Cerebrospinous fluid (CSF)-cutaneous fistula is a rare complication of neuraxial blockade. We present a case of a healthy patient who developed cerebrospinal fluidcutaneous fistula after an uneventful epidural catheter insertion for perioperative analgesia. The patient was managed conservatively and the fistula resolved without further issues. The literature is reviewed for similar reports and diagnosis and anagement of this rare complication are discussed.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of perineural injection of meloxicam on the recovery of vocal cord paresis due to recurrent nerve injury after thyroid surgery. A secondary objective was listed the neural inflammation as possible risk factor for delayed recovery of vocal cord paresis. Methods: 47 years old female, two months after thyroid surgery still complaining of aphonia and dyspnea, due to vocal cord paresis bilaterally, bilaterally injection with 7.5mg of meloxicam was done for peri neural recurrent laryngeal nerve aiming to assess the effect of meloxicam on functional recovery of vocal cord.

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FB) and laryngeal mask airway (LMA) have been used successfully in children since the early 1980s [1,2]. The paediatric fibreoptic bronchoscopy visa laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in general anesthesia was established in 1990s [3,4]. Although previous studies have shown some experience on FB in infant, conclusive effects on bronchoscopy intervention are unknown. We report the use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) to guide electric bronchoscopy interventions (EBI) while maintaining an adequate depth of anesthesia and effective ventilation in small infant who was diagnosed of having severe airway stenosis from computed tomography (CT) scan.

Background and Aim: Thoracic, abdominal and thoraco-abdominal aortic pathologies have highest mortality and morbidity causing pathologies in cardiovascular surgery. Co-existing diseases and age significantly increase risk of anesthesia and mortality rate in treatment of these patients. Endovascular techniques are used increasingly due to minimally invasive approach, decreased anesthesia risk during implementation, reduced length of hospital stay, and low mortality and mobidity rates. The aim of this investigation was to report our anesthetic experiences in endovascular techniques performed at our center.

Oxygen is known to be one of the strongest electron acceptors and has one of its main functions in the electron transport chain producing ATP and heat, so important for energy expenditure and thermoregulation. However, some important mechanisms of oxygen functions are not completely delineated, yet. Sensing oxygen is purposeful and serves various specific functions. One mode of action is to initiate afferent neuronal activity which requires increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. Another action is linked to the Hypoxia Inducible Factor, HIF-1, which in the normoxic state is produced in a prolyl-hydroxylase regulated reaction. The calcium generated neuronal response is usually described as a quick, acute, response that is set in action within seconds whereas the HIF related responses are slower, chronic, activated after several minutes to hours. Traditionally, it has been the opinion that oxygen can diffuse freely across plasma membranes. However, the lipid bilayer has higher viscosity than water by several times, and high oxygen permeability has not been proven. Hence, oxygen transportation across plasma or cell membranes cannot be explained by diffusion alone. It is therefore justified to ask the question if a specific oxygen channel or transport mechanism remains to be discovered.

Difficult or failed tracheal intubation is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Approximately 30% of anesthesiarelated deaths are caused by the complications of difficult airway management. Also, 85% of respiratory complications result in brain damage or death [1]. Awake tracheal intubation is the most appropriate method for protection of airway reflexes in patients, who are expected or known to have difficult intubation. However, the use of video laryngoscope in awake patients in a way similar to the use of classic direct laryngoscope, which requires hanging of epiglottis or the use of fiber optic bronchoscope through nose, disturbs patients and complicates the procedure by causing gag reflex and mucosal bleeding.