This review contains the novel approaches and innovations on how to control the Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS dual epidemics. AIDS kills more than 8000 people every day worldwide. More than 5000 people die from TB every day. HIV-positive people can easily be screened for TB; if they are infected, they can be given prophylactic treatment to prevent development of the disease or curative drugs if they already have the disease. TB patients can be offered an HIV test; indeed, research shows that TB patients are more likely to accept HIV testing than the general population.

Primary health care providers prescribe over 50 percent of drug therapies for patients with mental health issues in the United States. Nonetheless, primary health care providers tend to be reluctant to prescribe antipsychotic drug therapies despite their widespread availability and favorable benefit-to-risk ratio. This may be due, at least in part, to appropriate concerns about the serious adverse effects of all earlier first generation, or typical, as well as many of the earlier second generation, or atypical, antipsychotic drug therapies.

This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement, generation and control of immunological errors, the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes. The immunological anomalies in humans which includes graft rejection, tissue transplantation, immunosuppression, immunoenhancement, malignant diseases, tumour immunology, hypersensitivity, immunopathology, immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases were fully discussed as well as their immunological properties which will serve as a guide to immunological research activities and disease control. In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.

Background: The best method for medical abortion depends fundamentally on pregnancy duration and the final result varies on medical stuff’s experience. The aim of this study pertained to investigate the effectiveness of medical abortion using misoprostol, mifepristone or the combination of them.

Aim: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and increase to fracture risk. Around the world, up to one in three women and one in fi ve men are at risk of an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporosis can be prevented and managed with healthy and balanced diet, rich in calcium and vitamin D, an exercise plan, a healthy lifestyle and regular medications. Our aim was to show what patients with osteoporosis, based in their experience with the disease suggest to do for better quality of life.

I had a left monoparalysis during a holiday abroad in July 2005. This narrative shares my experience of getting ill in a foreign country, how it is difficult to describe your troubles and, how little is known about the long recovery period of paralysis by physicans. My experience showed me that being a patient was so far from being a doctor. Social support is very important during recovery from paralysis, because you can not do anything by yourself and you are very desperate. You feel the muscles that have not gained tonus yet, like a belt and strap. Only the physiotherapist, warned me about the long recovery progress. I did not realizse how high the sidewalks are. A 1 cm height feels like a mountain to climb, and a 1 kg weight like a truck to carry. From this experince, I offer two main suggestions including 1) Language is very important for foreign patients for communication at hospitals. An online translation center for hospitals, that translators of each language work, may be benefical when it is needed at any country. 2) Be clear in communicating with patients about their diagnosis, in this case telling the patient having paralysis how long the recovery period will be in detail.

Background: The 11.4 million Americans who receive both Medicare and Medicaid benefits constitute one of the nation’s most vulnerable and costly populations.

Background: The use of the partogram is critical in preventing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Our main objective was to assess the use of the partogram among healthcare providers at the Limbe Regional (L.R) and Bota District (B.D) hospitals. Specifically, we sought to determine the knowledge on the partogram among healthcare providers, determine the prevalence of use of the partogram, and compare the knowledge, attitudes and practices among healthcare providers on the partogram in Limbe.