Malignancy and hemostatic system are interrelated. Malignancy causes thrombosis by promoting coagulation and coagulation promotesmalignancybypromotingneo-angiogenesis and metastasis. A number of cancers have been implicated which show relation with hemostasis such as cancer of pancreas, lung, kidney, stomach bladder and various hematological malignancies. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, oral cancers and malignant gliomas are also implicated. In this article, the authors will be discussing which factor contributes to tumor progression and metastasis and which factor inhibits tumor progression.

Periarticular and articular nodules represent as one of the most common manifestations of a wide variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. These nodulestend to create diagnostic dilemmas, as most of them present with variable signs/ symptoms and have nonspecific laboratory findings. Amongst these, gouty tophusis an important differential, thediagnosisof which can be difficult in cases of unusual presentations, i.e., in the absence of arthritis and/or hyperuricemia. The authors hereby present a clinically unsuspected case of gouty tophi in a 37-year-old male with a soft tissue swelling at 1st metatarsophalangeal joint of the left foot. Fine needle aspiration cytology played a pivotal role in clinching the diagnosis, thus highlighting its substantial role in diagnosis of periarticular nodules.

Objectives: To study the cytomorphological features and pitfalls in the cytological diagnosis of various skin adnexal tumors (AT). Methods: This is a two-year cross sectional descriptive study. Cases diagnosed as skin AT on cytology were included in the study. Histological correlation was done on the biopsies which were available. Pitfalls on cytology were evaluated keeping histopathology as the gold standard for diagnosis. Results: A total of 46 cases of skin AT were included in the study. Upper limb was the most common site involved by them (36.96%). Young adults were the most commonly affected age group. Of the 46 aspirates, 26 cases (56.50%) which were typed include pilomatricoma (14 cases), chondroid syringoma (6 cases), skin AT of eccrine origin (5 cases) and sebaceous origin (1 case). Specific typing was not possible in 20 cases in this study. The authors did not diagnose any primary malignant tumor of skin in this study. 21 cases had histopathological correlation. Two cases of pilomatricoma showed discordance on histopathology. Out of the five cases diagnosed as skin AT of eccrine origin, one case was confirmed as eccrine poroma and the other as eccrine spiradenoma on histopathology. Out of the 20 cases,which could not be specified on cytology, five were diagnosed as nodular hidradenoma.

Background: Autoimmune blistering diseases are a group of bullous disorders characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies. The accurate diagnosis of bullous disorders requires evaluation of clinical, histological and immunofluorescent findings. Conventionally,the immunoglobulin distribution along with its pattern is required for a definitive diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions. The intensity of immunofluorescence among various vesiculobullouslesions however has not been studied. Objectives: To correlate the intensity of immunofluorescence among various vesiculobullous lesions. Materials and Methods: 30 cases and 30 controls of vesiculobullous lesions were taken. Three biopsies were obtained in each case-one from the bulla itself. The other two biopsies were put in phosphate buffer saline for immunofluorescence, out of which one acted as control. The type of immunoglobulin expressed and its intensity were noted. Results: Intensity of 3+ was seen in 5 (27.7%) casesfollowed by 2+ intensity in 9 (50%) cases of pemphigus vulgaris(n=18). All cases of bullous pemphigoid (n=5)showed C3 expression. 3+ intensity was observed in only one case while two cases showed 2+ intensity (40%) In dermatitis herpetiformis predominant intensity observed was 1+ in 4 (57.1%) cases. Discussion: In this study, the intensity of immunofluorescence correlated more or less with the severity of the lesion. Pemphigus vulgaris has the worst prognosis which showed 3+ intensity in maximum number of cases followed by bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis which showed 1+ intensity in maximum number of cases. Itis concludedthat by assessing the intensity, the clinical severity and outcome can be predicted and assessed.

Basal cell carcinoma is a non-melanocytic skin cancer that arises from basal cells. It is the most common skin malignancy in the developed world, while in India it is second to squamous cell carcinoma. Neglected tumors can continue to grow and lead to significant local destruction and disfigurement. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential. Here, is presented a series of twelve cases of basal cell carcinoma showing a spectrum of clinical presentation, including age, gender, and site of occurrence. Also, the varying patterns on microscopic examination are discussed. Prevalence in older age group was noted. The most common site was observed to be head and neck region. However, in contrast to previous studies, a female preponderance was observed. Different morphological types such as undifferentiated, pigmented, and spindle-cell variants were seen. It is important to differentiate basal cell carcinoma from other skin tumors and also type the tumors as the prognosis and risk of recurrence depends on subtype.

The eyelid is one of the most common sites for non-melanocytic skin tumors like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and various skin adnexal tumors. of these, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma comprise 90% of all the eyelid tumors worldwide. The authors present three cases, which all presented with a mass in the eyelid. Case 1-A 70-year-old female presented with mass in the upper eyelid since 9 months. Case 2-A 65-year-old female presented with an ulcero-infiltrative nodule in the upper eyelid since 5 years with gradual increase in size since 5 months. Case 3-A 50-year-old male presented with an erythematous nodule in the upper eyelid since 1 year. Results: Based on the histopathological findings, diagnosis of sebaceous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma was given. Discussion: Among the eyelid tumors in India, basal cell carcinoma isthe most common with almost equal incidence closely followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Of the two, basal cell carcinoma has a better prognosis and sebaceous gland carcinoma has a higher mortality and therefore should be treated much more aggressively.

Sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors in neonates and infants are always primary. About 75-95% of the cases occur in females. Chromosomal analysis of these extragonadal teratomas suggest that they arise from postmitotic/ premitotic cells. The majority of sacrococcygeal tumors are benign, teratomas. These benign teratomas have potential for malignant transformation. The most common malignancy which can occur is yolk sac tumor(YST) also known as endodermal sinus tumor (EST). Malignant germ cell tumors account for 3% of childhood neoplasms and extragonadal germ cell tumor constitutes 1–5% of all germ cell tumors which are highly aggressive. Presented here are three cases of yolk sac tumor arising in a sacrococcygeal mature cystic teratoma in less than 2 years of age.