. From the land occupied by the Przeworsk culture, there are two specimens of so called Dreikreisplattensporen, from Korytnica, grave 4 and Zakrzewo, grave 14. They can be classified as a Geoblingen-Thür type by Bockius. They are found mainly in Treveri area, but similar also occur in the area of the Grossromstedt culture. Here are considered as the imitation rather than Celtic import. The issue of provenience of these spurs is still unresolved. In the Roman Iron Age significantly increased the number and diversity of chairshaped spurs produced in the Germania Magna. Their development during this period is no doubt related to the germanic communities, which inhabited the area extending along an axis running from the Jutland Peninsula to the Elbe River basin, where these monuments are the most common. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of imitation parts of chair-shaped spurs observed in the bow-shaped spurs. Such similarity is visible between the chair-shaped spurs with highly separate prick and bow-shaped spurs of Wielbark culture. In conclusion, currently, despite the existence of several separate classifications of chair-shaped spurs, using them is significantly hampered. These difficulties are due to e.g. no longer current findings. This is caused by increase of data base or deficiencies such as the presentation of incomplete catalog. Difficulties in classifying stem not only from restrictions on the use of existing typologies, but also from a large variety of chairshaped spurs. Correct classification of these monuments, the ability to precisely determine their chronology and the creation of their full catalog is the basis for comprehensive research, covering the entire area of distribution of chair-shaped spurs. They would give the opportunity to lead the direction of the distribution of spurs; trails, which reach among others on the Polish lands. This research would show the directions of interregional contacts. Next step would be thinking of which social processes led to the dissemination of this type of findings on the Elbe and southern Scandinavia areas and further spreading of such spurs in the East.

The archaeological site no. 20 in Górzyca is one of the newly identified biritual cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture in the Middle Odra Region. There were conducted intensive rescue researches in the years 2008–2010. Several characteristic burial structures, namely stone pavements and stone wreaths were discovered in the exposed part of the cemetery. In the inventories of many burials the Roman imported artifacts were found. The most numerous among them are glass and amber beads, usually the components of necklaces which were the equipment of rich women (ob. 828, ob. 85) and a child (ob. 198). Two fibulae made of bronze stand out from the rest artifacts, one of Riha 7.11.1 type or Feugere 25a type (ob. 440) and the second, damaged with an enamel (?) of Thomas A type (ob. 459). To the findings from the rich graves belong two damaged coins, presumably subaerati. A 22–25 year old young woman’s burial had particularly rich equipment (grave no. 9/ob/85), containing imported objects, a rich necklace composed of i. a. numerous glass and amber beads, and a relief bowl of Drag. 37 type from Lezoux. The imported vessel, originated from the workshop of Laxtucissa (145–170 or 150–170) or Laxtucissa-Paternus II (160–170/180), allows us to propose a determination of the lower date of burial for about 150/160 or 160/170 (depending on the established attribution of vessel). The manufactures of listed potters belong to the horizon of the Marcomanni wars and are found in many sites in Pannonia in the layers of destruction from the aforementioned wars. The cartographical study of the distribution of Laxtucissa’s and Paternus II’s (or Paternus) vessels discovered in areas to the north of the middle Danube indicates their presence in Lower Austria, Czech, Moravia, Slovakia, between Pannonia and Dacia, and in Poland. The Roman imports, identified in the cemetery in Górzyca, proves contacts between the South and Lubusz Land especially in the phases B2/C1–C1a.

So far, it Conventual castles were at the center of interest of researchers of Teutonic architecture. However, it seems that it slowly starts to change. Until recently, the seat of the Teutonic Knights lower officials, except the most distinctive constituted a complete research margin. Currently, there are at once numerous publications on individual objects, but we should also look at the subject more broadly and make placing them in specific political and economic realities. We are not able at the moment to say much about the thirteenth century buildings, which would constitute the seat of the Teutonic Knights lower officials to discussed area. It was not until the beginning of the fourteenth century brings more information about the existence of headquarters of minor officials. At this time, the evident revival building in the Zulawy. This is understandable due to the transfer of the seat of the great masters to Marienburg. Most of these assumptions was the auxiliary facilities of the capital castle. Very important are the 30s and 40s of the fourteenth century. On the east of the country are formed the quite numerous, probably wood and earth strongholds. Objects located in the western part of Prussia gain at this time bricked forms. A clear turning point for the sites are the Lithuanian army raids in the 60s and 70s the fourteenth century. After these events, some objects ceased to function (Okartowo) while others have been transformed into brick castles (Pisz). Additionally, in the western regions of Prussia, some assumptions have been expanded. But it was only after the signing of the armistice with Lithuania began to build castles on a much larger scale. Construction work lasted in many objects until the outbreak of the Great War. After it state’s economic situation has changed dramatically. There were mainly modernization works on castles.

Most archaeological sites, which were considered remains of medieval knight`s manor have readable (separated) terrain form. Most frequently they were situated on artificial mounds, placed in boggy areas, often in valleys of small rivers. As can be seen from the query in all kinds of archaeological publications, on the territory of medieval Polish state (conventionally within the reign of Casimir the Great) about 200 mansions that are relics of knight’s abodes ware investigated in varying degrees. The degree of their knowledge is very different. Only about 46% sites being excavated were elaborated and the results were published with different accuracy. Their scientific level is unfortunately very diverse. While the form of the seats are usually described in a very detailed way, the artifacts found during excavations are mostly only mentioned. Most often we do not know from which part of the site they come from. Although they are sometimes discussed in the framework of the excavation, but it is hard to know if they were in the building or in the courtyard, and perhaps in the moat? Paradoxically, most numerous finds – potsherds – are the least described. They are only enumerated, without even trying to identify forms (vase, pot, jag…). Also, in the case of metal objects, they description very often ends up on the development of an accurate list of the every, even the slightest, iron nuggets. Unfortunately, there are too many lists of objects referred to as „undefined”. With the greatest care archaeologists treat all and any findings in the field of armament, but this is the category of monuments which sometimes introduces a lot of confusion in trying the dating of the settlement. The armament usually is considered to be the so-called „a good dating device” and of course, it is true, provided that it date back itself. Sometimes the total opposition raises in a situation where, for example, dating of one found spur, is considered to be more important than dating established on the basis of hundreds found fragments of vessels and stove tiles. Therefore the necessity to use written and iconographic sources in order to reconstruct the whole material culture is widely appreciated. Here it is necessary to work with medievalist and art historians. It is not a simple matter because dealing with material culture is not very popular among the historians. In the final part of the article the development of a model of conical settlement excavations in Siedlatków published by Janina Kaminska in 1968 is discussed.

In 2007, there was a discovery made in st Catherine of Alexandria church in Karchowice – a wall paintings showing scenes known from New Testament. Explorers dated them widely to 15th century but analysis of the armament and clothes restricts this dating to the end of the century. All of the biblical figures (Jesus, Apostoles and women) are wearing stylised long clothes, not similar to the fashion of that medieval time, however, torturers are dressed in a typical late 15th century way. They have over-ankle shoes, tight fitting hoses and doublets some of which have also puffed sleeves. Few of them are wearing robes with fancy cuts on the edges. The most interesting piece of cloth depicted on the paintings is the one made of a textile with tile-shaped pattern or peacock’s feathers on it. There are not only civilians on the paintings but soldiers as well. Most of their armament is reduced to few elemnents only (eg. helmet and kind of weapon), but some of soldiers are wearing full plate armours with decorative garments put on them. The most popular type of helmets here is a skull cap and ball shaped kettle hat. One of the soldiers has epaulieres with pteruges which probably should be taken as an indication of painter’s imagination. The way all figures have been depicted on the wall paintings in Karchowice seems to be premeditated. While Jesus and people around him are wearing simple clothes, Romes are dressed very excessively. Thanks to that it was possible for the illiterate viewer to distinguish which of persons on the fresco is a good or a bad one.

“Tygodnik Ilustrowany”, one of the most popular Warsaw periodicals, was coming out between 1859–1939. The aim of its founders was to create a magazine that would address national issues, including our past. The historical section, in which archeological topics found a place, was visible part of the “Tygodnik Ilustrowany”. The first editor of the magazine, Ludwik Jenike, for 27 years of managing the Warsaw periodical (that is the whole discussed period) never decided to limit publications connected with antiquity. However the archeological issues did not find a permanent place in the magazine. The following antiquarians were writing for the “Tygodnik Ilustrowany”: Józef Lepkowski, Franciszek Maksymilian Sobieszczanski, Waclaw Szymanowski, Kazimierz Wladyslaw Wójcicki, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. It must be underlined that the published information on archeological topics was not limited just to the news about excavations or accidental discoveries. The scholars’ and collectors’ biographical entries with precise descriptions of their findings as well as information on ancient exhibitions and museums that gather the monuments from prehistoric times were also included in the “Tygodnik Ilustrowany”. The history was treated with all seriousness during the 19th century, because the memory of the past, including the most remote times, was the sign of patriotism.

Rozwój nauki nie jest mozliwy bez wspólpracy, wymiany doswiadczen, a nawet przyjazni miedzy badaczami. Archeologia, która w XIX wieku przeszla dluga droge od hobby do dyscypliny naukowej, nie byla pod tym wzgledem wyjatkiem. Jak zauwazyl J. Pasternak na lamach „Archeologii Ukrainy”, w polowie XIX wieku na Ukrainie dzialaly trzy glówne osrodki archeologiczne – lwowski, kijowski i odesski (Pasternak 1961: 18). W przeciwienstwie do Kijowa i Odessy, Lwów byl czescia Cesarstwa Austriackiego, archeologia rozwijala sie wiec tam podobnie jak w innym osrodku naukowym Galicji, tj. w Krakowie. Specyfika Lwowa bylo wspólistnienie zarówno ukrainskich jak i polskich osrodków archeologicznych. Celem autorki jest poszukiwanie aktywnosci archeologów lwowskich w tworzeniu europejskiej przestrzeni intelektualnej. Analiza dokumentów pozwala stwierdzic, ze archeolodzy lwowscy wspólpracowali z uczonymi z niemal calej Europy (szczególne stosunki laczyly ich z badaczami z Krakowa). Ponadto nalezy zauwazyc, ze relacje te pojawily sie nie tylko miedzy instytucjami, ale równiez na poziomie stosunków osobistych.

Muzea Ukrainskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej w okresie od lat 20. do polowy lat 30. XX wieku byly silnymi osrodkami badan archeologicznych. W dzialalnosc naukowa na polu archeologii zaangazowanych bylo wówczas 56 instytucji muzealnych oraz ponad 100 archeologów – pracowników muzeów. Ze wzgledu na brak wsparcia finansowego oraz odpowiednich kwalifikacji archeologów – muzealników, wiodaca forma badan archeologicznych byly poszukiwania stanowisk archeologicznych (przeprowadzone w omawianym okresie badania powierzchniowe ujawnily 2000 stanowisk archeologicznych datowanych od paleolitu do póznego sredniowiecza/wspólczesnosci). Ponadto muzealnicy opracowywali mapy archeologiczne róznych regionów USRR, rozwijali metody badacze i konserwacyjne, popularyzowali lokalna historie. Szukajac dialogu naukowego, tworzyli przestrzen komunikacyjna w celach badawczych, czyli stowarzyszenia naukowe. Wyniki badan archeologicznych prezentowane byly w publikacjach naukowych i popularnonaukowych (w sumie 150 publikacji), w trakcie lekcji muzealnych oraz wycieczek terenowych. Material archeologiczny, uzyskany podczas badan powierzchniowych, po odpowiednim przetworzeniu naukowym i technicznym, prezentowano na wystawach. W badaniach archeologicznych, obok pracowników muzealnych, brali udzial studen?? archeologii oraz osoby, zainteresowane lokalna historia. Centrami ksztalcenia mlodych archeologów byly zwlaszcza: Wszechukrainskie Muzeum Historii im. Tarasa Szewczenki w Kijowie, Historyczne i Archeologiczne Muzeum w Odessie oraz Historyczne i Archeologiczne Muzeum w Charkowie. Analiza doswiadczenia uzyskanego przez instytucje muzealne w okresie od lat 20. do polowy lat 30. XX wieku jest niezbedna dla wlasciwego funkcjonowania nowoczesnych muzeów jako osrodków naukowych i edukacyjnych.