The law of neutrality states legal relationship between nations which are engaged in an armed conflict (belligerents) and nations which are not taking part in such hostilities (neutrals). The law of neutrality serves a localize war, to limit the impact of war on both land and sea, and even lessen the conduct of war on International level. Developed at a time when nations commonly issued declarations of the war before engaging in actual hostilities, the law of neutrality aim that the transition between the war and peace would be clear and unambiguous

Civics and ethical education has been introduced in to Ethiopian school curriculum during the period of emperor Haile Sillassie I as a separate disciple. Since then, the name and the content vary from regime to regime. The change indicates as the subject is used as a tool, i.e., indoctrination for the different regimes. Moral education (during the period emperor Haile Sillassie I) was used to preach about the monarchy rather than talking about citizens’ rights. Derg’s political education was used to inculcate socialist ideology. In the post 1991 FDRE government, Civics was first introduced then Ethics was added. In this period, though the contents seem universal, at face value, the details are imbued by indoctrination. The control by the government in curriculum development and book preparation signifies the intention of the government to use the subject for its’ instrumental value. It is intended to foster obedience to regime norms not for critical engagement.

This paper deals with selected notes about green campaign travelers, whom they seem to be, played a fundamental role in agricultural productive development in Ethiopian history. This includes spreading of health, education, infrastructure and permanent settlement, with special reference to rise of state farm or green campaign in Setit Humera area. Hence their contribution covers many multifarious sides for examples, social, economic and industrial frustration status of the country, security disabilities (became unstable), and administrative situation of the vast agriculture productive areas of Humera. Green campaign is one of measures been put forward to mitigate significant impacts of the campaign stock on the environment, society and economy. However, there is lack of a systematic review of this large number of studies that is critical for the future endeavor

Cooperative farming led by smallholder farmers might be the feature of Ethiopia’s agriculture. The cooperatives were thus permitted to exchange their members’ product, improve market access and directly provide their produce to the market through improving the bargaining power of farmer members. The paper explores the potential of cooperative farming and mechanization. It reveals that a number of informal, community supported cooperative practices are already in place, although sesame, sorghum and cotton farming is still labor intensive and inefficient. The paper argues that mechanization of key activities and institutionalization of cooperative farming may reverse the situation and improve food security.

Climate change is the major environmental challenges which have wide range of economic, social and environmental impacts. In adaption of these impacts, it is important to assess and change the perception of local community to climate change and adaptation response. So, the overall objective of this study was to assess the community perception and adaptive response to climate change at Jannamora District, North East Ethiopia. The result of the study shown that majority of the respondents perceived there were the existence of climate change. However, more than half of respondent response link the cause of climate change with the act of God and natural process of climate who had limited knowledge about the cause of climate change. Shortage of rainfall, recurrent drought and unexpected heavy rainfall, increasing temperature

This paper in an investigation of change in marriage practices and traditions in light of the theoretical underpinning of traditions-modernity nexus. Anchoring it on the historical development of the twentieth century Ethiopia during which the country was exposed to progressively increasing influence of modernization especially sponsored by the central government via its pragmatic policy of centralization, the different areas of the country including those found along the peripheries became subjected to the increasing influence of modernization. This modernization and exposure to different thinking of ‘modernity’ has resulted in the erosion of ‘traditional’ practices giving way to the rising influence of ‘modern-stamped’ practices. Marriage practices especially in urban centers have been hugely influenced by such an exposure to ‘modernity’.

Ethiopia is a country located in Northeast Africa. Its various peoples have developed unique cultures and interacted with each other for several centuries. Each of its ethnic groups have their peculiar conflict resolution mechanisms which remained intact with them for far too long, but at the same time- especially with the rapid onslaught of globalization in the last few decades, have undergone changes. The main objective of this paper is to explore the changes and continuities observed on one of these indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms of the country. It is known in the local Oromo language as Tolfena Caffee Caancoo. It is believed that this practice has existed at least since the imperial period among the Oromo of Dibate district, Metekel Zone of the Benishangul Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia.

Both women and men are vulnerable to the impact of climate change. So, the overall objective of this study was to assess the gender dimension impacts of climate change at West Bellessa District, Northeast Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Longitudinal and cross-sectional research design with multi stage sampling procedure was used to select 184 respondents. The result of the study indicated that drought, stress, increasing temperature, scarcity of water, decreasing food crops, floods, displacement, water born disease, early offset rain, late onset rain, malaria and conflicts were the major impacts of climate change in the study area. Stress, scarcity of water, water born disease and drought were more affecting women. Floods, displacement, early offset rain and late onset rain were more affecting men. This implies that climate change impacts affects women and men differently because of their gender roles. Therefore, any climate change adaptation strategies should consider gender issues.

Land registration and certification has been perceived as a precondition for secure property rights and agricultural development. As a country, Ethiopia implement rural land registration and certification program in different regions. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the role of rural land registration and certification program in ensuring tenure security in Wegera District of three selected administrative kebeles, in Amhara regional State. Data for this study were collected through questionnaire, interview of farmers and experts of the land administrator and focus group discussions. About 358 households were taken as sample population for the questionnaire. A total of 10 households were participated in the focus group discussions. The data collected through questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively

The purpose of this study has been to identify the role of microfinance institution specifically the role ofACSI to empower women in the case of North Gander zone in selective districts. In this study mixed research approach and exploratory sequential research design were used, data were collected using questioner, in-depth interview and FGD and both quantitative and qualitative method of data analysis were employed. The study found out that improved access to ACSI has been able to empower women economically. Although the results vary, the study indicated that the income and saving levels of the majority of the clients have increased after the delivery of ACSI. Encouraging results have also been shown in the enhancement of the women’s of self-confidence with respect to the capability to work on their own and improvetheir lives.

The purpose of this study was to assess the practices and challenges of differentiated instruction in the selected Government upper primary schools in Gondar city administration. Mixed type (both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used for this study. In Gondar city, there are 7 sub-cities. Among these, 4 sub-cities(Arada, Azezo Tseda, Zobel and Jantekel) were taken as samples using simple random technique. In those sample sub-cities, there are 34 Upper primary schools. Accordingly,5 schools(Abiyot Fire, Edget Felege, Kebele 19, Meserete and Atse Fasil schools were selected randomly. The participants of this study were teachers, principals and supervisors. The main method of data collection was questionnaire and for the sake of triangulation interview was used. To analyze the quantitative data, mean and frequency counts were employed. Theme classifications

This paper aimed to critically analyse how social actors were recontextualised in the discourses of news articles on selected public protests in 2016 in Ethiopia. To this end, the paper analysed the linguistic ways in which the public protests were represented during the recontextualisation of social actors in the reportage of two newspapers, namely the Reporter and the Ethiopian Herald. News articles from the two newspapers were selected purposively. The analysis revealed that different representations were employed in the two newspapers. Among the different representations were inclusion and exclusion of social actors in the public protests, and the use of different referential strategies to represent them as protestors. In this regard, the Ethiopian Herald was identified to be reproducing the structure within which determination of discourse by ideologies is located and delegitimising the public protests

The main objective of this study was to assess the practice and challenges of good governance at Hawassa city municipality. The study employed mixed research approach and cross-sectional research design. Accidental and purposive sampling methods were employed to select respondents. The primary data were collected from service users and service providers using questionnaire and interview. Beside to this, document analysis was made to support the primary data. The data was analyzedand presented by using tables, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The study found that, the administrative officials under Hawassa city municipality were less accountable and transparence in the process of service provision. The study further found that good governance practices at Hawassa city municipality were hindered by various factors, such as, corruption, poor management

Tour guides play a paramount role in boosting tourism development by providing quality services to tourists and thereby promoting the revisit intention of the tourists at destinations. The quality of tour guides’ professional services is an important indicator to successful destination marketing because it influences tourists for the choice of destination, the consumption of products and services, and their decision to stay longer and to return. This study tried to investigate the professional competencies of tour guides in terms of their knowledge, skills, and personal qualities at the four tourist destinations of Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) namely, Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela. The study employed a crosssectional mixed research approach

This paper explores the relationship between Social Movement, social change and human rights. In doing so, the study try to assess the pushing factors for social changes both the internal and external factors and its impact on human rights. The study also tries to include a brief and short discussion on the role of globalization for social change and human rights. In this part the study briefly explains how the nature, practice and norms of culture can shape and affect social change and human rights through the global economic system. In addition to this, the paper looks on how the political structure and/or system of administration could bring social change and determine human rights. In defining and explaining social change