Introduction: Quorum sensing (QS) in the word means a gathering or a fixed number of objectives and say the microbes sense of awareness of the presence of bacteria and their community is. Bacteria in social life, the greatest benefit from the competitive environment to get the genetic regulatory mechanisms they use. Materials and Methods: This paper is a review article through library research and internet search sites, PubMed, Sid, Google Scholar keyword (Quorum sensing, AHL, pathogenesis) is collected in the years 2005 to 2014. Results: Quorum sensing in bacteria (pathogens and non-pathogens) regulates cell activity in quickly adapting to changing environmental conditions for maintenance and survival of bacteria in the environment. Process that is regulated by Quorum sensing including biofilm formation, Conjugation, produce virulence factors, toxin production and escape from the immune system. In this paper, we investigate the existence QS in gram-negative and gram-negative bacteria and its role in the pathogenesis of some of the major virulence factors are discussed. Conclusions: Increased prevalence of bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobial drugs is a big problem to find a new way to treat these infections is important. QS System to prevent damage to the opportunity to respond to the signal and prevent the bacteria express virulence factors follows. My hope is that by using antagonists and agonists can control so many dangerous diseases.

Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV)virus infection is a major concern among tuberculous (TB) patients, thus early screening of these viruses will influence the outcome of the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital based study, conducted at Kassala teaching hospital, Eastern Sudan, between June and December 2014 to investigate the sero-prevalence of HBV and HCV among TB patients. Sera samples were collected from patients and tested for HBSAg and anti-HCV bodies using immunochromtogrophic test (ICT) and enzyme-link immunosorbantassay (ELISA). Results: Out of 98 TB patients recruited in the study, HBSAg and anti HCV were detected in 15.3% and 1% patients using ELISA respectively, and in 17.3% and 3.1% patients by ICT respectively, one percent patient had both HBV and HCV co- infection. Conclusion: The sero-prevalence of HBV and HCV shown in this study call for urgent need to consider HBV and HCV screening in the national TB control program as this may reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity occurring during treatment of TB.

Increasing isolation of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) has been reported in worldwide and it is recently one of the most difficult nosocomial acquired gram-negative pathogens to control and treatment. These bacteria are one of ESBL producing that great potential have for the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Use of medicinal herbaceous drugs recommended for treatment since ancient periods. Humans have been used and realize their beneficial effects. With the increase in population and urban growth, reduced use of synthetic drugs, many of these of medicinal herbs have been replaced. Because of Satureja, Origanum vulgare and Thyme essence has antimicrobial properties so can be used against infections caused by MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. In this study the antimicrobial effects of Satureja, Origanum vulgare and Thyme essence on drug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were investigated using antimicrobial analysis with CLSI 2013 and Kirby Bauer method. The agar dilution method results revealed that Satureja essence compare with Origanum vulgare and Thyme had strong inhibitory effects against Multidrugresistant strains of A. baumannii. Because of proper effects of plant essential oils, with a broader range of studies can be used as a complementary therapy.

Introduction: In this study, our aim was to detect the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from blood culture in Kafkas University Hospital, Kars, Turkey retrospectively and to present the first data from this university hospital. Materials and Methods: Total 1456 blood culture bottles were sent to Microbiology Laboratory of between January-2013 and December-2014. All bottles were placed into Automated Blood Culture System. After the positive bottles were detected by machine, the bacteria were identified and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by using both Microorganism Identification System and Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. Results: Total 63 Staphylococcus aureus positive samples were detected. Interestingly, 32 (50.8%) of total Staphylococcus aureus positive samples were Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 31 (49.2%) of them were Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. When the antibiotic resistance profiles were checked, it was seen that 29 Staphylococcus aureus strains were only resistant to Erythromycin and 18 strains were only resistant to Clindamycin whereas 10 strains were resistant both to Erythromycin and Clindamycin. Conclusions: The antibiotic resistance is getting increased by uncontrolled antibiotic usage and wrong choices in empiric therapy day by day. Each hospital has to detect its own antibiotic resistance profiles and apply empiric therapy according to these profiles.

Background: Pivmecillinam has good pharmacokinetic properties for treatment of infections in the urinary tract, and the mecillinam resistance rate in Enterobacteriaceae is very low. In a European guideline pivmecillinam is recommended as a first-line drug for treatment of lower urinary tract infections. In Danish and Norwegian guidelines pivmecillinam is also recommended for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, although with very sparse documentation of effect. Objectives: We intended to investigate the therapeutic outcome of pivmecillinam treatment of uncomplicated pyelonephritis caused by Enterobacteriaceae treated by general practitioners (GP’s) in primary care. Material and methods: We included patients clinically diagnosed with pyelonephritis at the GP, urine samples positive for Enterobacteriaceae and empirical treatment with pivmecillinam. We intended to include patients prospectively, but due to slow inclusion we also included patients retrospectively. The prospectively included patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire and submit control urine samples. The retrospectively included patients were followed by available urine samples and the text on the requisition only. The patients were followed by their urine samples for three months. Results: We identified 22 patients (i.e. six patients prospectively and found another 16 patients retrospectively). Bacterial and clinical cure rate was 77% (95%c.i.: 60-95%), respectively. In seven (32%) of the patients, we observed a recurrent or new infection within three months. Conclusion: There is indication for safe oral treatment with pivmecillinam in uncomplicated pyelonephritis caused by a mecillinam susceptible E. coli. More studies and especially prospective and randomized clinical studies are needed before pivmecillinam can be recommended as first line option for treatment of pyelonephritis.

Objective: This article presents a literature review which relates the processes, interactions, classification and the vascular and clinical characteristics of inflammation relating it with the oral cavity and describing the main cell types and chemical mediators used for its establishment. Materials and Methods: it was used as source of research the following databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO, Cochrane Library, Scielo, PubMed and the database of CAPES. Results: much information was obtained concerning the chemical mediators as well as the main cell types responsible for the establishment of inflammation and its relationships with the oral cavity.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important pathogens that cause nosocomial infections. However, microbiological culture techniques take a few days to yield results; therefore, a simple, cost-effective, and rapid detection system is required for screening for MRSA and related bacteria: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) carriers during the hospital admissions process. In this study, we described the simplified method using by one-time use and screen-printed carbon electrodes, relied upon current quantification of Hoechst dyes which bound with DNA amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted for MRSA mecA gene. Amount of DNA-bound Hoechst molecules were measured by the hand-held potentiostat within two minutes. We found that the peak of a Hoechst-mediated current depended upon the number of MRSA isolates, and successfully distinguished between carriers and a non-carrier based on nasal swabs from the patients. This method required only 10 µL for application, and the results could be obtained within total 60 min from sample collection when a minimum of 1×103 MRSA isolates was present. These results suggested that this minimized technique has the potential to become a useful system of active surveillance for MRSA/MRSE carriers.