Background: Sarcomas are malignant tumors with low survival rates and remain refractory to the current therapeutic methods. Adiponectin plays crucial roles in many physiological responses. Studies have shown that adiponectin could regulate various tumors. However, the roles of adiponectin in sarcomas remain unknown. Results: In this study, we found that the adiponectin-deficient mice induced by MCA develop sarcomas more rapidly and frequently than the WT mice do. With the sarcomas formation, adiponectin deficiency showed inhibiting effect on tumor growth and reduced the mortality rates of the mice with sarcomas. Conclusions: Adiponectin inhibits the sarcomas formation, but may promote the growth of tumor after sarcomas occur.

Introduction: Hairy cell leukemia is a rare B-cell lymph proliferation with long-term survivals, in general. Although therapeutic possibilities have progressed over time, many patients have recurrences and the disease can become resistant to treatment. Discovering the BRAF V600E and other genetic mutations and some pathogenetic mechanisms disruptions open new therapeutic horizons.

Introduction: Targeted drug delivery systems are nanoscale drug carrier molecules designed for improving the communication of cellular and molecular components and biodistribution of tumour targeted drug (chemo) therapeutics. Nanomaterials are generally clusters of molecules, atoms and molecular fragments into extremely small size particles (1-100 nm) in nature. Nanomaterials engineered as self-assembled biodegradable particles were used for targeted drug delivery system. Nanocarriers/ particles should be- capable of transporting high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs/nanomedicines into the targeted tumor cells without disturbing the normal healthy cells. It is also used for construction of novel argeted drug delivery system and future application in nanovaccination and nanotechnology.

Glutamate mainly acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system controlling variety of neuro-physiological functions like synaptic signaling, learning, memory, etc. However, uncontrolled or excessive production of glutamate is neurotoxic and can damage neurons by over activation of glutamate receptors termed as “glutamate excitotoxicity”. Apart from excitatory neurotransmitter role of glutamate, some recent observations suggest glutamate as a potential growth factor for tumor development. Till date suitable therapy for cancer is lagging behind due to several side effects. In the present review article, a link between ionotropic glutamate receptor i.e. N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) and cancer has been mainly focused. Regulation of cancer cells by NMDARs is an emerging or evolving concept. Besides neurons, NMDAR subunits are expressed in various types of cancer cells. Based upon existing literature, we suggest that NMDARs could serve as a therapeutic target against various types of cancer.

Probiotics are a class of symbiotic bacteria whose administration in adequate amount provides health benefits to the host by altering the composition of gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is known to regulate both the host immune system and metabolism, leading to increased bone mass by inhibiting bone resorption. Ovariectomy induced estrogen deficiency which mimics postmenopausal osteoporosis in women leads to enhanced bone inflammation and resorption. Recently it has been reported that different strains of bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria etc.), have important role in gut-bone regulation in ovariectomized mouse. Thus administration of probiotics can open up new avenues in treatment of various inflammatory bone conditions such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis by modulating the delicate balance between the gut microbiota and immune system.

Background: VEGF is involved in cancer development by stimulating neo-angiogenesis and tumor proliferation. Anti-angiogenic therapies, especially tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib, have significantly improved cancer prognosis. Nevertheless, renal side effects, such as proteinuria and thrombotic microangiopathy, have been reported. The underlying physiopathological mechanisms remain unclear, but animal models and clinical similarities with preeclampsia suggest that such therapies affect the function of the endothelial and pithelial layers of the glomerular basement membrane, with activation of the endothelin ignaling system and loss of glomerular slit diaphragm integrity.The aim of this in vitro study as to determine sunitinib effects on normal podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells.