Introduction: The repair of peripheral nerve injuries is still one of the most challenging tasks and concerns in neurosurgery. Effect of cyclosporin (CsA) loaded silicon conduit as an in situ delivery system of CsA in bridging the defects was studied using a sciatic nerve regeneration model in diabetic rats.

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sorbinus (S. sorbinus) have been considered to be the most important micro-organisms associated with dental caries. Therefore, purpose of this study is to detect and correlate the presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the dental plaque of caries free and caries active children, by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Histologically ameloblastoma showed various forms of metaplastic changes. Evidence of mucous cells is a rare finding and only 9 cases were reported. We present a case of 80 year old male suffered from mandibular swelling for five years duration diagnosed as mucous ameloblastoma. Histopathological examination revealed a lot of mucous pools within the growth, a thin fibrous capsule surrounding the mass and a direct connection between growth islands and oral mucosa. This case highlights the features of rare type of ameloblastoma.

Patients undergoing oral anticoagulation treatment with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy are at a high risk of bleeding when undergoing an oral surgical procedure. Bridging therapy with parenteral heparin, aims to protect these patients against thromboembolism during temporary periprocedural interruption of VKA therapy. Whether or not to interrupt VKA therapy and initiate bridging therapy is a difficult decision that is based upon both the patient’s and the procedure’s risks. The management of anticoagulation in patients undergoing surgical procedures is challenging because Interruption of anticoagulation temporarily increases thromboembolic risk and potentially fatal, while, continuing anticoagulation increases the risk of bleeding associated with surgical procedures; both of these outcomes adversely affect mortality. The activity of warfarin is expressed using the International Normalized Ratio (INR). If patients on warfarin who require dental surgery have an INR of below 4.0, they can usually receive their dental treatment in primary care without needing to stop their warfarin or adjust their dose. The risk of thromboembolism after temporary withdrawal of warfarin therapy outweighs the risk of oral bleeding following dental surgery. Dentists should still be cautious before they remove teeth where the INR exceeds 3.A balance between reducing the risk of thromboembolism and preventing excessive bleeding is the keystone of successful management of such patients.

The ever growing population of elderly patients aged 70 years and onwards are prone to facial injuries caused by a general degrading medical and mental state. Main cause for zygoma-tripod, -quadripod, –arch and orbital floor fractures are falls, followed by traffic accidents and only to a small extent violence. Surgical reduction for these types of fractures is recommended but not correlated to the general medical and mental state of this patient-group. Aim of the study was to compare the outcomes of surgical treatment versus non-surgical observation. Between 1995 and 2014 a total of 1318 patients – hospitalized for isolated zygoma- and correlated fractures – were initially screened for cause of accident, pain, hyp/anaesthesia of the corresponding infraorbital nerve, mandible mobility, facial emphysema/haematoma and diplopia and then distributed into three different groups: no functional and/or cosmetic surgery indication (X), surgery indication but denied by internist and/or anaesthesist due to high general medical risks (Y) and surgery indication and released for surgery by internist/anaesthesist (Z). Follow up for each group was performed on day 5, 7 and 1 month after date of injury. Pain assessment revealed a significant higher pain-load for group Z on the 5th and 7th day after injury. Mandible mobility, facial emphysema/haematoma and diplopia improved significantly better in group X and Y on day 5, 7 and after 1 month compared to group Z. Hyp/anaesthesia of the corresponding infraorbital nerve improved generally but not significant between all three groups. The results of this study suggest that indication for closed or even more for open-reduction surgery of isolated midface-bone fractures should be applied very restrictive and only in accordance with specialists for internal medicine and anaesthesiology for elderly patients and non-surgical observation might lead to better results both for life-quality and remaining life-time from the patients point of view.