Child labor is work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and dignity, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. As at 2020, an estimated 160 million children – 1 in 10 globally – were in child labor, with 79 million engaged in hazardous work. Progress was stalled after 2016, due to COVID 19 pushing 9 million children into child labor by 2022. About 70 of child labor occurs in agriculture, followed by services 20 and industry 10 . The worst forms, defined by ILO Convention 182, include slavery, trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, illicit activities, and hazardous work. The root causes are known to be primarily poverty, lack of quality education, economic shocks, and weak regulation. The consequences include injury, death, school dropout, and perpetuation of intergenerational poverty. ILO Conventions 138 and 182 provide the main international framework, setting minimum working ages and calling for immediate elimination of the worst forms. Proven interventions include cash transfers tied to school attendance, adult living wages, social protection, and labor law enforcement. While long term trends show decline, current data indicate that the world is not on track to end child labor by 2025 under SDG Target 8.7. The paper looks at the causes, history, and challenges to child labor and helps to proffer solutions to curbing this domestic local and international menace in order to promote children’s right. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Child Labor: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd140002.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/140002/child-labor-a-review/paul-a-adekunte

Agriculture is the cornerstone of human survival, yet it faces unprecedented pressures. Edge computing represents a paradigm shift in agriculture, addressing the fundamental limitations of cloud centric architectures in rural environments. By decentralizing computing power and relocating data processing to the “edge” of the network physically closer to the data sources such as tractors, soil sensors, and greenhouses edge computing fundamentally restructures the agricultural data paradigm. Edge computers process sensor data from tractors, drones, and planters instantly, enabling precise, real time adjustments to planting depth or seeding application. In agriculture, this means that sensor data can be processed locally, on the farm itself. This kind of real time processing enables farmers to react quickly when something changes. This paper explores the role of edge computing in agriculture. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Samuel A. Ajayi | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing in Agriculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141973.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/141973/edge-computing-in-agriculture/matthew-n-o-sadiku

This study focuses on the statistical analysis and geophysical interpretation of data from a magnetic survey conducted in the Passager district. The main objective is to characterize variations in the magnetic field and identify areas of geophysical interest for a development project. The results show significant magnetic heterogeneity across the site, dominated by positive anomalies, with important implications for understanding the subsurface. Maduma Mbanunu Charles Moise | Bondo Muteba Patrice | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Determining the Intensity of the Magnetic Field in a Development Site by Magnetic Prospecting: The Case of the Passager District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141981.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/biophysics/141981/determining-the-intensity-of-the-magnetic-field-in-a-development-site-by-magnetic-prospecting-the-case-of-the-passager-district/maduma-mbanunu-charles-moise

Azo dyes are the most important synthetic colourants which have been widely used in textile, paper manufacturing and printing. A novel disazo dye, 4 Bromophenylazo 2 naphtholazo 41 chlorobenzene was synthesized and characterized using UV Visible, FTIR spectrophotometric and elemental analytical tools. The result of the elemental analysis was found to be in conformity with the molecular formular of the dye. The UV Visible spectra indicated that the dye absorbed at visible region of 479.0 nm, characteristics of intensely coloured dyes. The FTIR spectral study showed absorption bands conforming to the various functional groups in the dye. The colour imparted by the dye on the tested fibres using Gray Scale for colour change, indicated excellent lightfastness, excellent heatfastness, and poor washfastness except nylon which showed fair washfastness. The toxicological testing indicated that the dye has no effect on the DNA of E.coli, and A.niger but at high concentration, it denatured human DNA. The dye does not have adverse effect on the growth of zea mays used for growth profile evaluation. Microbial toxicity of the synthesized dye on E.coli, A.niger and Bacillus cereus showed that all the strains are moderately resistant to the dye. Odilora, C. A | Orakwue, F. C. | Iloh, E. O | Okwuego, P. O. "Synthesis, Physichochemical and Microbial Evaluation of 4-Bromophenylazo-2-Naphtholazo-41-Chlorobenzene (A Novel Disazo Dye)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141901.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/141901/synthesis-physichochemical-and-microbial-evaluation-of-4bromophenylazo2naphtholazo41chlorobenzene-a-novel-disazo-dye/odilora-c-a

An essential piece of infrastructure that permits communication between Earth and far off spacecraft is the Deep Space Network DSN . Reliable and secure communication is now crucial due to the fast expansion of interplanetary missions and rising data demands. The DSNs design, operating principles, communication technologies, tools, security issues, and potential developments are all thoroughly reviewed in this article. In order to increase effectiveness and security in deep space communications, the study spotlights cutting edge methods including artificial intelligence, deep learning, and sophisticated encryption. Dr. Rishi Kumar Sharma | Dev Sharan | Ayush Prasad | Anup Kumar "A Comprehensive Analysis of Deep Space Network for Better Space Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141902.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/141902/a-comprehensive-analysis-of-deep-space-network-for-better-space-communication/dr-rishi-kumar-sharma

Sepsis is a deadly condition where human body’s reaction to an infection causes organ damage and inflammation throughout the body. Quick detection of sepsis is vital because early detection of sepsis helps reduce mortality risk and makes treatment easier. Existing machine learning solutions for sepsis prediction are designed mostly for ICUs and employ non disease specific prediction models. In this work, we present a Machine Learning framework for early prediction of sepsis for non ICU patients. Individual Random Forests are trained for each of the four infection types – Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infection UTI , Intra Abdominal Infection, and Skin and Soft Tissue Infection SSTI . Prediction is done based on structured information obtained from patients’ symptoms, vital sign measurements, and lab test results. Trained models are deployed as a Flask based web application which facilitates features like authentication of users, selection of disease type, prediction generation, confidence scoring, risk stratification and history management of predictions. Our system serves as an example for the potential application of ML driven systems for clinical decision support and demonstrates benefits of disease specific prediction approaches for early detection of sepsis. Er. Yasmeen Viqar | Furqaan | Mehak Ayoub | Toiba Tahir "Early Prediction of Sepsis Using Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141903.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/141903/early-prediction-of-sepsis-using-machine-learning/er-yasmeen-viqar

The rapid growth of e commerce has transformed consumer buying behavior significantly by providing more convenience, accessibility, and efficiency but this growth has also brought environmental degradation by increase of carbon emissions from manufacturing, packaging, warehousing, transportation and delivery. As global awareness of sustainability increases, most existing e commerce platforms are largely focused on profitability, operational efficiency and improving user experience with little to no information provided on the environmental impact of consumer purchases. This means consumers are often unable to make informed decisions about the carbon footprint connected to the products they choose to buy. To tackle this challenge, this study proposes EcoMart, a sustainable e commerce platform that aims at embedding environmental consciousness into the online shopping process by tracking carbon footprints at the product and order levels. The platform merges traditional e commerce features such as product browsing, cart management, secure user authentication, and order processing with a hybrid intelligent carbon tracking system. EcoMart uses the Climatiq Carbon API to provide real time carbon emission estimates related to products and logistics activities at various stages of the product lifecycle. These calculations are based on internationally recognized Greenhouse Gas GHG Protocol standards, which allow the platform to offer transparent sustainability information to users throughout the entire purchasing process. The platform has a fallback mechanism using machine learning to make sure that emission estimation is not interrupted, because real time emission data may not be available in all cases due to limited supplier disclosures, incomplete lifecycle assessment data or API limitations. In particular, an Extreme Gradient Boosting XGBoost model is employed to predict carbon emissions based on several product specific attributes, including product category, material composition, weight, packaging specifications, manufacturing details, and transportation related factors. The proposed hybrid approach improves the accuracy, scalability, and overall reliability of the carbon footprint estimation in e commerce environments. EcoMart promotes carbon transparency and has a Green Points Incentive Module which is a gamified reward system that is meant to incentivize environmentally responsible purchasing behavior. Consumers can earn Green Points by selecting products with lower carbon emissions, which they can then use for discounts and other benefits. The proposed platform seeks to connect sustainability knowledge with consumer purchasing behavior through combining sustainability analytics with behavioral motivation strategies to encourage more sustainable consumption practices. Er. Yasmeen Viqar | Tahoor | Munaza | Munshi Jaleel Masood "Ecomart" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141904.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/141904/ecomart/er-yasmeen-viqar

The transition toward fully autonomous vehicles AVs represents one of the most ambitious engineering endeavors of the 21st century. Promising to revolutionize transportation by improving safety, reducing traffic congestion, and enhancing mobility efficiency, self driving cars rely on a complex network of sensors, artificial intelligence AI , and continuous data processing. However, the successful operation of these vehicles depends on their ability to process vast amounts of data in real time. Traditional cloud computing architectures, which rely on transmitting data to centralized, remote servers for processing and analysis, struggle to meet the stringent requirements of autonomous driving. To overcome these limitations, edge computing has emerged as a foundational technology for autonomous vehicles. Edge computing is a distributed computing paradigm that brings computation and data storage closer to the source of data generation the “edge” of the network. Edge computing drastically reduces latency, optimizes bandwidth usage, enhances data privacy, and ensures operational resilience even in areas with poor network connectivity. This paper explores the critical role of edge computing in autonomous vehicles. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing for Autonomous Vehicles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141905.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141905/edge-computing-for-autonomous-vehicles/matthew-n-o-sadiku

The rapid urbanization of the global population has necessitated the development of “smart cities,” where interconnected systems optimize resources, enhance public safety, and improve the quality of life for residents. At the core of this transformation is the Internet of things IoT , which generates vast amounts of data from connected sensors and devices. Traditional cloud computing models struggle to process this data efficiently due to latency, bandwidth constraints, and security concerns. Edge computing has emerged as a fundamental pillar to address the latency and bandwidth limitations of traditional cloud centric architectures by decentralizing computation and moving it closer to the data sources. However, the integration of edge computing into smart city infrastructure presents a complex array of challenges. This paper examines the role of edge computing in smart cities. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing for Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141907.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141907/edge-computing-for-smart-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Social media use, and Facebook involvement in particular, has become embedded in the daily routines of young adults, with measurable implications for their psychological well being and self perception. This study examined the role of social media Facebook on the self concept of young adults at the University of Buea, South West Region of Cameroon, operationalising self concept through three sub constructs self esteem, self image, and the ideal self. Facebook engagement was framed in terms of motivation, uses and gratifications, and social comparison. The study was grounded in three theoretical lenses, namely symbolic interactionism, social comparison theory, and self objectification theory. A quantitative cross sectional survey design was adopted. A structured, closed ended questionnaire was administered to 450 active Facebook users drawn through random sampling from three faculties of the University of Buea. Data were captured in EpiData version 3.1 and analysed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, the chi square test, and the non parametric Spearman rho correlation, with significance set at the 0.05 level. Descriptive results showed that Facebook involvement affected self esteem 83.2 , self image 79.0 , and the ideal self 77.2 of respondents. Inferential results confirmed a statistically significant negative relationship between Facebook use and each dimension of the self concept self esteem rho = .211, p = .001 , self image rho = .237, p .001 , and ideal self rho = .245, p .001 , with an overall self concept effect of rho = .250 p .001 . Female respondents, younger users 18 to 25 years , and those whose principal motivation was posting and commenting on pictures were consistently more affected. The study recommends targeted sensitisation on the content shared on Facebook, a stronger and exemplary presence of conventional media on social platforms, the introduction of social media as a formal course in universities, and balanced regulation of social media use. Michael Kengnjoh "The Role of Social Media (Facebook) on the Self-Concept of Young Adults at the University of Buea, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141906.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/141906/the-role-of-social-media-facebook-on-the-selfconcept-of-young-adults-at-the-university-of-buea-south-west-region-of-cameroon/michael-kengnjoh

This study assesses the digital trade readiness of Ghanaian agro processing SMEs ahead of the AfCFTA Digital Trade Protocol and examines whether absorptive capacity AC and social capital SC moderate the relationship between readiness and export propensity. A convergent mixed methods design combines a survey of 387 firms, analysed with partial least squares structural equation modelling PLS SEM , and 28 interviews analysed through reflexive thematic analysis. Self reported export status was validated against Ghana Export Promotion Authority archival records. Because the data are cross sectional, the findings describe association rather than cause. Readiness is positively related to export propensity beta = 0.412, p 0.001 , and the association is stronger for firms with greater AC beta = 0.187, p 0.01 and SC beta = 0.163, p 0.05 . A disaggregated, exploratory analysis suggests the moderating effect is carried mainly by the acquisition and exploitation dimensions, a pattern flagged for replication rather than offered as settled. Qualitatively, severe market access barriers can override readiness. The cross sectional design supports association, not causation reverse causality cannot be excluded, and the dimension level results are exploratory and may be underpowered. The validated instrument doubles as a diagnostic tool for locating readiness deficits by sub sector and region, informing targeted, sequenced capability building during Protocol implementation. The paper offers a validated, Protocol anchored, six dimension firm level readiness instrument and integrated mixed methods evidence on AC and SC as moderators in an under studied sector. Ezekiel Bosso Fermah | Dan Zhou "Digital Trade Readiness, Absorptive Capacity, and Export Propensity: Evidence from Ghanaian Agro-Processing SMEs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141974.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/market-economy/141974/digital-trade-readiness-absorptive-capacity-and-export-propensity-evidence-from-ghanaian-agroprocessing-smes/ezekiel-bosso-fermah

This study presents an analysis of representative magnetic profiles obtained during a geophysical survey conducted in the Passenger district. The objective is to characterize spatial variations in the magnetic field in order to identify significant anomalies associated with the nature of the subsoil or the presence of buried objects. The results reveal high magnetic variability, characterized by a predominance of positive anomalies and significant contrasts between the various survey lines. Maduma Mbanunu Charles Moise | Bondo Muteba Patrice | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Analysis of Representative Magnetic Profiles in the Passenger District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141982.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/astrophysics/141982/analysis-of-representative-magnetic-profiles-in-the-passenger-district/maduma-mbanunu-charles-moise

The proliferation of connected devices and the exponential growth of data intensive applications have fundamentally altered the landscape of the media and entertainment industry. In a traditional cloud computing model, data generated by user devices is sent to a central server for processing, and the response is sent back. This round trip journey introduces latency. Edge computing represents a paradigm shift designed to overcome these challenges. By moving compute resources, storage, and processing power from centralized data centers to remote locations at or near the exterior boundary of the network the edge , this architecture drastically shortens the distance data must travel. By mitigating the latency, bandwidth, and cost limitations of centralized cloud computing, the edge enables the seamless delivery of high definition streaming, responsive cloud gaming, and immersive AR VR experiences. This shift is a fundamental architectural change that unlocks new possibilities for content creation, distribution, and consumption in the media and entertainment sector. This paper explores various use cases of edge computing in media and entertainment sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing in Media and Entertainment Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141909.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141909/edge-computing-in-media-and-entertainment-industry/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Students academic success in higher education is influenced by several psychological, economic and environmental factors, among which mental stress has emerged as a critical determinant. Increasing academic demands, examination pressures, financial difficulties, and uncertainty about future employment have exposed many tertiary institution students to heightened psychological distress, which may negatively affect concentration, motivation, learning engagement and academic achievement. This study examined the relationship between mental stress and students academic performance in Colleges of Education in Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between academic stress and academic performance as well as the relationship between financial stress and academic performance. A correlational research design was adopted for the study. The population consisted of students enrolled in Colleges of Education in Anambra State, from which 721 students were selected as respondents. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, while students academic performance was measured using academic achievement indicators. Data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation to test the degree of relationship while p value was used for decision making for the hypotheses. Findings revealed that students experienced high levels of academic stress cluster mean = 3.26 and financial stress cluster mean = 3.18 . Correlation analysis showed a low negative but statistically significant relationship between academic stress and students academic performance r = 0.160, p 0.05 . Financial stress had a very weak positive and non significant relationship with academic performance r = 0.043, p 0.05 . The study concluded that academic stress is a more important correlate of students academic performance. It was recommended that college administrators should strengthen counselling services, implement stress management programmes, improve student support systems and provide learning environments that promote students psychological well being which will improve students academic experiences and performance in Colleges of Education. Ebere, Sandra Chukwunedum | Prof C. U. Nwankwo "Mental Stress and Students Academic Performance in Colleges of Education in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141977.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141977/mental-stress-and-students-academic-performance-in-colleges-of-education-in-anambra-state/ebere-sandra-chukwunedum

Chronic pain is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and significantly affects patients quality of life. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs remain the first line pharmacological treatment for inflammatory and musculoskeletal pain due to their analgesic and anti inflammatory effects. However, prolonged NSAID therapy is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity, cardiovascular complications, renal impairment, frequent dosing, and poor patient compliance. These limitations have stimulated the development of advanced drug delivery systems that provide sustained, targeted, and controlled drug release. Recent research highlights the potential of biodegradable microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, injectable depot formulations, and nanofibers to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimising systemic adverse effects. This review summarises the limitations of conventional NSAID therapy, discusses recent advances in novel delivery platforms, and compares conventional and emerging treatment strategies for chronic pain. These innovations are expected to improve patient adherence and support personalised pain management. Ms. Prerana Bambale | Mr. Rajratan Thorat | Ms. Madhuri Dhure "Next-Generation Drug Delivery Systems for Chronic Pain: Moving Beyond Conventional NSAID Therapy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141975.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/141975/nextgeneration-drug-delivery-systems-for-chronic-pain-moving-beyond-conventional-nsaid-therapy/ms-prerana-bambale

Climate changes extreme events have triggered various natural hazards in every part of the world causing huge impacts every year. Floods occur when water overflows catchment due to high intensity rainfall. The occurrence of flood impacts on human habitation and different sectors of the economy. Floods mostly occur in Assam during the south west monsoon period that spreads from June to September accompanying a trail of destruction. Morigaon district is prone to severe flood hazard by the river Brahmaputra. The present paper is based on secondary sources of data. Flood vulnerability mapping plays a significant role to asses vulnerable areas. Arc GIS 10.3 and GIS dataset has been carried out for the purpose of flood vulnerability mapping of the study area. In the present study physical and socio economic parameters such as slope, elevation, rainfall, land use land cover LULC , Normalized Difference Vegetation index NDVI , Literacy data, population density and non workers 2011 census data data have been taken for the preparation of flood vulnerability mapping of Morigaon district. The present paper is an attempt to identification of flood prone areas, vulnerability areas of the study area by mapping the flood hazard areas of the district. Pompi Bora | Santanu Kumar Patnaik "Flood Vulnerability Assessment Using AHP and GIS: A Study in Morigaon District, Assam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141908.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/141908/flood-vulnerability-assessment-using-ahp-and-gis-a-study-in-morigaon-district-assam/pompi-bora

This article presents a comprehensive study of integration theory for complex valued measurable functions with respect to a positive measure. The main objective is to establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrability of complex valued measurable functions and to determine the algebraic structure of the set of these integrable functions. We prove that a measurable function f X Cis integrable on R E Aif and only if both its real Re f and imaginary parts Im f are integrable on R E. Furthermore, we prove that the set L X,A,µ,C of complex valued integrable functions forms a vector space on R Cequipped with the usual operations of addition and scalar multiplication. Several fundamental properties are established, including linearity, the relationship between the integrability of R fand that of R |f|, and the behavior of the integral R on sets of measure zero. This work extends the classical results of real integration theory to the complex setting and provides a rigorous foundation for applications in analysis, probability theory, and mathematical physics. Uyimungu Udhubhi Jean | Paluku Kasoki Clara | Muaku Mvunzi Fidel | Gordien Tamba OFR | Nkwese Mazoni Grace | Ngoie Caleb "Integration of Measurable Functions with Complex Values with Respect to a Positive Measure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141970.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/141970/integration-of-measurable-functions-with-complex-values-with-respect-to-a-positive-measure/uyimungu-udhubhi-jean

The problem posed in this article is to make the electromechanical characteristics of the three phase induction motor behave similarly to those of a separately excited DC motor, thereby enabling its use in applications where DC motors have traditionally demonstrated superior performance, such as electric railway traction. For it , A. We transformed the three axis system “ abc ” into a two axis system “ dq ” in quadrature using the orthogonal transformation. We have also made the rotor winding of the motor stationary although the rotor is in motion by using the rotation transformation commutation transformation . The rotor winding has thus become pseudo stationary falsely stationary with respect to the rotor. This rotor winding becomes stationary but their axes rotate with the rotor, it is like in the DC motor. The two transformations orthogonal and commutative led us to the change of variables. B. We created the decoupling between flux and torque, ie we obtained a mathematical model of the three phase asynchronous motor such that a direct current “ ” regulates the flux and an orthogonal current “ ” defines the torque as in the DC motor. This is made possible thanks to Parks transformation. C. We managed to independently control the term of the flux and that of the current to impose an electromagnetic torque by using the oriented flux command which consists in orienting the reference dq so as to cancel the component in flux quadrature A. or . Oriented flux control is done by suitably choosing the angle of rotation of Park so that the flux or is entirely carried on the direct axis d . Flux oriented control is made possible thanks to advances in micro electronics. The goal to be achieved with flux oriented control is therefore to obtain an inverter asynchronous motor system which, by its characteristics, resembles that of the DC motor, but with the advantage of not using the commutator. Bosombo Monzongo Richard | Lema Nkwalu Blaise | Cimbela Kabongo Joseph Gregorius "Equivalence Between the Rotor Flux-oriented Controlled Asynchronous Motor and the Separately Excited DC Motor: Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Validation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141984.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/engineering-physics/141984/equivalence-between-the-rotor-fluxoriented-controlled-asynchronous-motor-and-the-separately-excited-dc-motor-modeling-simulation-and-experimental-validation/bosombo-monzongo-richard

Oil and gas are the primary sources of fuel the world relies on. The oil and gas industry operates in some of the most extreme and remote environments on earth, from deepwater offshore rigs to sprawling, isolated pipeline networks. Across its three primary sectors—upstream exploration and production , midstream transportation and storage , and downstream refining and distribution —the industry relies heavily on complex machinery and continuous monitoring. While cloud computing has provided robust capabilities for deep analytics and historical data storage, it presents significant challenges for real time industrial operations. Edge computing addresses these challenges by processing data at or near the point of generation—such as at a wellhead, along a pipeline, or within a refinery unit. This localized processing enables immediate, autonomous decision making. In this paper, we share our thoughts on how edge computing can play a key role in oil and gas sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing in Oil and Gas Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141910.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141910/edge-computing-in-oil-and-gas-industry/matthew-n-o-sadiku

With the rapid advancement of Internet of Things technology, the smart home industry has achieved explosive growth. Nevertheless, prominent challenges including product defects, data security threats, algorithmic risks and ambiguous liabilities of multiple parties have emerged, posing severe challenges to the traditional legal system of product liability. Based as the Civil Code, Product Quality Law and Personal Information Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China, this paper combines the technical characteristics of the Internet of Things and typical judicial cases. It systematically sorts out core difficulties concerning identification criteria, liability allocation, evidence rules and damage compensation of smart home product liability. The study explores liability identification standards and sharing mechanisms adaptable to Internet of Things scenarios, and puts forward compliance suggestions for enterprises, rights protection guidelines for consumers and regulatory references for the industry. It provides theoretical support and practical reference for judicial practice, industrial standardization and sound industrial development. Nazila Eliyar | Zibanur Turhun | Jian Song Yu "Research on Legal Issues of Product Liability in Internet of Things Smart Home Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141986.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/141986/research-on-legal-issues-of-product-liability-in-internet-of-things-smart-home-products/nazila-eliyar

Education is the most important think which promotes personal growth by expanding knowledge improving cognitive abilities and critical thinking which brings changes into the society. Education of women is crucial for social progress and modernisation of the society. Education is the only key which brings equality into the world. The history of the Modern Education in India began under the British rule. In 1854 Wood’s Dispatch advocated female education stating that government should take steps for insure women’s literacy. While in Assam Modern Education of women starts from the beginning of British rule in the state by the mainly constant efforts of British women. Papari Das "Women Education in Colonial Assam and the Role of British Women" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141997.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/141997/women-education-in-colonial-assam-and-the-role-of-british-women/papari-das

Girls education is one of the most effective ways for ending poverty in developing nations. The of their education are seen by individuals, their families and throughout society. Education for girls can have the benefit of delaying marriage and pregnancy for young girls. Girls who attend school also are able to use mor effective methods of family planning and healthier babies. The Government of India has launched a new scheme called Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya in August 2004 to provide educational facilities for the girls education between the age group 10 14 years to belonging to SC ST OBC and minorities communities and Families below poverty line in educationally back ward blocks. Dr. Madhuchhanda Samantaroy | Dr. Sabitabala Swain | Dr. Harapriya Samantaraya "Institutional Functioning of Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya in Ganjam District: A Comprehensive Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141911.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/home-science/141911/institutional-functioning-of-kasturba-gandhi-balika-vidyalaya-in-ganjam-district-a-comprehensive-study/dr-madhuchhanda-samantaroy

Strategically millennium Development Goal 5 targeted to bring gender equity in almost all frontiers of life and undo the hither to historical inequality for harmonic development. It was expected that economic independence among educated women would promote gender equity. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals SDGs adopted by world leaders since 2015 have been observed to have differential responses across the nations including India. The present paper intended to identify the degree of gender equity among 250 lady teachers of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The data have been collected through self structured pre tested questionnaire cum interview schedule. The selection of the subjects were drawn through purposive sampling method. Simple statistical tools like mean, percentage and SD have been used to identify the relational factors. The result manifested that gender discrimination continues to prevail in our society. It was found that higher percentage of lady teachers continue to struggle against subjugation and subordination. It has been ascertained that due to patriarchy gender equity is miles apart. Irrespective level of education and economic independence the gap between sustainable development and gender equity would continue so long androcentric mindset appears. It is suggested that the role of the State and of society at large need some kind of rigorous involvement for gender justice. Dr. Sabitabala Swain | Dr. Madhuchhanda Samantaroy "Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-5): A Study of Gender Equity among the Women Teachers in Bhubaneswar, Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141912.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/home-science/141912/progress-towards-sustainable-development-goal-sdg5-a-study-of-gender-equity-among-the-women-teachers-in-bhubaneswar-odisha/dr-sabitabala-swain

The ubiquity of wireless technologies in urban environments leads to a significant increase in human exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields, particularly in the microwave and high frequency bands 300 MHz to 300 GHz . This scientific article, structured according to the academic standards of the National Pedagogical University UPN , examines the biophysical interactions between these non ionizing waves and biological tissues. Using Maxwells macroscopic equations, we model the penetration, propagation, and attenuation of waves in the human body, characterized by its dielectric properties complex permittivity and conductivity . The analysis focuses on thermal effects, quantified by the Specific Absorption Rate SAR , as well as potential non thermal mechanisms at the cellular level. Finally, concrete radiation protection recommendations adapted to the context of the Democratic Republic of Congo are formulated. Onema Olangi Jean-Paul | Onema Lama Emile-Michel | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Analysis of Health and Biophysical Risks Related to Exposure to Microwave Radiation and Hyperfrequency in Urban Environments: An Approach Electromagnetics and Foundations of Radiation Protection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141993.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/biophysics/141993/analysis-of-health-and-biophysical-risks-related-to-exposure-to-microwave-radiation-and-hyperfrequency-in-urban-environments-an-approach-electromagnetics-and-foundations-of-radiation-protection/onema-olangi-jeanpaul

This study examined the implementation of the Expanded Career Progression ECP system and its relationship to teacher professional growth among school leaders and teachers. Specifically, the study described the respondents’ profile in terms of age, gender, civil status, highest educational attainment, years in service, and highest position or rank. It also assessed the level of implementation of Expanded Career Progression in terms of career progression awareness and orientation, access to PPST aligned professional development, leadership and mentoring opportunities, and institutional support and recognition mechanisms. Furthermore, the study assessed the level of teacher professional growth in instructional competence, professional collaboration, mentoring and coaching engagement, and instructional leadership practices. A quantitative descriptive correlational research design was employed using survey questionnaires administered to school leaders and teachers. Data were analyzed using weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product moment correlation. The findings revealed that the implementation of Expanded Career Progression was evident across all indicators, while teacher professional growth was very high across all domains. Institutional support and recognition mechanisms received the highest rating among the components of career progression, while mentoring and coaching engagement received the lowest rating among the professional growth domains, though it was still interpreted as very high. The results further indicated a significant relationship between the implementation of Expanded Career Progression and teacher professional growth, suggesting that effective career progression initiatives contribute to improvements in instructional competence, collaboration, mentoring engagement, and instructional leadership practices. However, respondents identified challenges, including time constraints, heavy workloads, and complex documentation requirements, that may hinder participation in career advancement activities. The study concludes that strengthening career progression programs and addressing implementation challenges may further enhance teachers’ professional development and support continuous improvement in educational practices. Chona P. Gila | Rufino T. Tudlasan Jr "Expanded Career Progression as a Framework for Teacher Professional Growth" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141913.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141913/expanded-career-progression-as-a-framework-for-teacher-professional-growth/chona-p-gila

Secondary education in Sub Saharan Africa faces mounting tensions between enrolment demand, fiscal constraints, and supply side capacity. In Cameroon, despite the complexity of the Ministry of Secondary Education MINESEC system, longitudinal evidence on the interplay between these factors remains scarce. Employing a longitudinal documentary research design, this study analyses fourteen MINESEC Statistical Yearbooks 2010 2011–2023 2024 to evaluate demand, financing, and equity. Grounded in Systems Theory and the Educational Production Function, the analysis reveals that while total enrolment expanded by 67 CAGR 3.7 , classroom CAGR 2.6 and teacher CAGR 3.1 growth lagged systematically. Consequently, real per student expenditure declined by 17 , identifying financing as the binding constraint on system quality. Although, national gender parity improved GPI 0.79 to 0.91 , regional disparities particularly in the Far North, North, and Adamawa regions widened over the study period. Also, the Anglophone Crisis caused significant, partially unrecovered enrolment disruptions from 2017. These findings characterise a system achieving quantitative access expansion on a declining real resource base. The systemic input output imbalance and entrenched regional inequities constitute critical impediments to Sustainable Development Goal 4 implementation in Cameroon. The study recommends legislating enrolment indexed per student financing floors, implementing an emergency qualified teacher deployment programme, launching targeted gender equity interventions in structurally disadvantaged regions, and institutionalising MINESEC Yearbooks as active policy intelligence tools. This study provides a foundational longitudinal baseline for evidence based policymaking in data constrained educational contexts. Silas Shey Nyamka | Joel Nshom Bafon "Trends in Secondary Education Demand, Financing and Supply: Evidence from MINESEC Statistical Yearbooks, 2010–2024" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd133306.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/133306/trends-in-secondary-education-demand-financing-and-supply-evidence-from-minesec-statistical-yearbooks-2010–2024/silas-shey-nyamka

The financial services industry is undergoing a profound digital transformation, driven by the need for speed, personalization, and enhanced security. In an environment where milliseconds can determine the success of a trade and real time insights are crucial for fraud prevention, traditional centralized cloud computing architectures are increasingly facing limitations regarding latency and bandwidth. Edge computing addresses these limitations by decentralizing computational power, shifting processing tasks from remote cloud servers to the “edge” of the network—closer to where data is generated and consumed. By minimizing the distance data must travel, edge computing significantly reduces latency, optimizes bandwidth, and enhances data privacy. This paper explores the applications, benefits, and challenges of edge computing in the financial sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Edge Computing in Finance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141914.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141914/edge-computing-in-finance/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Artificial intelligence has emerged as one of the most influential technologies shaping the modern real estate industry. Real estate has traditionally depended on local knowledge, personal relationships, manual document review, and judgments based on incomplete information. AI does not eliminate the importance of these human capabilities rather, it supplements them by identifying patterns in large datasets, automating repetitive work, and producing forecasts or recommendations at a speed that would otherwise be impossible. This paper explores the impact of AI on the real estate sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Artificial Intelligence in Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141928.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141928/artificial-intelligence-in-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

The aim of this research is to explore the traditional economic systems and resource utilisation strategies of the Saurashtra community. In this context, tribe has concentrated on particular art forms that are unique to them, in the context of the Rayagada District of Odisha, and how they are reflected in them. and are intertwined with these socio economic structures. It dialectically explores the interconnectedness of their ecological knowledge systems Dhar, Chawla, and Mulchandani, 2024 Sdharelvin, 2022 between Saura artistic expression and the subsistence strategies, resource management practices, Economic and cultural values and traditions underpinning their economic resilience and adaptation to their traditional ecological knowledge systems are. The research continues to suggest that Saura art is a more than just decorative visual vocabulary for communicating and passing on family traditions about resource distribution, sustainable The issues of cropping and community based economy are also raised. This interdisciplinary approach intends to shed light on the role of art images as mnemonics and cultural markers. a wealth of ecological knowledge, with deep insights into the complexities of interactions. Economies of Indigenous Peoples and their relationship with nature. The research further argues that the pictorial details and symbolic storylines in Saura art offers insights into The graphic illustrations of their dependence on non timber forest products and traditional agricultural activities gave them a tangible representation of it. The basic practice of their economy and culture, are in danger. Dusmanta Majhi | Purna Chandra Majhi "Traditional Economic Systems and Resource-Based Livelihoods of the Saura Tribe: A Study of Saura Art in Rayagada District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141994.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/141994/traditional-economic-systems-and-resourcebased-livelihoods-of-the-saura-tribe-a-study-of-saura-art-in-rayagada-district/dusmanta-majhi

Background The proliferation of digital media has fundamentally transformed adolescent lifestyle, profoundly affecting sleep wake regulation and psychological well being.Within the classical Unani framework, these two domains—Naum wa Yaqza sleep and wakefulness and Ahwal e Nafsaniyah psychological states —are recognised as two of the six indispensable regulators of health, collectively termed Asbab e Sittah Zaruriyyah. Emerging evidence indicates that excessive screen exposure, particularly nocturnal blue light mediated melatonin suppression and chronic social media induced psychoemotional arousal, disturbs both of these fundamental axes, with downstream consequences for hypothalamic pituitary ovarian HPO axis integrity and menstrual regularity in adolescent girls. Objectives This narrative review integrates contemporary biomedical evidence with classical Unani medical concepts to elucidate the mechanistic pathways by which digital media disrupts sleep wake homeostasis and psychological equilibrium, and to delineate the consequent impact on menstrual health in adolescents. Methods A thematic narrative synthesis was conducted using peer reviewed literature on digital media and sleep, psychological well being, and menstrual health, supplemented by classical Unani texts addressing Naum wa Yaqza, Ahwal e Nafsaniyah, and Asbab e Sittah Zaruriyyah. Results Three converging pathways were identified 1 nocturnal screen exposure suppresses melatonin via the ipRGC SCN axis and disrupts HPO pulsatility, 2 social media associated psychosocial stress activates the HPA axis and suppresses GnRH pulsatility, and 3 these mutually reinforcing perturbations converge on menstrual irregularity via shared neuroendocrine and molecular mechanisms. Conclusion Digital media use constitutes a contemporary disturbance to Asbab e Sittah Zaruriyyah that classical Unani scholars recognised as indispensable for health maintenance. Integrating the Unani explanatory model with modern neuroscience and reproductive endocrinology offers a holistic framework for adolescent menstrual health research, clinical practice, and public health policy. Dr. Zeba AltafHusain Lalkot | Dr. Shahzadi Sultana | Dr. Amreen Begum "Menstrual Health in the Digital Age: Association of Digital Media Use with Sleep-Wake Patterns and Psychological Well-Being Among Adolescent Girls—A Unani Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141915.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141915/menstrual-health-in-the-digital-age-association-of-digital-media-use-with-sleepwake-patterns-and-psychological-wellbeing-among-adolescent-girls-a-unani-perspective/dr-zeba-altafhusain-lalkot

Artificial intelligence AI is increasingly embedded in school based physical education PE and in elite and recreational sport, promising more individualized instruction, more objective skill assessment, and more precise performance and injury management. This paper presents a systematic narrative review synthesizing recent peer reviewed literature 2014–2026 on AI applications across two connected domains physical education pedagogy and sports performance analytics. Following a PRISMA informed search and thematic synthesis of eighteen primary and review level sources drawn from databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and ERIC, the review identifies four dominant application clusters personalized and adaptive instruction, automated motor skill assessment, wearable sensor performance analytics, and AI assisted injury risk prediction. To integrate these findings, the paper proposes and explains an original conceptual framework, the AI–Physical Education Performance Enhancement Model AI PPEM , which links data acquisition, AI processing, pedagogical and athletic application, and measurable outcomes through a continuous feedback loop. The review also surveys documented challenges, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, teacher AI literacy gaps, and limited external validation of predictive models, and outlines directions for future research and practice. The findings suggest that AI functions most effectively as an augmentative tool that extends, rather than replaces, the judgment of physical educators, coaches, and sports medicine professionals. Thippeswamy O | Suresh Kumar N "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Physical Education Teaching and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141916.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/141916/the-role-of-artificial-intelligence-in-enhancing-physical-education-teaching-and-sports-performance-a-systematic-review/thippeswamy-o

This research aimed to assess the energy needs of the city of Kenge in order to design a suitable photovoltaic installation. Our work was based on a field survey conducted in Kenge. We structured our study into several parts corresponding to the main consumer sectors Households They are classified according to their standard of living low, middle, and high class . The analysis details the electrical equipment used refrigerators, air conditioners, televisions, etc. , their power, and their duration of use in order to estimate daily consumption. Administrative offices Three categories are also considered low, medium and high class . Each type of office has a specific energy profile depending on the number of devices computers, printers, air conditioners, etc. and their daily use. The industrial sector It mainly comprises structures like SNEL and REGIDESO, with relatively limited but constant energy consumption. The semi industrial sector It includes several infrastructures hospitals, schools, hotels, markets, public lighting, workshops, etc. , representing a significant share of total consumption due to their number and intensive use. Subsequently, our study establishes an overall balance of daily power and energy consumption, allowing us to determine the total energy needs of the city. Mayamba Kiese Kiapumbu Emmanuel | Cimbela Kabongo Joseph | Bondo Muteba Patrice | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Energy Needs Assessment for the Implementation of a Photovoltaic Power Plant in the City of Kenge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/142021/energy-needs-assessment-for-the-implementation-of-a-photovoltaic-power-plant-in-the-city-of-kenge/mayamba-kiese-kiapumbu-emmanuel

Regular physical activity plays a vital role in promoting both physical and psychological well being among college students. In todays competitive academic environment, students frequently experience stress, anxiety, and other mental health challenges that may adversely affect their academic performance. This study aims to examine the impact of regular physical activity on mental health and academic performance among college students. Specifically, the study investigates the relationship between students participation in physical activities, their levels of stress, anxiety, emotional well being, and academic achievement. A quantitative research design was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to college students from higher education institutions. Data were collected through a convenience sampling technique, and descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships among the study variables. Mental health was measured using indicators such as stress management, emotional well being, self confidence, and anxiety levels, while academic performance was assessed through students self reported academic achievement and learning effectiveness. The findings are expected to reveal a significant positive relationship between regular physical activity and mental health, indicating that students who engage in consistent physical exercise experience lower stress and anxiety levels, improved emotional stability, and greater self confidence. Furthermore, the study is expected to demonstrate that improved mental health contributes positively to academic performance by enhancing concentration, motivation, classroom engagement, and overall learning outcomes. The study concludes that regular physical activity should be encouraged as an essential component of higher education to improve students psychological well being and academic success. The findings provide valuable implications for educational institutions, policymakers, physical education professionals, and student support services in designing effective health promotion and wellness programs that foster holistic student development. Thippeswamy O | Suresh Kumar N "Impact of Regular Physical Activity on Mental Health and Academic Performance among College Students: An Empirical Study in Davanagere" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141917.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/141917/impact-of-regular-physical-activity-on-mental-health-and-academic-performance-among-college-students-an-empirical-study-in-davanagere/thippeswamy-o

This study focuses on the sizing and cost evaluation of a photovoltaic power plant intended to supply the city of Kenge with electricity. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including a field survey to identify the populations actual energy needs, the types of equipment used, and existing energy sources. From a technical standpoint, the photovoltaic system was sized by determining the optimal number of solar panels, batteries, and inverters needed to meet the energy demand. Monocrystalline 500 Wp panels were chosen, resulting in a total of 8,494 installed panels, combined with a storage system of 7,836 lithium batteries to provide three days of autonomy. This study also includes cable sizing, equipment compatibility verification power, voltage, current and optimization of panel orientation and tilt to maximize energy production. Finally, an economic analysis estimated the overall cost of the project at approximately US 8,089,576, including equipment, installation, maintenance, and contingency costs. This study demonstrates that, despite a high initial investment, the implementation of a photovoltaic power plant represents a sustainable and appropriate solution for improving access to electricity in the city of Kenge. Mayamba Kiese Kiapumbu Emmanuel | Cimbela Kabongo Joseph | Bondo Muteba Patrice | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Sizing and Cost of a Photovoltaic Power Plant for the City of Kenge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142022.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/142022/sizing-and-cost-of-a-photovoltaic-power-plant-for-the-city-of-kenge/mayamba-kiese-kiapumbu-emmanuel

The present study investigates the relationship between Emotional Intelligence EI and Exam Anxiety among secondary school students. Emotional Intelligence refers to an individuals ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and utilize emotions effectively. Examination anxiety is a common psychological issue among adolescents and can negatively affect academic performance and overall well being. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design involving 300 secondary school students from government and private schools. Standardized Emotional Intelligence and Exam Anxiety scales were used for data collection. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. Findings revealed a significant negative relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Exam Anxiety r = 0.62, p .01 , indicating that students with higher emotional intelligence experience lower levels of examination anxiety. The study suggests incorporating emotional intelligence training into school curricula to enhance students emotional regulation skills and reduce examination related stress. Dr. Sapna "Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Exam Anxiety Among Secondary School Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141918.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/141918/relationship-between-emotional-intelligence-and-exam-anxiety-among-secondary-school-students/dr-sapna

The organization of maintenance services is based on several factors, including Economic constraints The constraints of information TPM Total Productive Maintenance Reliability Diagnostic tools built into the machines, etc. In a mechanical workshop, the main objective of maintenance is to ensure the availability, reliability and safety of equipment in general and machine tools in particular and of personnel while controlling the related costs. Within the normative framework of the French Standardization Association AFNOR , through the AFNOR NF 13306 standard, maintenance is defined as the set of technical, administrative and management actions intended to maintain or restore an asset to a state which allows it to perform a required function. Therefore, a good maintenance organization must be structured, hierarchical and adapted to the available resources of the workshop. Nzila Kambungu Philippe | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Maintenance Organization and its Impact on the Operational Safety of a Machine Tool: The Case of the Mechanical Lathe" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142034.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/142034/maintenance-organization-and-its-impact-on-the-operational-safety-of-a-machine-tool-the-case-of-the-mechanical-lathe/nzila-kambungu-philippe

As the global population increasingly gravitates toward urban centers, the concept of the “smart city” has evolved from a technological novelty into an urgent necessity. Smart cities are often heralded as the ultimate solution to the complexities of modern urbanization, promising enhanced efficiency, sustainability, and quality of life. A core pillar of smart cities is “smart living,” which focuses on enhancing the quality of life for residents through interconnected, data driven solutions. Smart living encompasses various aspects of urban life, integrating technology to create a more seamless, efficient, and sustainable experience. The vision of smart living in smart cities offers a compelling blueprint for the future of urban development. This paper explores the multifaceted dimensions of smart living within smart cities and the critical challenges that must be addressed to realize its full potential. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Smart Living in Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141919.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141919/smart-living-in-smart-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Real estate has traditionally been characterized by physical assets, localized expertise, lengthy transactions, and fragmented information. Emerging technologies are transforming real estate from a traditionally relationship driven and document intensive industry into one increasingly shaped by data, automation, and interconnected digital systems. Artificial intelligence, big data analytics, building information modeling, virtual and augmented reality, smart building systems, blockchain, drones, and digital transaction platforms are creating a more efficient and responsive property market. They are not only improving operational efficiency but also redefining how properties are built, bought, sold, and managed. Their greatest value lies not in replacing real estate professionals, but in giving developers, investors, agents, property managers, buyers, and tenants better information and more effective tools. When adopted responsibly, these technologies can reduce costs, improve decision making, strengthen sustainability, expand market access, and enhance the experience of property users. This paper investigates the transformative impact of emerging technologies on the property and real estate sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Emerging Technologies in Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141927.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141927/emerging-technologies-in-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Academic stress, procrastination, and psychological well being have emerged as important areas of research due to the growing mental health challenges faced by young people in academic settings. The increasing pressure to achieve academic success, combined with poor self regulation and delayed task completion, has significantly affected students emotional health and overall well being. This study presents a bibliometric analysis to examine the global research landscape on academic stress, procrastination, and psychological well being among youth. A total of 100 open access research articles were selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed through bibliometric techniques, including annual scientific production, citation analysis, author and source productivity, co authorship networks, and keyword co occurrence analysis. The findings reveal a steady growth in scholarly publications, with a remarkable increase after 2021, reflecting heightened research interest in youth mental health, particularly following the COVID 19 pandemic. Citation analysis identifies several influential studies and leading contributors that have significantly shaped this research domain. Keyword mapping highlights major themes such as academic stress, anxiety, depression, psychological well being, self regulation, mindfulness, and resilience, while recent trends indicate a growing emphasis on preventive interventions and well being oriented approaches. The study also demonstrates strong interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers from psychology, education, behavioral sciences, and public health. Overall, this bibliometric review provides a comprehensive understanding of the intellectual structure, emerging research trends, and future research directions in the field. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, educators, policymakers, and mental health professionals seeking to develop effective strategies for improving the psychological well being and academic functioning of youth. Dr. Shubha Dube | Pragya Singh "Academic Stress, Procrastination, and Psychological Well-Being Among Youth: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141920.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/home-science/141920/academic-stress-procrastination-and-psychological-wellbeing-among-youth-a-bibliometric-analysis-of-global-research-trends/dr-shubha-dube

Public Financial Management PFM reforms are widely recognized as a key mechanism for strengthening governance, improving fiscal discipline, and enhancing transparency and accountability in the public sector. Despite their global adoption, the effectiveness of these reforms remains uneven, particularly in developing countries such as Uganda, where implementation challenges continue to limit desired outcomes. This study examined the effect of stakeholder consultation on the effectiveness of Public Financial Management reforms in Ugandas Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. The study was grounded in participatory governance theory and social capital theory, which emphasize the role of inclusive engagement, trust, and collaboration in improving public sector performance. A quantitative cross sectional research design was adopted. Data were collected from 152 respondents using structured questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis to determine the relationship between stakeholder consultation and PFM reform effectiveness. The descriptive results revealed that respondents generally agreed that stakeholder consultation enhances transparency, accountability, coordination, efficiency, trust, and service delivery in PFM reform processes, with mean scores consistently above 4.0. Inferential statistical results showed a moderate and positive relationship between stakeholder consultation and PFM reform effectiveness R = 0.549 . The regression model indicated that stakeholder consultation explains 30.1 of the variation in PFM reform effectiveness R² = 0.301 , and the model was statistically significant F = 123.36, p 0.001 . Further regression analysis confirmed that stakeholder consultation has a positive and statistically significant effect on PFM reform effectiveness B = 0.576, p 0.001 , leading to rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that stakeholder consultation is a significant determinant of Public Financial Management reform effectiveness in Uganda. It establishes that effective consultation enhances transparency, strengthens accountability mechanisms, improves coordination, and promotes more efficient use of public resources. However, challenges remain in ensuring fully institutionalized and consistent consultation practices across all stages of reform implementation. The study recommends that the Ministry of Finance strengthens structured stakeholder consultation mechanisms, enhances feedback integration into decision making processes, expands inclusive participation across all relevant stakeholder groups, and improves coordination frameworks among key actors involved in PFM reforms. Strengthening these areas is essential for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of public financial management reforms in Uganda. Mwasa Charles | Ssemanda Ronald | Mbabazi Mbabazize "Does Stakeholder Consultation Matter? Examining its Effect on Public Financial Management Reform Effectiveness in Ugandas Ministry of Finance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142002.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/142002/does-stakeholder-consultation-matter-examining-its-effect-on-public-financial-management-reform-effectiveness-in-ugandas-ministry-of-finance/mwasa-charles

Fake motor parts, which are also referred to as counterfeit automotive parts, constitute a significant global challenge affecting road safety, consumer confidence, and economic development. These products are manufactured and sold to imitate genuine vehicle components without meeting the quality, safety, and performance standards established by original equipment manufacturers OEMs . The counterfeit parts most often include brake pads, engine oil filters, spark plugs, tires, bearings, batteries, airbags, and suspension components. The drivers for its proliferation include factors such as weak regulatory enforcement, high demand for inexpensive spare parts, complex global supply chains, and the growth of online marketplaces. In developing countries, including Nigeria, the prevalence of fake motor parts is particularly worrisome due to inadequate market surveillance, weak enforcement, and limited consumer awareness. The use of fake motor parts poses serious risks, which include increased vehicle breakdowns, road traffic accidents, financial losses for consumers, and reduced profitability for legitimate manufacturers. Furthermore, it undermines government revenue through tax evasion and discourages investment in the automotive sector. Combating this problem will require coordinated efforts involving governments, law enforcement agencies, manufacturers, distributors, stronger legal frameworks, and consumers. The paper takes a look at the pros and cons of fake motor parts, as well as ways to combating its proliferation to ensure human safety. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Fake Motor Parts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141921.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141921/fake-motor-parts/paul-a-adekunte

This study examined the effect of open tender procurement practices on donor fund absorption in infrastructure development projects in Uganda, using evidence from the Ministry of Works and Transport MoWT . The study was motivated by persistent inefficiencies in donor funded infrastructure projects characterized by low fund absorption, procurement delays, and implementation inefficiencies despite ongoing public procurement reforms. Guided by principal–agent theory and institutional theory, the study conceptualized open tender procurement practices in terms of procurement planning, bid evaluation, contract award procedures, and contract management, and assessed their influence on donor fund absorption measured through timely fund utilization, disbursement efficiency, and project completion within budget and schedule. A cross sectional survey design was adopted, targeting 117 valid respondents drawn from procurement officers, engineers, accountants, and project managers at MoWT. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed a generally strong positive perception of open tender procurement practices with an overall mean of 3.93. Correlation results indicated significant positive relationships between procurement planning r = 0.684 , bid evaluation r = 0.641 , contract award r = 0.659 , and contract management r = 0.713 with donor fund absorption p 0.01 . Regression analysis further confirmed that open tender procurement practices explain 46.8 of the variation in donor fund absorption R² = 0.468, F = 192.526, p 0.001 , with contract management emerging as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that effective implementation of open tender procurement practices significantly enhances donor fund absorption in infrastructure development projects. It recommends strengthening procurement planning systems, improving efficiency in bid evaluation processes, streamlining contract award procedures, and reinforcing contract management systems to optimize donor fund utilization in Uganda’s infrastructure sector. Olaki Ronald | Ssemanda Ronald | Mbabazi Mbabazize "Open Tender Procurement Practices and Donor Fund Absorption in Infrastructure Development Projects in Uganda: Evidence from Ministry of Works and Transport" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142003.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/142003/open-tender-procurement-practices-and-donor-fund-absorption-in-infrastructure-development-projects-in-uganda-evidence-from-ministry-of-works-and-transport/olaki-ronald

With the deep integration of domestic robots and artificial intelligence, the traditional online data standardization mechanism is inadequate. Combined with the recent practice of family information leakage, it is urgent to bring the collection of family data into the legal orbit. The core goal of this paper is to take the data classification and protection system established by the Data Security Law as a theoretical tool, systematically identify the legal risks of data collection in the process of domestic humanoid robots providing services, construct a data classification and classification list suitable for embodied intelligence scenarios, and put forward targeted legal regulation paths and compliance suggestions. Zhang Xin-qi "Legal Risk Identification and Classification Regulation of Data Collection for Household Robots" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142031.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/data-processing/142031/legal-risk-identification-and-classification-regulation-of-data-collection-for-household-robots/zhang-xinqi

The Inga hydroelectric facilities play a central role in supplying electricity to the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly to Kinshasa and several provinces in the southeast and west. However, their actual capacity remains limited due to manufacturing defects and insufficient maintenance, as highlighted in several reports, including one by the African Development Bank. The maintenance policy for the Inga 1 and 2 power plants is therefore crucial to ensuring their industrial performance. Controlling equipment lifespan and maintenance costs is essential to guaranteeing the reliability and profitability of the facilities. Without this control, significant risks can compromise the safety, quality, and efficiency of the infrastructure. This is why a reliability oriented maintenance ROM approach is essential to reduce unnecessary costs, improve safety, and extend asset lifespan. Observations conducted over an eleven year period provide robust data to support this approach and guide informed technical decisions. Birhingingwa Ntumwa | Cimbela Kabongo | Hamisi Lundu "Study of Reliability-Oriented Maintenance Inga I And II Power Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142037.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/142037/study-of-reliabilityoriented-maintenance-inga-i-and-ii-power-plants/birhingingwa-ntumwa

Quality education depends on effective school leadership, particularly as educational systems face increasing complexity and post pandemic recovery demands. While teacher quality is essential, substantive educational improvement requires adaptive school heads who can navigate change and foster resilience. Limited research exists on adaptive leadership practices in Philippine public secondary schools, particularly regarding their relationship with learner performance. This study assessed adaptive leadership and school performance in selected secondary schools in the Division of Cavite as the basis for an intervention plan. Specifically, it examined stakeholder evaluations of school heads adaptive leadership across six dimensions, investigated perceptual differences among respondent groups, analyzed the relationship between adaptive leadership and school performance, and proposed an intervention plan. Utilizing a descriptive correlational research design, data were collected from 249 respondents comprising supervisors, teachers, and SPTA officers across five public junior high schools. Researcher made questionnaires structured on a 5 point Likert scale were employed, with data analyzed using percentage, weighted mean, One Way ANOVA, and Pearson r correlation. School heads were perceived as highly effective in adaptive leadership CM=4.80 , with Empowerment and Support Staff ranking highest CM=4.82 . Significant perceptual differences emerged among stakeholder groups in Leadership Behavior F=7.718, p .001 , Change Management F=14.248, p .001 , and Accountability and Self Reflection F=17.314, p .001 . School performance data showed high graduation 94.98 97.12 and promotion rates 92.55 98.64 , though dropout rates varied considerably 2.43 8.16 . A weak but significant positive correlation emerged between adaptive leadership and learner performance r=0.177, p=.005 . The proposed Project SIDLÁK DASMARIÑAS intervention plan, validated as highly acceptable WM=4.58 , addresses leadership development, collaborative problem solving, and stakeholder engagement. Findings confirm adaptive leadership as a significant predictor of learner outcomes, though its modest impact suggests the need for comprehensive, integrated approaches to school improvement. Maricris D. Pablo "Adaptive Leadership and Learners Performance in Selected Secondary Schools in the Division of Dasmariñas: Basis for a Strategic Plan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142029.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/142029/adaptive-leadership-and-learners-performance-in-selected-secondary-schools-in-the-division-of-dasmariñas-basis-for-a-strategic-plan/maricris-d-pablo

Background Shatavaryadi Ghruta and Bruhat Shatavaryadi Ghruta are classical Ayurvedic ghruta based formulations prominently indicated in Raktapitta, Amlapitta, Yonivyapad and other pitta dominant disorders, with Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Willd. and Jeevaniya gana dravyas as major ingredients. Classical descriptions are scattered across Charaka Samhita, Chakradatta, Sahasrayoga and Bhaishajya Ratnavali and have not been systematically compiled in relation to contemporary pharmacological data. Objective To present a comprehensive literary review of Shatavaryadi and Bruhat Shatavaryadi Ghruta and to discuss their probable mode of action by correlating classical Ayurvedic concepts with modern pharmacological and clinical evidence on Shatavari. Methods Classical references were collected from Brihattrayi and Laghutrayi texts and Nighantu literature, focusing on Raktapitta, Amlapitta, Yonivyapad and related adhikaras. Experimental and clinical studies on Asparagus racemosus were identified from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant keywords and were narratively synthesised. Key pharmacological actions were mapped to classical indications. Results Shatavaryadi Ghruta Charaka Chikitsa 4 and Bruhat Shatavaryadi Ghruta Charaka Chikitsa 30 are multi component ghruta kalpanas prepared with Shatavari, Jeevaniya gana and allied dravyas in ghruta and ksheera media, indicated for haemorrhagic, gastrointestinal, reproductive, neuro psychiatric and systemic rasayana indications. Modern studies demonstrate significant antiulcer, antisecretory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, galactogogue, neuroprotective and adaptogenic effects of Shatavari, supporting its classical rasayana, balya and pittashamana roles.1,2,3,4,5 Conclusion Classical descriptions and contemporary pharmacological data together suggest that Shatavaryadi kalpanas may exert multi target effects including pitta rakta modulation, mucosal protection, immune regulation and tissue resilience. However, controlled clinical trials on the complete formulations are limited. Future work should focus on standardisation and clinical evaluation of Shatavaryadi and Bruhat Shatavaryadi Ghruta in selected pitta dominant conditions. Dr. Shreenidhi Kalmath "Shatavaryadi and Bruhat-Shatavaryadi Ghruta: An Analytical Review of Classical Ayurvedic Formulations for Pitta-Dominant Disorders and Their Potential Mechanisms of Action" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142025.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/142025/shatavaryadi-and-bruhatshatavaryadi-ghruta-an-analytical-review-of-classical-ayurvedic-formulations-for-pittadominant-disorders-and-their-potential-mechanisms-of-action/dr-shreenidhi-kalmath

The United States dollar USD occupies a central position in the international monetary system as the dominant reserve, invoicing, and settlement currency. Consequently, fluctuations in its value have important implications for international trade and economic performance. This study examines the relationship between movements in the U.S. Dollar Index DXY and U.S. merchandise trade with two major trading partners—the European Union and Canada—over the period 2002–2015, encompassing the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath. Using quarterly data, a series of ordinary least squares OLS regression models are estimated to analyse the relationships between the DXY, bilateral exports and imports, the EUR USD and USD CAD exchange rates, and the U.S. terms of trade. The results indicate a significant negative association between the DXY and both U.S. exports and imports vis à vis the European Union and Canada, suggesting that periods of dollar depreciation coincided with stronger bilateral trade flows. The analysis also reveals a strong inverse relationship between the DXY and the EUR USD exchange rate, a positive relationship between the DXY and USD CAD, and a positive association between the DXY and the U.S. terms of trade. The findings highlight the close relationship between exchange rate movements and U.S. trade performance and contribute partner specific evidence to the broader literature on exchange rates and international trade. Navneet Kaur Chhabra | Dr. Dilip Kumar Jha "Exchange Rate Movements and U.S. Trade with the European Union and Canada: An Empirical Analysis (2002–2015)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141922.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/141922/exchange-rate-movements-and-us-trade-with-the-european-union-and-canada-an-empirical-analysis-2002–2015/navneet-kaur-chhabra

This study examined the relationship between technology driven governance and teacher motivation in public junior high schools in the Division of Dasmariñas City as basis for an enhancement program. Using a descriptive correlational research design, data were collected from 403 respondents consisting of 13 principals, 61 department heads, and 329 teachers during School Year 2025–2026. A researcher made questionnaire validated by experts and obtaining a reliability coefficient of 0.83 was utilized for data gathering. Findings revealed that technology driven governance was generally evident across the dimensions of digital literacy, technology integration, online learning platforms, stakeholder engagement, teacher training and support, and data driven decision making. Teacher motivation was likewise generally evident, particularly in terms of extrinsic motivation, professional development, and leadership and management support. Results further showed a significant relationship between technology driven governance and teacher motivation. Major challenges included connectivity limitations, inadequate digital resources, workload concerns, and limited career development opportunities. Based on the findings, a one year enhancement program was developed to strengthen digital governance practices and sustain teacher motivation. The proposed program was found highly acceptable by the respondents. The study concludes that effective technology driven governance contributes significantly to teacher motivation and supports continuous school improvement in public junior high schools. Richelle V. Dimaano "Technology Driven Governance and Teacher Motivation in Public Junior High Schools of the Division of Dasmarinas City: Basis for an Enhancement Program" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142040.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/142040/technology-driven-governance-and-teacher-motivation-in-public-junior-high-schools-of-the-division-of-dasmarinas-city-basis-for-an-enhancement-program/richelle-v-dimaano

Systematic Investment Plan SIP has emerged as one of the most effective investment avenues for disciplined savings, long term wealth creation, and the achievement of financial goals. However, limited empirical research has examined investors perceptions of SIPs in tribal and semi urban regions such as Bastar District, Chhattisgarh. The present study aims to analyze investor perception towards SIPs, identify the factors influencing investment decisions, and evaluate the effectiveness of SIPs in achieving financial goals and wealth creation. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 investors using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and the Chi square test were employed to analyze the data. The findings indicate that most investors perceive SIP as a reliable, affordable, and disciplined investment option that supports long term financial security through the benefits of compounding and rupee cost averaging. Financial advisors, digital media, and financial literacy significantly influence investment decisions. The study concludes that enhancing investor awareness and financial education can promote SIP adoption and strengthen financial inclusion in Bastar District. Dr. Akash Wasnikar | Mr. Rahul Kumar Patel "An Empirical Study on Investor Perception of Systematic Investment Plan for Achieving Financial Goal and Wealth Creation with Regard to Bastar District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141923.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141923/an-empirical-study-on-investor-perception-of-systematic-investment-plan-for-achieving-financial-goal-and-wealth-creation-with-regard-to-bastar-district/dr-akash-wasnikar

The increase in the rate of academic certificate forgery and the inadequacies of the traditional verification methods have necessitated the creation of a more secure and efficient credential management system. Current verification methods are mostly manual and rely on centralized databases that are vulnerable to data breaches, malicious changes, single points of failure and long verification times. The increase in the rate of academic certificate forgery and the inadequacies of the traditional verification methods have necessitated the creation of a more secure and efficient credential management system. Current verification methods are mostly manual and rely on centralized databases that are vulnerable to data breaches, malicious changes, single points of failure and long verification times. The proposed system allows authorized educational institutions to securely issue, manage, verify, revoke and maintain the integrity and authenticity of credential records and issue academic certificates. Each certificate is assigned a unique cryptographic hash generated by the SHA 256 hashing algorithm, which is then permanently stored on the Ethereum Sepolia blockchain network. After being stored on the block chain, the certificate data cannot be altered or deleted and is tamper proof, which prevents forgery and unauthorized changes. The application layer connects to the blockchain through a back end system developed with the Go programming language, facilitating secured and efficient operations in relation to certification. Every certificate created can also be related to a unique QR code, which makes verification easier at any time. The authenticity of the certificate can be verified either by uploading the certificate document or by directly scanning the provided QR code. In this case, users are not required to create an account or to have access to the organization’s databases. The proposed solution increases security, transparency, accessibility, and trust by reducing both verification time and administrative costs. Khalid Rashid | Manaal Farakh | Mohammad Rameez Bhat "Block-Chain Based Certificate Verification System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141924.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/141924/blockchain-based-certificate-verification-system/khalid-rashid

Neoliberal policy agendas are shaping ECCE, focusing on school readiness, measurable learning outcomes, standardization, and accountability. In this policy world, curriculum is seen as pre decided knowledge designed by outsiders, including experts from universities and other institutions not part of the school, and implemented by teachers, while families and the community are acknowledged as supportive agents. While much research has theorized parental involvement, community participation, culturally responsive pedagogy, and relational approaches in ECE, relatively little conceptual work theorizes the community itself as curriculum. In response to this conceptual gap, the article presents the Community as Curriculum Framework, stating that curriculum emerges through the relational, cultural, and democratic interactions of children, families, educators, and communities and not just externally imposed content. The study adopts a conceptual research design in this article. It undertakes an integrative conceptual analysis to synthesize insights from democratic education, critical pedagogy, relational pedagogy, Indigenous African Early Childhood Care and Education IECCE , Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory, and recent literature on mutual aid and participatory democracy. Through this theoretical synthesis, the article shows that community is to be understood not just as a context of curriculum implementation, but rather its primary source, site, and purpose. Sources taken from community managed early learning programs, the Indigenous early childhood care and education framework for Africa, the Community Led Action for Children CLAC model, and the English Early Years Coalition show that community based approaches can promote democratic participation, cultural continuity, shared responsibility, holistic child development, and more. The study presents a new conceptual framework that repositions children, families, educators, and communities as co constructors of curriculum within interconnected ecological and democratic relationships. Reclaiming ECCE as a community focused undertaking suggests an alternative means to an increasingly market oriented and standardized method. Furthermore, it provides possibilities for future empirical research, policy innovation, and pedagogical invention. Modesta Amaka Agullah | Chen Mingkun | Akpaasou Daniel Terver "Community as Curriculum: Relational Networks, Mutual Aid, and Collective Learning in Early Childhood Care and Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/142033/community-as-curriculum-relational-networks-mutual-aid-and-collective-learning-in-early-childhood-care-and-education/modesta-amaka-agullah

This analysis of operational safety and the choice of a maintenance policy relates to the mechanical arrangement of parallel lathes in the workshop of the Technical and Industrial Institute of Gombe ITI GOMBE . This study is part of a reliability engineering approach aimed at improving the availability, maintainability, and safety of equipment used in educational and technical activities. It is based on the identification of the main mechanical components of parallel lathes, the analysis of failure modes, and the evaluation of reliability parameters using appropriate analytical and statistical methods. The application of reliability tools, including failure analysis and the evaluation of indicators such as failure rate, mean time between failures MTBF and mean time to repair MTTR , made it possible to diagnose the major causes of unavailability and to propose an optimal maintenance policy. The results obtained lead to the recommendation of an improved predictive maintenance strategy, combined with planned corrective actions, in order to optimize the operational performance of parallel lathes, reduce costs related to unplanned shutdowns and ensure the sustainability of workshop equipment. Nzila Kambungu Philippe | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Analysis of the Operational Safety of the Mechanical Arrangement of Parallel Lathes in the Mechanical Workshop of the Technical and Industrial Institute of Gombe (ITI GOMBE)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142032.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/142032/analysis-of-the-operational-safety-of-the-mechanical-arrangement-of-parallel-lathes-in-the-mechanical-workshop-of-the-technical-and-industrial-institute-of-gombe-iti-gombe/nzila-kambungu-philippe

BACKGROUND The catheter for umbilical vein could be life saving. The umbilical vein catheter is the extensively used central venous catheter in newborns. For premature and critically unwell neonates who require parenteral feeding, medication, and IV fluid arrangement, it can be clearly presented and is immensely beneficial. The catheter that is inserted in umbilical is a long, thin, empty tube that is placed into the umbilical vein following the severing of the cord. AIM The main aim of the study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledge and practice regarding care of umbilical vein catheterization among staff nurses in selected hospitals of district Amritsar, Punjab. METHOD A pre experimental research design was used for the study. It was conducted over 60 staff nurses by using non probability sampling technique. Assessment was done by using self structured questionnaire and self structured checklist on care of umbilical vein catheterization. RESULT Analysis showed that pre test level of knowledge the majority of the staff nurses 51 85 performed in the inadequate Knowledge . A significant portion 9 15 scored in the moderately adequate Knowledge . There were no staff nurse in the Adequate Knowledge”. The post test level of knowledge regarding care of umbilical vein catheterization among Staff nurses revealed that majority of 16 23 points 46 76.70 staff had moderately adequate knowledge regarding care of umbilical vein catheterization and 13 21.70 had adequate knowledge and only 1 1.70 had inadequate knowledge. In comparison pre test and post test level of knowledge revealed that pre test mean knowledge score was 12.83±2.59 and post test mean was 21.28±3.32 which was compared with using paired t test with calculated value 17.74 which was compared with using paired t test with calculated value 17.74 Sig, p= 0.001indicate highly significant. In pre test majority 36 60.0 had satisfactory practice and in post test 58 96.70 had satisfactory practice regarding care of umbilical vein catheterization. In comparison pre test and post test level of practice regarding care of umbilical vein catheterization among staff nurses revealed that pre test mean practice score was 7.87±1.67 and post test mean was 10.13±1.64 which was compared with using paired t test with calculated value 7.68 sig, p= 0.001 indicate highly significant. CONCLUSION there was a marked improvement in post test score than pre test score. It concludes that video assisted teaching was effective in enhancing knowledge and practice regarding care of umbilical vein catheterization among staff nurses. There was no significant association of post test knowledge and practice with their socio demographic variables gender, age, marital status, education, year of experience and source of information. So null hypothesis is rejected. Kaur Harmanpreet | Tigga Shephali | Kaur Prabhjot "A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Care of Umbilical Vein Catheterization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141925.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141925/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-video-assisted-teaching-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-care-of-umbilical-vein-catheterization/kaur-harmanpreet

This study examines whether green human resource management GHRM is associated with the operational maturity of eco friendly packaging and whether either capability is related to digital recruitment readiness and employee retention in packaging intensive Indian fast moving consumer goods FMCG firms. A rule based content analysis was conducted for ten listed firms using FY2024–25 Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reports, integrated and sustainability reports, and official career websites audited on 15 July 2026. Three auditable indices were constructed a five item GHRM Disclosure Index, a six item Eco Friendly Packaging Index, and a five item E Recruitment Readiness Index. Employee retention was proxied as 100 minus the reported permanent employee turnover rate. Because the sample is small and the indices are ordinal, relationships were evaluated with Spearman rank correlations and two sided exact permutation tests over all 10 label permutations. GHRM disclosure maturity was positively associated with eco friendly packaging maturity = .687, exact p = .032 . Its associations with e recruitment readiness = .507, p = .142 and retention = .504, p = .142 were positive but inconclusive. Packaging maturity was also positively, but not significantly, related to e recruitment readiness = .399, p = .273 and retention = .426, p = .219 . The findings indicate that people management systems and packaging circularity tend to develop together, but public disclosures do not establish that these capabilities improve recruitment or retention outcomes. The paper contributes a transparent, reproducible secondary data design for studying GHRM beyond perceptual surveys and identifies specific disclosure gaps that constrain stronger inference. Rumaisa Siddiqui | Shaikh Ayesha Anjum | Dr. Bhagabat Barik "Green Human Resource Management and Sustainable Business Practices through Eco-Friendly Packaging" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/142048/green-human-resource-management-and-sustainable-business-practices-through-ecofriendly-packaging/rumaisa-siddiqui

Early marriage and adolescent pregnancy remain pressing public health concerns in India, particularly in rural and semi urban regions. This quasi experimental study assessed the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme STP on knowledge regarding early marriage and early pregnancy among adolescent girls in inter colleges of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. A purposive sample of 80 adolescent girls was selected, with 60 completing the final study. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire 30 items, KR 20 reliability = 0.80 . Pre test and post test scores were compared using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi square tests for associations with socio demographic variables. Findings revealed that 43 of participants initially possessed average knowledge, 31 good knowledge, and 26 poor knowledge. Post intervention, significant improvement was observed, with mean scores rising to 19.42 SD = 5.74 . Knowledge gain was significantly associated with parental education and prior awareness of early marriage pregnancy. The study concludes that structured teaching programmes are effective in enhancing adolescent girls’ knowledge, thereby contributing to prevention strategies against early marriage and pregnancy. Implications for nursing practice, education, and policy are discussed. Jyotshana "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Early Marriage and Early Pregnancy among Adolescent Girls in Selected Inter Colleges of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142049.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/142049/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-a-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-early-marriage-and-early-pregnancy-among-adolescent-girls-in-selected-inter-colleges-of-moradabad-uttar-pradesh/jyotshana

This study was aimed at examining the role of information and communication technology ICT in space science and technology development. The study employed the review research approach using recent and verifiable journal publications from reputable sources such as IEEE, ISPRS, Telecommunications Policy, and Frontiers. From the results of the review, it was observed that some roles of ICT in space science and technology development are design and simulation, launch, tracking and control, data collection, satellite communication, data processing and analytics, weather forecasting, and climate studies. The analysis also indicated that ICT enables reliable communication through systems such as Starlink and VSAT, supports onboard processing of satellite data, improves Earth observation analysis through artificial intelligence, and enhances autonomous spacecraft operations and monitoring. From the results, it was concluded that ICT plays several crucial roles in space science and technology development, given that ICT has transformed space activities by improving efficiency, reducing operational delays, and increasing the availability of accurate scientific information and will continue to play a critical role in future space exploration, communication, environmental monitoring, and global digital connectivity. Uchechukwu G. Mbagwu | Layode A. Olayemi | Ogbetuo Diamond Aghogho | Asanga Ebong Usen | Yahuza Yusuf | Yusuf Salsabilu | Onuche Paul Emmanuel "The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Space Science and Technology Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141926.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141926/the-role-of-information-and-communication-technology-ict-in-space-science-and-technology-development/uchechukwu-g-mbagwu

The connection between practice and theory is important as it shows one’s ability to use evidence to increase one’s understanding of ideal concepts, justify decision making, and in order to perfect present and future practice of midwifery for the good of humanity. Included objectives were to assess the final year student’s theoretical knowledge, technical skills and challenges they encounter during maternity care services with respect to their code of ethics. This was a descriptive observational cross sectional study targeting 92 final year midwifery students of the Fako division. Four school were chosen for this study University of Buea, Biaka University Institute, Redemption Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Maflekumen Higher Institute and five hospitals Buea Regional Hospital, CMA Muea, Limbe Regional Hospital, District Hospital Limbe and CMA limbe using purposive sampling. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire, which concerned to assessed the knowledge on quality maternity care and challenges they faced in the maternity. The observational checklist was divided into 2 sections. The first section the skills carried on by the final year students in the maternity and the second part their ethical acquisition. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences SPSS , version 23. Of the 91 participants, 76 83.5 had good knowledge on quality maternity care, 64 70.3 had good skills on quality maternity care and 79 86.8 had good ethical acquisition on quality maternity care. Evidence showed that, students faced a lot of challenges in the maternity with first 88 96.7 for the lack of instruments. The knowledge, skills and ethical acquisition of the final year midwifery students was good. A large list of challenges like vaginal examination and oxygen administration was faced by the students and it should be taken into consideration as they may influence future acquirement of competences, which may in turn affect patient care. Donfack Kaze Ariane | Fonkeng Epah George | Tah Magdaline "Midwifery Training Competences and Quality Maternity Care among Final Year Midwifery Students of Fako Division, South West Region-Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142036.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/142036/midwifery-training-competences-and-quality-maternity-care-among-final-year-midwifery-students-of-fako-division-south-west-regioncameroon/donfack-kaze-ariane

Population growth and rapid urbanization in African cities are leading to a significant increase in the production of municipal solid waste. This trend exacerbates the challenges associated with waste collection, transport, and management, particularly in cities where material and financial resources remain limited. In Matadi, the main seaport of the Democratic Republic of Congo, collection operations are still largely based on fixed routes that do not take into account the actual level of fill in the bins, which leads to unnecessary trips, an increase in operating costs and a decrease in the quality of service. This study proposes a computer model of an intelligent waste collection system based on the Vehicle Routing Problem VRP and the Unified Modeling Language UML . The approach integrates Internet of Things IoT technologies, GPS geolocation, Google Maps and the Ant Colony Optimization ACO algorithm to improve collection route planning. The methodology includes functional analysis of the system, UML modeling use case, class, sequence, activity, and deployment diagrams , and formalization of the VRP problem. This research provides a complete software architecture that can serve as a basis for developing an intelligent waste management system adapted to the context of African cities. Binangu Muanda Jules | Ngoie Caleb Caleb "Computer Analysis and Modeling of the Sales Representative Vehicle Route Problem using UML: Application to Waste Disposal in the Port City of Matadi" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142052.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/142052/computer-analysis-and-modeling-of-the-sales-representative-vehicle-route-problem-using-uml-application-to-waste-disposal-in-the-port-city-of-matadi/binangu-muanda-jules

Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs are widely used in environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, and Internet of Things IoT applications. However, limited energy resources and hotspot formation near the base station significantly reduce network lifetime and communication efficiency. This study proposes a Hotspot Aware Load Balanced Clustering and Routing Protocol HALBCRP to improve energy utilization and mitigate hotspot formation in WSNs. The proposed protocol integrates energy aware cluster formation, hotspot aware cluster head selection, dynamic load balancing, and fault tolerant multi hop routing into a unified framework. Sensor nodes are grouped using an energy distance based clustering strategy, while cluster heads are selected based on residual energy, connectivity, traffic load, and proximity to the base station. To prevent energy holes and traffic congestion, overloaded cluster heads dynamically redistribute traffic to neighboring cluster heads. The performance of HALBCRP was evaluated using MATLAB and compared with ITSA UCHSE, HHDAP, Q DAEER, and IPSO based on energy consumption, average throughput, number of alive nodes, number of dead nodes, and network lifetime. Simulation results show that HALBCRP achieves lower energy consumption 0.605–1.053 J , maintains a higher number of alive nodes throughout the simulation, and attains an average throughput of 28.62 packets per round. Furthermore, the protocol records superior network lifetime values of FND = 800 rounds, HND = 1150 rounds, and LND = 1340 rounds. These results demonstrate that HALBCRP effectively mitigates hotspot formation, balances network load, and significantly extends network lifetime compared with existing approaches. Okehie Baslem | Ikpaya D. Ikpaya | Onyeanusi Ugochukwu Chimobi | Tumba Drambi Yohanna | Ojukwu, P. N "A Hotspot-Aware Load-Balanced Clustering and Routing Protocol for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141929.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/141929/a-hotspotaware-loadbalanced-clustering-and-routing-protocol-for-energyefficient-wireless-sensor-networks/okehie-baslem

Dense, minimum cost urban housing dominates South Asian cities, and much of it performs poorly under thermal load. This paper synthesizes existing field study and engineering literature to quantify how heat enters low cost urban dwellings in India and to evaluate which passive cooling interventions produce measurable, reproducible indoor temperature reductions. Drawing on peer reviewed field trials, government reports, and simulation studies, the review finds that roof level interventions deliver the largest single point gains reflective coatings lower peak indoor temperature by roughly 1 5°C, and combined coating plus insulation retrofits achieve 6 13°C reductions over uninsulated metal sheeting. Wall material substitution and improved ventilation contribute smaller but meaningful gains, roughly 2 4°C and up to 3.9°C respectively, with ventilation also cutting discomfort hours by 22 78 . Findings are organized within a conduction convection radiation framework and weighed against cost accessibility for low income households. The central conclusion is that no single retrofit suffices alone the largest, most equitable gains come from layering a low cost reflective roof with a modest ventilation upgrade. Kabir Shah "Quantifying Thermal Leakage and Passive Cooling Efficiency in Low-Cost Urban Housing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142043.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/142043/quantifying-thermal-leakage-and-passive-cooling-efficiency-in-lowcost-urban-housing/kabir-shah

The world is urbanizing at a historic pace. By 2040, an estimated 70 of the global population will reside in urban environments, placing extraordinary pressure on infrastructure, governance, and natural resources. In response, the concept of the “smart city” has gained prominence as an urban development model that leverages information and communication technology ICT to enhance sustainability, efficiency, and quality of life. The evolution of smart cities is transforming how we live, work, and interact with urban environments. Central to this transformation of smart cities is building information modeling BIM . BIM is a digital methodology that creates a multidimensional, data rich representation of a building or infrastructure asset. It has evolved into a comprehensive knowledge management platform that supports the entire lifecycle of urban infrastructure from initial planning and design through construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning. This paper explores the transformative role of BIM in smart cities. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Building Information Modeling in Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141950.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/141950/building-information-modeling-in-smart-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Cities around the world face growing pressure to provide reliable transportation, energy, water, sanitation, healthcare, and public safety services while controlling costs and protecting the environment. Traditional urban systems often operate independently and react to problems only after they have become visible. The Internet of things IoT offers a more intelligent approach. IoT refers to networks of physical objects—such as sensors, meters, cameras, vehicles, and household devices—that collect information and communicate through the Internet. In a smart city, these connected devices create a continuous flow of data that helps public authorities understand urban conditions, coordinate services, and make informed decisions. When implemented responsibly, IoT can make cities more efficient, sustainable, safe, responsive, and comfortable places to live. This paper presents a comprehensive overview on the transformative role of IoT in smart cities. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Samuel A. Ajayi | Janet O. Sadiku "Internet of Things in Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/142054/internet-of-things-in-smart-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku

In todays rapidly evolving world, the emergence of smart cities has revolutionized the way urban areas are managed and developed. One of the key drivers behind the success of smart cities is the utilization of big data to enhance urban infrastructure and services. Big data refers not only to the size of these datasets but also to their speed, variety, and potential to reveal useful patterns through advanced analysis. It has become a central component of smart city development because it allows urban systems to be observed, analyzed, coordinated, and improved at unprecedented speed and scale. In a smart city, these capabilities allow leaders to understand urban conditions more accurately and respond more effectively. When supported by responsible governance, big data can improve decision making, increase the efficiency of public services, strengthen sustainability, stimulate innovation, and make cities safer and more responsive to citizens’ needs. This paper examines the transformative role of big data in shaping the future of smart cities. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Samuel A. Ajayi | Janet O. Sadiku "Big Data in Smart Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142055.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/142055/big-data-in-smart-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Food is an important and basic biological need of man. It is essential for life, growth and repair of the human body, regulation of body mechanisms and production of energy for work. The nutrition of people on a global level is of great concern today particularly in developing nations. A fair section of the population does not get enough food to eat and their diets are deficient in calories also, the children in the developing countries suffer from malnutrition Kasthuri Sundar Rao, 2023 . Prof. Dr. Ajeem Khan "A Study to Assess the Nutritional Status of Under-Fives Children in Selected Rural Area at Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141930.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141930/a-study-to-assess-the-nutritional-status-of-underfives-children-in-selected-rural-area-at-gwalior/prof-dr-ajeem-khan

Over the past century, focus of health has shifted to disease prevention, health promotion and wellness. Today, society is complex and ever changing. As children grow, they must learn not only to cope with the current demands but also to prepare for many unexpected events that they will face in their tomorrows. School age Children become more independent with age. This independence leads to an increased self confidence and decreased fears, which may contribute to accidents and injuries. Children are the gift to this world and hence it is the responsibility of the society to nurture and take care of them. Prof. Dr. Ajeem Khan | Ms. Sheetala Devi "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding First Aid and Safety Measures among Higher School Children in Selected School at Jhansi" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141931/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-selfinstructional-module-on-knowledge-regarding-first-aid-and-safety-measures-among-higher-school-children-in-selected-school-at-jhansi/prof-dr-ajeem-khan

Psychiatric nursing is the science and art of providing protective, therapeutic, supportive, physical and social care to the people too ill to be completely responsible for management for their own behavior. For clients in mental hospitals and other institutional settings, the psychiatric nurse is the primary health care provider and is in fact, a primary mental health care nurse. Ms. Sheetala Devi | Dr. Navish Kumar "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Legal Aspect of Human Rights of Mentally ill among 3rd Year B.Sc Nursing Students in Selected College in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141932.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141932/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-selfinstructional-module-on-knowledge-regarding-legal-aspect-of-human-rights-of-mentally-ill-among-3rd-year-bsc-nursing-students-in-selected-college-in-gwalior-madhya-pradesh/ms-sheetala-devi

Real estate development and management have traditionally been characterized by fragmented communication, cost overruns, and inefficiencies. However, the advent of building information modeling BIM has introduced a paradigm shift. BIM is not merely a software tool it is a holistic process involving the generation and management of digital representations of the physical and functional characteristics of built assets. At its core, BIM involves the generation and management of digital representations of physical places, embedding geometric data alongside rich metadata such as material specifications, cost estimations, and performance metrics. BIMs utility now extends throughout the entire lifecycle of a property, offering profound implications for real estate investors, developers, and facility managers. BIM has revolutionized the way buildings are designed, constructed, and managed. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of BIMs role in real estate. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Matthias Oteniya | Janet O. Sadiku "Building Information Modeling for Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141946.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141946/building-information-modeling-for-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

The real estate industry is standing on the precipice of a profound transformation. The integration of robotics and automation promises to revolutionize everything from property construction and maintenance to security and facility management. Real estate often depends on the practical work of constructing, inspecting, operating, and maintaining buildings. Robotics can improve each of these stages. The value of robotics lies not merely in automating a repetitive task. It also lies in generating dependable, timely information about a property. From the initial breaking of ground on construction sites to the ongoing management of properties and the final stages of the sales process, robots are becoming increasingly embedded into every facet of the real estate lifecycle. Used thoughtfully, robotics technologies can help real estate companies deliver projects more reliably, protect workers, manage properties more efficiently, and create more responsive buildings. This paper examines the applications, benefits, and challenges associated with the adoption of robotics across the real estate sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Robotics in Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141933.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141933/robotics-in-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Modern buildings are becoming smarter, and at the heart of this transformation lies the Building Management System BMS . In the contemporary commercial real estate landscape, the demand for operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and environmental sustainability has driven the widespread adoption of BMS. These interconnected networks of software and hardware serve as the central nervous system of modern properties. By integrating critical building services such as Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning HVAC , lighting, security, and fire safety a BMS enables centralized monitoring, real time data collection, and automated control. The advent of the Building Management System BMS has revolutionized facilities management by consolidating these disparate functions into a cohesive, intelligent platform. A BMS monitors, supervises, controls, and reports on smart building technology systems, allowing property managers to make data driven decisions that reduce costs and environmental impact. In this paper, we will demystify the fascinating world of building management systems in the real estate sector. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Matthias Oteniya | Janet O. Sadiku "Building Management Systems for Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141947.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141947/building-management-systems-for-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

This paper examines the current state, influencing factors, and regulatory strategies concerning professional anti counterfeiting activities in China. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical analysis, the study finds that although existing domestic and international research has made some progress in this area, several challenges remain. These include ambiguities in legal provisions—particularly the lack of detailed operational guidelines for frontline law enforcement and business operators—and an overemphasis on consumer protection that may inadvertently undermine the legitimate interests of businesses. The paper argues that an effective regulatory framework should not only block avenues for malicious claims but also facilitate the dissemination of legal knowledge and compliance support to small and medium sized enterprises SMEs . Such a dual approach would enable the system to achieve a more balanced equilibrium between consumer protection and the deterrence of profit driven abuse. This article innovatively proposes a multi dimensional identification framework for professional anti counterfeiting conduct, offers practical guidance for merchants to avoid being targeted, and provides concrete recommendations for improving existing regulations. It seeks to translate abstract legal norms and policy orientations into actionable measures. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary of findings and suggests directions for future research. Meng Yuxuan | Wang Jin "A Study on the Legal Regulation of Professional Anti-Counterfeiting Activities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142060.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/142060/a-study-on-the-legal-regulation-of-professional-anticounterfeiting-activities/meng-yuxuan

The adoption of drones has changed the way real estate is marketed, evaluated, developed, and managed. A drone can capture viewpoints and spatial information that are difficult, expensive, or unsafe to obtain from the ground. In real estate, this capability is useful not only for attractive photographs but also for practical tasks such as roof assessment, site analysis, documentation, and construction planning. Today, drones equipped with high definition cameras can effortlessly capture sweeping aerial photographs and cinematic video tours. These dynamic visuals allow potential buyers to see the full scope of a property, including its layout, landscaping, and proximity to neighboring amenities such as parks, schools, or bodies of water. When used responsibly, drones help professionals make properties easier to understand for buyers, investors, tenants, inspectors, and developers. This paper explores how drone technology can elevate your real estate marketing efforts. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Drones in Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141934.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141934/drones-in-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

This study examines the effects of the trilemma index on financial market development across thirty eight 38 African countries. The analysis is motivated by the increasing globalization of capital markets, which has encouraged many African economies to liberalize their financial systems in order to attract foreign investment and enhance market liquidity. The findings indicate that the interaction between monetary independence and exchange rate stability has a negative effect on both financial market depth and financial access in Africa. In addition, the interaction between monetary independence MI and financial openness significantly influences financial market access. Similarly, the combined effect of the financial openness index and exchange rate stability also has a significant impact on financial market access in African economies. The study concludes that financial openness is a key policy instrument for improving financial market access and efficiency across African markets. Muhire S. Ian | Prof. Dr. Vicente Cabatania Sinining "Evaluating the Effect of the Trilemma Index on Financial Market Efficiency and Access Across Africa" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141967.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/finance/141967/evaluating-the-effect-of-the-trilemma-index-on-financial-market-efficiency-and-access-across-africa/muhire-s-ian

Freshwater ponds Pokhar or Tal and floodplain wetlands Chaars and Mauns in the Gangetic plains of Bihar particularly across the central and eastern districts of Bhagalpur, Lakhisarai, Munger, and Khagaria serve as essential socio ecological lifelines. They regulate microclimates, recharge groundwater, support aquaculture, and act as critical biological hotspots for resident and migratory avifauna. However, rapid urbanization, agricultural runoff, heavy siltation, and untreated municipal sewage disposal have severely degraded these lentic ecosystems. This review synthesizes regional empirical research to present a comprehensive assessment of the hydrobiological profile, seasonal water quality dynamics, biodiversity status, and environmental stressors impacting the lentic systems in Bihar, with special emphasis on Bhagalpur and Lakhisarai districts. Water quality analysis across studied urban and peri urban ponds e.g., Shahjangi, Bhairwa, Jichho, and Purandaha consistently indicates shifting trophic states from mesotrophic to hyper eutrophic, driven by elevated Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD , high Total Dissolved Solids TDS , and nutrient loading and Planktonic assemblages reveal a pronounced dominance of pollution tolerant taxa, notably rotifers Brachionus spp. and cyanobacteria. To arrest habitat fragmentation and loss of aquatic biodiversity, an integrated conservation strategy incorporating nature based eco restoration, community led management, and enforcement of the Wetlands Conservation and Management Rules is urgently required. Dr. Priyama Kumari "Limnological Profile, Ecological Health, and Anthropogenic Stressors of Freshwater Ponds and Wetlands in the Gangetic Plains of Bihar: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/142062/limnological-profile-ecological-health-and-anthropogenic-stressors-of-freshwater-ponds-and-wetlands-in-the-gangetic-plains-of-bihar-a-review/dr-priyama-kumari

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and a leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Early detection through breast self examination BSE can improve treatment outcomes and reduce mortality. However, inadequate knowledge regarding BSE remains a significant barrier, particularly among young women and nursing students. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme STP on knowledge regarding breast self examination among first year ANM students at Kalawati Nursing and Paramedical Institute, Kasganj, Uttar Pradesh. A quantitative pre experimental one group pre test and post test research design was adopted. Fifty first year ANM students were selected using a non probability purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a self structured questionnaire consisting of demographic variables and 20 knowledge based questions on BSE. Following the pre test, a structured teaching programme was administered, and a post test was conducted to assess changes in knowledge. The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in knowledge following the structured teaching programme. Before the intervention, 54 of students had inadequate knowledge, 36 had moderate knowledge, and only 10 had adequate knowledge. After the intervention, none of the students had inadequate knowledge, while 28 had moderate knowledge and 72 achieved adequate knowledge. The mean knowledge score increased from 9.64±4.12 to 15.84±2.28, indicating the effectiveness of the teaching programme. Significant associations were observed between post test knowledge scores and area of residence, type of family, and history of breast cancer, whereas age, marital status, and source of information showed no significant association. The study concludes that structured teaching programmes are effective in enhancing knowledge regarding breast self examination among ANM students and should be integrated into nursing education to promote early detection and community awareness of breast cancer. Dr. Darjilin Kanmoni | Mrs. Veena Singh | Abhishek Kumar | Anjali Singh | Bhavna Yadav | Anand Singh | Ankit Kumar | Mahak | Neha Rajput | Jyoti Yadav | Aditya Sharma "A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Breast Self-Examination Among First-Year ANM Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/142061/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-a-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-breast-selfexamination-among-firstyear-anm-students/dr-darjilin-kanmoni

Technology enabled logistics is increasingly recognized as a catalyst for trade competitiveness, especially within the African Continental Free Trade Area AfCFTA framework. This paper investigates the role of technology driven logistics in facilitating Rwanda’s participation in regional and international trade, drawing on empirical findings from the Adventist Development and Relief Agency ADRA , Rwanda. Results indicate a strong reliance on basic technologies in warehouse management and tracking, with 100 of respondents using barcode scanners as the primary tool. By contrast advanced systems remain underutilized. As highlighted, 83.33 of respondents reported minimal use of RFID, 88.89 reported minimal use of GPS enabled tracking, and 60.19 reported minimal use of cloud based inventory management. In planning and forecasting, predictive analytics is the most widely adopted as indicated by 88.89 , but transformative solutions like blockchain, IoT, and big data analytics remain largely untapped. Fulfilment and distribution processes showed moderate use of Transport Management Systems 76.85 , real time tracking with IoT 71.30 , and mobile technologies 77.78 , whereas robotics, automation, and drone deliveries were scarcely used. The analysis further identifies high investment and implementation costs with 86.11 ranking it as the top barrier. Budget constraints, and integration challenges were identified as critical obstacles to wider technology adoption, while regulatory constraints and data security concerns were not tapped as significant. By connecting these operational realities to Rwanda’s trade ambitions, the study underscores how limited adoption of advanced logistics technologies constrains trade efficiency and market integration under AfCFTA. The paper concludes that addressing cost barriers, enhancing digital infrastructure, and fostering interoperability across African markets are essential steps to enhance Rwanda’s trade competitiveness and fully realize the benefits of regional and international trade. Jean Nyirigira | Prof. Dr. Vicente Cabatania Sinining "Leveraging Technology-Driven Logistics for Digital Trade Efficiency in RWANDA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141935.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/141935/leveraging-technologydriven-logistics-for-digital-trade-efficiency-in-rwanda/jean-nyirigira

This study aimed to examine the applications of space science and technology in healthcare development in society. The study adopted a review research method by examining recent journal articles, conference papers, empirical studies, and technical reports. The review showed that some of the applications of space science and technology in healthcare development are telemedicine via satellite communication, satellite based disease mapping, GNSS for emergency response and ambulance tracking, satellite monitoring of air quality and Ultraviolet UV radiation, water quality and sanitation monitoring from space, satellite weather forecasting for healthcare planning, and satellite communication for health education and public awareness. The study further revealed that integrating satellite communication, Earth observation, and navigation technologies into healthcare systems enhances decision making, strengthens disaster preparedness, supports disease prevention, and promotes equitable access to quality healthcare. The study concludes that continued investment in space based healthcare technologies and supportive policies is essential for sustainable healthcare development and improved health outcomes in society. Sofia Suleiman Hussein | Hauwa-Kulu Saidu A. | Nambam Haggai Gutap | Saudah Abubakar | Ameh Rabi Iye | Abegunde Linda Olukemi | Abubakar Umar Gachi "A Study of the Applications of Space Science and Technology in Healthcare Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141937.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141937/a-study-of-the-applications-of-space-science-and-technology-in-healthcare-development/sofia-suleiman-hussein

Amid the convergence of digitalization and population aging, the number of elderly internet users has surged, leading to frequent incidents of online fraud and data breaches that infringe upon their digital rights. Existing legal services for seniors in this context suffer from shortcomings such as lack of professionalism, poor adaptability to elderly needs, fragmented approaches, and difficulty in sustained implementation, failing to meet their specific protection requirements. Building on the Silver Hair Digital Legal Protection Initiative and drawing on research and practical experience, this study explores pathways for university law clubs to collaborate with communities in delivering age friendly digital legal services. It proposes establishing a comprehensive, age specific legal service system encompassing preventive measures, mid process consultation, and post event rights protection, along with designing a sustainable operational mechanism featuring public welfare benefits low cost value added services multi party support. Research confirms that university participation offers distinct advantages in terms of expertise, cost efficiency, and feasibility, effectively addressing existing service gaps and enhancing elderly digital security. This study establishes a low cost, easily scalable model for university based public legal services, providing actionable guidance for grassroots efforts in safeguarding seniors digital rights. Wang Shuoqi | Deng Jiatong | Miherai Molitudi | Marhaba Aihaiti | Deqing Zhuoma "Research on the Silver-Haired Digital Legal Framework Supporting Public Welfare Models in Universities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/142076/research-on-the-silverhaired-digital-legal-framework-supporting-public-welfare-models-in-universities/wang-shuoqi

Festival economies represent important yet understudied sites of informal employment in developing countries. This paper examines the nature and extent of livelihood precarity among workers engaged in festival based economic activities, using the case of Ganesh Utsav in Mumbai. Drawing on primary survey data from 132 respondents across occupational categories such as vendors, artisans, wage workers, and service providers, the study analyses patterns of income instability, financial vulnerability, and coping behaviour. The paper develops a composite Livelihood Challenge Index LCI to capture the multidimensional nature of precarity, incorporating indicators of income insufficiency, employment instability, financial stress, and lack of social protection. The findings reveal that a majority of workers experience moderate to high levels of livelihood precarity, reflecting the episodic and discontinuous nature of festival based employment. Income gaps between festival and non festival periods emerge as a key driver of vulnerability, with statistically significant associations observed between income instability and livelihood challenges. Borrowing behaviour further reflects attempts at consumption smoothing, while also indicating constraints in access to stable financial resources. The analysis highlights significant occupational differences, with wage workers, artisans, and small scale entrepreneurs facing disproportionately higher levels of precarity. Overall, the findings suggest that festival economies function as episodic labour markets that generate short term employment opportunities while reinforcing structural conditions of economic insecurity. The paper contributes to the literature on informal labour markets by providing a micro level, multidimensional assessment of livelihood precarity and by introducing a composite index for its measurement. From a policy perspective, the study underscores the need to move beyond employment generation towards enhancing income stability, financial inclusion, and social protection for informal workers engaged in seasonal and event driven economic activities. Dr. Rashmi Aggarwal "Festival Economies as Episodic Labour Markets: Evidence on Livelihood Precarity from Ganesh Utsav in Mumbai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142070.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/142070/festival-economies-as-episodic-labour-markets-evidence-on-livelihood-precarity-from-ganesh-utsav-in-mumbai/dr-rashmi-aggarwal

Artificial ripening of fruits has become a common practice in many developing countries to satisfy the increasing market demand and reduce post harvest losses. Among various artificial ripening agents, calcium carbide CaC2 has been widely used because of its low cost, easy availability, and rapid ripening ability. When calcium carbide comes into contact with moisture, it produces acetylene gas, which acts similarly to ethylene by accelerating the ripening process. However, commercial calcium carbide often contains hazardous impurities such as arsenic and phosphine, making its use a serious public health concern. Consumption of calcium carbide ripened fruits has been associated with several adverse health effects, including irritation of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory complications, neurological symptoms, hepatic and renal dysfunction, reproductive toxicity, and potential carcinogenic risks. In addition to its direct effects on consumers, calcium carbide also adversely affects the nutritional quality, flavor, texture, aroma, and shelf life of fruits. Due to these health hazards, the use of calcium carbide for artificial fruit ripening has been prohibited in many countries, including India under the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India FSSAI . Safer alternatives such as controlled ethylene ripening have been recommended for commercial fruit production. This review summarizes the chemistry of calcium carbide, mechanisms of artificial fruit ripening, toxicological effects on human health, impact on fruit quality, detection methods, current regulations, and safer alternatives. The review also highlights existing knowledge gaps and future research directions for improving food safety and protecting public health. Raj Laxmi Kumari | Prof. A. K. Thakur "Harmful Effects of Calcium Carbide-Ripened Fruits on Human Health: A Comprehensive Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141938.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/141938/harmful-effects-of-calcium-carbideripened-fruits-on-human-health-a-comprehensive-review/raj-laxmi-kumari

This study focuses on the detection of vadose zones by the electrical method in the province of Tanganyika, territory of Kongolo, sector of Baluba, specifically in the villages of Léya 1, Léya 2 and Léya 3. In this context marked by recurring difficulties in accessing drinking water, geophysical prospecting appears as a relevant tool to identify geological formations favorable or unfavorable to the installation of boreholes. The method used is based on measuring the apparent electrical resistivity of the subsoil using the Schlumberger array, with an IRIS SYSCAL type georesistivity meter. The data analyzed come from vertical electrical soundings and resistivity profiles carried out at several points in the three villages studied. The interpretation of the results made it possible to distinguish different geoelectric layers corresponding in particular to sandy clays, clays, weathered material, fractured zones of the granite bedrock, and sound bedrock. The results show that unsaturated zones vadose zones are located at varying depths depending on the site. At Léya 1, they generally extend between 0 and 9.36 m, 0 and 17 m, and 0 and 31 m, according to the boreholes. At Léya 2, they are located between 0 and 10 m and 0 and 17 m. At Léya 3, they are identified between 0 and 11 m, 0 and 22 m, and 0 and 15 m. The potentially aquifer horizons are mainly associated with weathered rocks and fractured zones of the basement, and sometimes with alluvium. The study thus confirms that the electrical resistivity method is an effective way to characterize unsaturated surface layers, locate potentially aquiferous zones, and guide the selection of drilling sites. Consequently, siting recommendations have been proposed, including a preferential drilling depth of 40 m at Léya 2 and 30 m at Léya 3, subject to confirmation by the geological conditions observed during the drilling. Lupaya Elysee Omar | Bondo Muteba Patrice | Ngindu David | Tondozi Keto François | Ongona Apema Francois | Kamphan Ngala Narcisse "Detection of Vadose Zones by the Electrical Method; Case of Tanganyika Province, Kongolo Territory, Baluba Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142078.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/astrophysics/142078/detection-of-vadose-zones-by-the-electrical-method-case-of-tanganyika-province-kongolo-territory-baluba-sector/lupaya-elysee-omar

Rapid urbanization, changing consumption patterns, and operational constraints are increasing the complexity of municipal solid waste management. This paper proposes an end to end artificial intelligence framework that links three decisions that are commonly addressed in isolation short and medium term waste generation forecasting, automated material segregation, and dynamic collection route optimization. The conceptual architecture combines heterogeneous urban data, Internet of Things bin telemetry, weather and calendar variables, computer vision at transfer or material recovery facilities, and a capacitated vehicle routing engine. Long short term memory and gradient boosting models are proposed for temporal demand forecasting a lightweight object detector and classifier are proposed for recognizing recyclable, organic, hazardous, and residual fractions and a forecast aware capacitated vehicle routing formulation is proposed for fleet scheduling. A shared data and governance layer enable uncertainty propagation, human override, drift monitoring, and feedback based retraining. Because this is a conceptual framework paper, no unverified performance claims are reported. Instead, the paper defines testable hypotheses, mathematical objectives, public benchmark options, operational metrics, and a staged deployment protocol. The framework is intended to support municipalities in reducing overflow, unnecessary trips, sorting contamination, fuel use, and service inequality while preserving transparency, worker safety, and institutional accountability. Pragya Mishra | Dr. Arun Kumar Patel | Dr. Vibha Joshi "AI-Driven Smart Urban Solid Waste Management: Waste Forecasting, Automated Segregation and Collection Route Optimization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141939.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/141939/aidriven-smart-urban-solid-waste-management-waste-forecasting-automated-segregation-and-collection-route-optimization/pragya-mishra

This research aimed to determine the relationship between reading motivation and reading comprehension among Grade 6 learners of Sto. Niño Dela Paz Elementary School, Loon South District, Division of Bohol during the School Year 2025–2026, as basis for reading exercises. Using a descriptive correlational design, the study gathered data through a survey questionnaire covering the learners’ profile, their level of intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation, and their comprehension skills in identifying main ideas, supporting details, making inferences, predicting outcomes, and using context clues. Frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r were used to analyze the data. Results showed that learners had a generally moderate level of reading motivation, with high motivation observed in persistence and challenge enjoyment but lower motivation in adventure and mystery reading. Their reading comprehension skills also varied across different areas. A significant relationship was found between reading motivation and reading comprehension, indicating that more motivated learners tend to comprehend better. Based on these findings, a set of Reading Exercises was developed to help strengthen both motivation and comprehension, focusing on engaging genres, interactive tasks, and skill building activities suited for Grade 6 learners. Karen P. Moria | Rufino T. Tudlasan, Jr. "Towards Facilitating the Motivation and Comprehension-Based Reading Exercises for Grade 6" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141940.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141940/towards-facilitating-the-motivation-and-comprehensionbased-reading-exercises-for-grade-6/karen-p-moria

Diabetes is a complicated metabolic condition that can cause several cardiovascular and neurological problems. A quantitative approach and quasi experimental design was adopted to assess the effectiveness of video assisted Programme on knowledge and practice regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus among the police personnel at selected police station of district Amritsar, Punjab. Total sample were 60 police personnel 30 for control and 30 for Experimental group . Sample was collected by using purposive sampling technique. The main study was conducted at selected police station of district Amritsar, Punjab. Socio demographic variables and self structured knowledge questionnaire tool were selected for data collection. In pretest knowledge, most 11 36.67 of police personnel had very poor knowledge regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in experimental group whereas most 11 36.67 of police personnel had very good knowledge regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in control group. In pretest practice, majority 13 43.33 of police personnel had below average practice regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, maximum 15 50.00 of police personnel had below average practice regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus. In posttest knowledge, most 36.67 of police personnel had very good knowledge regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in experimental group whereas most 11 36.67 of police personnel had very poor knowledge regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in control group. In post test practice, majority 43.33 of police personnel had good practice regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, maximum 53.33 of police personnel had below average practice regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus. Comparison of the pre test and post test knowledge regarding prevention of diabetes mellitus among police personnel in experimental and control groups. It showed that in pre test mean knowledge score was 16.6±9.2 and post test mean knowledge score was 22.1±8.9 which was calculated by t test and value was 5.73 which was highly statistically significant at level p 0.01. In control group, in pre test mean knowledge score was 14.5±7.8 and post test mean knowledge score was 14.2±7.6 which was calculated by t test and value was 5.73 which was not statistically significant at level p 0.05. Hence, it can be that video assisted programme was effective in increasing the knowledge regarding prevention and control of diabetes mellitus among police personnel. So, the null hypothesis was rejected at p 0.05. Kaur Sumanpreet | Kaur Harjinderpal | Kaur Arpandeep "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Programme on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Prevention & Control of Diabetes Mellitus among the Police Personnel at Selected Police Station" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141941.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141941/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-video-assisted-programme-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-prevention-and-control-of-diabetes-mellitus-among-the-police-personnel-at-selected-police-station/kaur-sumanpreet

Bisphenol A BPA, chemical name 4,4 dihydroxy 2,2 diphenyl propane and its chemical formula C15H16O2 is a synthetic chemical extensively used in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonated plastics, feeding and water bottles, food containers, toys, dental devices etc. The widespread use of BPA in consumer products raises major concerns about its potential impact on human health. This study was conducted to examine the impacts of BPA on body weight and hematological parameters RBC, WBC, Hb in male Mus musculus. For performing this research study healthy adult Swiss albino mice were taken in 4 groups control, vehicle, low dose BPA and high dose BPA . Mice were given daily oral doses of BPA at 55 mg kg low dose and 110 mg kg high dose of body weight for 28 days. At the end of dosing, blood samples were collected and analyzed for the above study. The results suggest that BPA exposure led to notable alterations in body weight, likely due to its effects on metabolism and endocrine disruption. BPA exposure causes hematotoxicity, including alterations in RBC count, WBC count, and hemoglobin levels. These findings highlight the harmful impacts of BPA on mammalian health and point out the importance of further research to examine its prolonged risks. Padmaja Kumari | Prof. Ashok Kumar Thakur "Effects of Bisphenol A on Body Weight and Hematological Parameters of Mus musculus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142081.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/142081/effects-of-bisphenol-a-on-body-weight-and-hematological-parameters-of-mus-musculus/padmaja-kumari

Balochistan has become one of the most important geopolitical regions in South Asia because of its strategic location, vast natural resources, and access to the Arabian Sea. It connects South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, making it important for trade, energy, and security. The province is also central to the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor CPEC , which has increased the interest of regional and global powers. At the same time, the long running Baloch insurgency has created serious security challenges for Pakistan and raised concerns about regional stability. This study examines the geopolitical importance of Balochistan by analysing the interests of Pakistan, China, India, Iran, Afghanistan, and the United States. It also explores how internal conflict, cross border security issues, resource competition, and great power rivalry shape developments in the region. The article uses qualitative research based on secondary sources, including academic literature, policy reports, and official documents. The study finds that Balochistan is not only a domestic security issue for Pakistan but also a key strategic space influencing Indo Pacific politics, regional connectivity, maritime security, and economic competition. The paper argues that a lasting solution requires political dialogue, inclusive development, better governance, and regional cooperation rather than relying only on military measures. Dr. Vishnu Prakash Mangu "The Geopolitics of Balochistan: Regional Power Competition and Security Implications in South Asia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141942.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141942/the-geopolitics-of-balochistan-regional-power-competition-and-security-implications-in-south-asia/dr-vishnu-prakash-mangu

Complementary feeding is defined as the process of introducing solid or semi solid foods and liquids alongside breast milk when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the infants nutritional requirements, typically beginning around six months of age. Globally and nationally, appropriate complementary feeding is crucial for optimal physical growth, cognitive development, and the prevention of childhood malnutrition. Despite established international and national guidelines, significant gaps persist in maternal knowledge and practices in rural India, contributing markedly to high prevalences of stunting, wasting, and underweight. This descriptive study was undertaken to assess the knowledge regarding complementary feeding among mothers of children aged 6 to 24 months in the selected rural area of Nagla Subhan, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. A quantitative research approach and a descriptive research design were adopted for the study. A convenient sampling technique was employed to select 60 mothers meeting the inclusion criteria. Data collection was executed using a structured knowledge questionnaire divided into Section A Demographic variables and Section B Knowledge based questions regarding complementary feeding . The findings revealed that out of 60 mothers, 25 41.66 possessed good knowledge, 24 40 had average knowledge, and 11 18.33 had poor knowledge regarding complementary feeding. The overall mean knowledge score was 12.133 with a median of 13 and a standard deviation of 4.08 range score 16 . Chi square test analysis indicated no statistically significant association between knowledge levels and selected demographic variables such as maternal age, education, occupation, family income, religion, and family type p 0.05 , with the exception of the number of children, where mothers with multiple children demonstrated significantly higher knowledge scores p 0.05 . The study concludes that while rural mothers possess moderate to good baseline awareness, structured educational programs and regular community health nursing interventions are vital to bridge existing gaps in dietary diversity, food consistency, and hygiene practices. Mrs. Sony Verma | Mrs. Monika Bhushan | Mr. Himanshu Kumar "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Complementary Feeding in Children among the Mothers in Selected Rural Area of District Etawah, U.P." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141943/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-regarding-complementary-feeding-in-children-among-the-mothers-in-selected-rural-area-of-district-etawah-up/mrs-sony-verma

The popularization of autonomous driving technology has reshaped the operation mode of road traffic. Nevertheless, emerging risks arising from algorithm failures, hardware malfunctions, cyber threats and other technical defects have exerted severe impacts on China’s traditional motor vehicle insurance regime and relevant legal systems. At present, China lacks top level national legislation governing autonomous driving and dedicated insurance rules for autonomous vehicles, while the traditional insurance system demonstrates poor adaptability to new scenarios, giving rise to numerous challenges including ambiguous liability boundaries, inconsistent judicial adjudication standards and backward claim settlement mechanisms. Based on differentiated risks corresponding to Level 2 to Level 4 autonomous driving, this paper adopts normative analysis, case analysis and comparative research methods, draws on advanced institutional experiences from foreign jurisdictions, and innovatively constructs a three tiered insurance mechanism integrating basic protection, commercial supplementary coverage and subrogation and loss allocation. Breaking the research limitation of the traditional human liability oriented paradigm, this study can provide theoretical and practical references for improving China’s autonomous driving insurance system, innovating insurance products and realizing standardized industrial development. Gulisong Aishan | Lv Jiani | Li Yangyue | Li Wenling "Research on Insurance Issues of Traffic Accidents Involving Autonomous Vehicles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/142107/research-on-insurance-issues-of-traffic-accidents-involving-autonomous-vehicles/gulisong-aishan

Earthquakes represent one of the most destructive natural hazards affecting human societies and the built environment. Throughout history, seismic events have caused extensive damage to buildings, bridges, transportation systems, utility networks, and other critical infrastructure, resulting in significant economic losses and human casualties. With rapid urbanization and increasing population concentrations in metropolitan regions, the vulnerability of urban infrastructure to seismic hazards has become a major concern for engineers, urban planners, policymakers, and disaster management authorities worldwide. In developing countries such as India, the challenge is particularly significant. A substantial proportion of existing urban infrastructure was constructed before the implementation of modern seismic design standards and earthquake resistant construction practices. Many buildings currently in service were designed using outdated codes or were constructed without adequate consideration of seismic forces. Consequently, these structures often possess insufficient lateral load resistance, inadequate ductility, and limited energy dissipation capacity, making them highly susceptible to earthquake induced damage. Urban infrastructure encompasses a diverse range of structural systems, including residential buildings, commercial complexes, hospitals, educational institutions, transportation facilities, bridges, public utilities, and administrative buildings. The failure of such structures during an earthquake can have far reaching consequences beyond physical damage alone. Structural collapse may interrupt essential services, hinder emergency response operations, disrupt economic activities, and compromise public safety. Therefore, enhancing the seismic resilience of existing infrastructure has become an essential component of sustainable urban development. Recent advances in material science have introduced innovative strengthening materials known as Fiber Reinforced Polymer FRP composites. Among these, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer CFRP and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer GFRP have gained considerable attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties, including high tensile strength, excellent strength to weight ratios, corrosion resistance, fatigue durability, and ease of installation. Unlike traditional strengthening methods, FRP systems provide substantial improvements in structural capacity while adding minimal weight to the structure. These characteristics make advanced composite materials particularly suitable for seismic retrofitting applications in densely populated urban environments. Anju | Er. Janardhan Tiwari "Integrated Approach to Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Urban Infrastructure using Advanced Composite Materials and Smart Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141944.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/141944/integrated-approach-to-seismic-retrofitting-of-existing-urban-infrastructure-using-advanced-composite-materials-and-smart-sensor-networks/anju

Purpose This study evaluates the contribution of mining establishments to community development through Corporate Social Responsibility CSR initiatives, with a focus on education, healthcare, tree plantation, and water conservation in Rajsamand district, Rajasthan. Rationale Following the establishment of the Rajsamand District Mineral Foundation Trust RDMFT in 2016 under the Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation Act, 1957, mining companies are required to contribute 30 or 10 of royalty to the District Mineral Foundation DMF . Major mining companies, including R.K. Marble Pvt. Ltd. and Vedanta Hindustan Zinc Limited, Dariba Complex, have played a significant role in supporting local development. Methodology The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through field visits, stakeholder interactions, and personal interviews, while secondary data were obtained from company websites, annual reports, and published documents. The research assesses CSR initiatives implemented by mining establishments in the study area. Results The findings reveal that mining establishments have made substantial contributions to community welfare, particularly in education, healthcare, afforestation, and water conservation. These initiatives have positively influenced the socio economic and environmental conditions of local communities, demonstrating the significant role of the mining industry in promoting sustainable regional development. Rubi Kumari "Community Development by Mining Establishment under the aegis of Corporate Social Responsibility in the nearby Villages: A Study of Rajsamand District in Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141945.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/141945/community-development-by-mining-establishment-under-the-aegis-of-corporate-social-responsibility-in-the-nearby-villages-a-study-of-rajsamand-district-in-rajasthan/rubi-kumari

In the context of the digital economy and industrial digital transformation, the circulation industry continues to see escalating demand for big data–oriented, multidisciplinary talents. Consequently, the development of interdisciplinary faculty teams has become a key support for enhancing the quality of talent cultivation in new engineering programs. This paper takes the big data education team at Beijing University of Commerce as a case study. Grounded in the university’s distinctive features in circulation related education, and centered on the core construction philosophy of “integration of science and education with tiered collaborative efforts,” the paper analyzes the team’s organizational structure from three dimensions personnel echelon, academic background composition, and functional positioning. It systematically elaborates on four operational mechanisms mentorship and knowledge transfer by renowned scholars, bidirectional integration of teaching and research, co creation of interdisciplinary courses, and the integration of industry and competitions into education. The team’s development not only empowers undergraduate talent cultivation but also supports the development of advanced graduate courses and fosters students’ innovation capabilities, thus forming an integrated undergraduate and graduate education framework. By drawing on practical achievements across multiple dimensions including faculty development, curriculum design, student scientific and technological innovation, and employment and further education this paper summarizes the construction path and experiences of big data education teams at local universities specializing in circulation related fields. The study shows that a well organized age and discipline echelon is the foundation for the team’s sustainable development the integration of science and education is crucial for enhancing the depth and quality of teaching and industry specific characteristics are the core driving force behind the differentiated development of local institutions. These insights can serve as practical references for similar institutions seeking to build interdisciplinary teaching teams. Ju Hongmei | Jiang Tao | Qi Fenghua "Integration of Science and Education-Team Building and Educational Outcomes of a Specialized Big Data Talent Development Team in Logistics: A Case Study of Beijing Wuzi University" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142084.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/142084/integration-of-science-and-educationteam-building-and-educational-outcomes-of-a-specialized-big-data-talent-development-team-in-logistics-a-case-study-of-beijing-wuzi-university/ju-hongmei

In the context of the digital economy, the revenue sources of internet enterprises have become increasingly diversified, with transaction structures and performance methods growing more complex. The traditional revenue recognition model centered on the transfer of risks and rewards faces challenges such as blurred applicability boundaries and insufficient comparability of accounting information. Chinas revised Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises No. 14 Revenue, issued in 2017, establishes a five step revenue recognition model based on the transfer of control, which has profoundly affected the revenue recognition practices of internet enterprises. Focusing on three typical business models online games, e commerce, and Software as a Service SaaS this study analyzes the differential applicability of the new revenue standard and its financial impact, drawing on case studies of Perfect World, JD.com, and Weimob Group. The findings reveal significant differences among the three business models in key areas including performance obligation identification, gross versus net method determination, and variable consideration measurement. The implementation of the standard affects the structure of enterprises balance sheets and income statements through items such as contract liabilities and contract acquisition costs. Based on these findings, this paper proposes optimization suggestions from four dimensions internal control, business finance integration, industry guidance, and regulatory coordination. Xu Yang | Xia Ruixi "Research on the Financial Impact and Optimization Path of Revenue Recognition for Internet Enterprises" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142125.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/142125/research-on-the-financial-impact-and-optimization-path-of-revenue-recognition-for-internet-enterprises/xu-yang

Logistics and freight transport remain one of the largest and fastest growing sources of carbon emissions in global supply chains, which has pushed environmental sustainability to the centre of logistics and supply chain management research. At the same time, the diffusion of digital technologies including the Internet of Things IoT , big data analytics, artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing and digital twins is reshaping how firms plan, execute and monitor logistics activities. This paper examines how digitalization contributes to green logistics and sustainable supply chain management SSCM and, through this pathway, to environmental and operational performance. Using a structured narrative literature review of peer reviewed studies published mainly between 2018 and 2025, together with secondary statistical data drawn from the International Energy Agency, Statista, the World Economic Forum and Our World in Data, the study develops a conceptual framework that links digital enablers to green logistics practices, contextual moderators and dual performance outcomes. The synthesis shows that digitalization improves environmental performance chiefly through route and load optimisation, real time emissions visibility, predictive maintenance and closed loop reverse logistics, while operational gains stem from lower transaction costs, greater agility and improved delivery reliability. The relationship is not automatic, however it is conditioned by regulatory pressure, organisational digital readiness, firm size and industry context. The paper concludes with managerial and policy implications for accelerating a digitally enabled, low carbon logistics transition, and identifies avenues for future empirical research. Suryakant Chelkar | Dr. Praveen Kumar "Green Logistics and Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Examining the Role of Digitalization in Achieving Environmental and Operational Performance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/operations-management/141948/green-logistics-and-sustainable-supply-chain-management-examining-the-role-of-digitalization-in-achieving-environmental-and-operational-performance/suryakant-chelkar

In the context of global financial digital transformation, RPA has become a core technological tool for enhancing the efficiency of financial shared service centers. The distribution industry features a high degree of document standardization, making it naturally well suited for RPA applications. However, small and medium sized circulation enterprises generally face practical challenges such as difficulty in quantifying implementation results and inefficient human machine collaboration. This paper takes accounts payable and expense reimbursement two key processes as its research objects, constructing a three dimensional quantitative evaluation system encompassing “efficiency, error rate, and cost.” By employing paired sample tests and multi case empirical methods, we measure the application effects at specific process nodes and propose a lightweight human machine collaboration solution tailored to small and medium sized FSSCs. The study shows that RPA can boost process handling efficiency by more than 70 , reduce standardized operation error rates by around 90 , and cut direct labor costs by over 35 . Clearly defining the boundaries of human and machine responsibilities and establishing closed loop integration mechanisms are essential prerequisites for fully unlocking the value of this technology. This research fills a gap in the quantitative study of RPA applications in specific financial processes within the distribution industry, providing reusable theoretical and practical references for small and medium sized circulation enterprises seeking to promote financial digital transformation at low cost. Yan Junhua "Research on the Application of RPA Robots in Financial Shared Service Centers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd133321.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/133321/research-on-the-application-of-rpa-robots-in-financial-shared-service-centers/yan-junhua

Background Bio medical waste is a comprehensive term that encompasses human anatomical materials, animal remains, microbiological waste, sharps, expired or discarded medications including cytotoxic drugs, as well as solid, liquid, and chemical waste. Aim The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching program on the knowledge and practice of health workers concerning various aspects of biomedical waste management. Method A pre experimental study to assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme knowledge and Practice regarding Bio medical waste management among health workers in selected health centers of District Amritsar, Punjab. Pre experimental research with two group pre test, post test design was used. Sample size and Sampling Technique Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 60 Health workers. Structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge regarding oral hygiene among school children. Self structured Teaching Programmed was given to after conducting the pre test. The post test was taken after 7 days. Result and conclusion The present study concluded that in pre test results showed that majority, 41 68.3 , health workers had average knowledge regarding aspects of Bio medical waste management, while majority 31 51.7 health workers had inadequate practice regarding aspects of Bio medical waste management. Whereas in post test outcomes showed that maximum 52 86.7 of health workers had good knowledge regarding aspects of Bio medical waste management and maximum 55 91.7 health workers had adequate practice regarding aspects of Bio medical waste management. It showed that post test mean knowledge score 24.53±2.37 was higher than pre test mean score 12.58±3.27, with mean difference of 11.95, with calculated t=21.68 at df=59, p=0.001, has been greatly significant. Findings on practice revealed that post test mean practice score 18.66±2.89 was higher than pre test mean score 13.70±2.59, with mean difference of 4.96, with calculated t=11.30 at df=59, p=0.001 was highly significant. Hence, it is concluded that planned teaching programme has been effective in improving both knowledge alongside practices of health workers concerning selected aspects of biomedical waste management. Priya | Kaur Harjinderpal | Kaur Arpandeep "A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Aspects of Bio-Medical Waste Management among Health Workers in Selected Health Centres" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141949.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141949/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-aspects-of-biomedical-waste-management-among-health-workers-in-selected-health-centres/priya

Building information modeling BIM has become a significant area of endeavor in the architecture, engineering and construction AEC industry that has transcended all disciplines. It is an intelligent, 3D model based process that equips architecture, engineering, and construction professionals with the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure. It has revolutionized civil engineering by offering an intelligent platform that integrates all project aspects into a virtual model. In civil engineering, the scale, complexity, and linear nature of projects such as highways, railways, and bridges present unique challenges that traditional 2D drafting and fragmented project management struggle to address. BIM serves as a centralized, collaborative platform that bridges the gap between disparate disciplines, facilitating enhanced decision making, risk mitigation, and lifecycle management. This paper explores the foundational principles of BIM and its effects on civil engineering practices. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Building Information Modeling in Civil Engineering" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/141951/building-information-modeling-in-civil-engineering/matthew-n-o-sadiku

In the digital age, due to characteristics such as the personalized nature of algorithmic recommendations, the diverse nature of content disseminated, and the covert and complex nature of harmful content, various forms of harmful information frequently skirt the line and quietly infiltrate the lives of minors, poisoning their minds. Current regulations place heavy emphasis on controlling content at the source, while overlooking the multidimensional, underlying causes of minors exposure to harmful information. Therefore, by conducting in depth analyses through methods such as questionnaire surveys and case studies of the current state and root causes of harm caused by harmful short video content to minors, we can establish a source based governance approach that combines restrictions with guidance. Rather than simply building high walls, we must foster multi stakeholder collaboration to safeguard the healthy growth of minors. Dingqi Guo | Yixuan Niu | Chaoyue Mo | Chunyu Xiao "A Study on the Causes and Sources of Minors Exposure to Harmful Information in Short Videos in the Digital Age and Pathways for Legal Regulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/142145/a-study-on-the-causes-and-sources-of-minors-exposure-to-harmful-information-in-short-videos-in-the-digital-age-and-pathways-for-legal-regulation/dingqi-guo

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS technology has served as the structural backbone of the semiconductor industry for more than five decades, evolving from micrometer scale planar transistors to sub 2 nanometer three dimensional architectures. This review synthesizes the trajectory of CMOS scaling across all major technology nodes, beginning with the empirical foundations laid by Moores Law and Dennards constant field scaling theory, and progressing through the strain engineered, high k metal gate planar transistors of the 90 32 nm era, the tri gate FinFET architectures that dominated the 22 7 nm nodes, and the gate all around GAA nanosheet and nanowire transistors now enabling the 5 2 nm regime. Particular attention is given to the enabling role of extreme ultraviolet EUV lithography, the persistent challenge of leakage power following the breakdown of Dennard scaling, and emerging post CMOS strategies including complementary field effect transistors CFETs , monolithic 3D integration, and two dimensional 2D channel materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides. By critically examining device physics, process innovations, and the economic constraints that shape roadmap decisions, this review identifies electrostatic control, contact resistivity, and heterogeneous material integration as the dominant bottlenecks for future scaling and outlines the architectural pathways most likely to sustain transistor density growth beyond the 1 nm node. Tripti R Kulkarni | Vasudeva G "CMOS Technology Across Technology Nodes: A Comprehensive Review of Device Scaling, Architectural Evolution, and Future Directions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142126.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/142126/cmos-technology-across-technology-nodes-a-comprehensive-review-of-device-scaling-architectural-evolution-and-future-directions/tripti-r-kulkarni

Background Functional digestive disorders, including dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, regurgitation, heartburn, reduced appetite, and constipation, are frequently encountered in clinical practice and can significantly impair overall health and quality of life. These conditions are often associated with metabolic disturbances such as weight gain. Traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda and Siddha, have extensively utilized polyherbal formulations to improve digestive function, enhance metabolism, and facilitate the elimination of accumulated metabolic waste, thereby promoting gastrointestinal health. Aim To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Detox Churnam in relieving symptoms of functional digestive disturbance and associated weight gain in adult patients. Materials and Methods An open label clinical study was conducted over a duration of three months involving fifteen patients n=15 presenting with c digestive complaints. Patients received Detox Churnam 10 g at night after food with warm water, along with individualized dietary counseling and a structured yoga protocol. Clinical assessment was based on symptom wise severity grading 0–3 scale before and after treatment, recorded through scheduled follow up reviews. Results Out of the 15 patients, 1 person 6.67 recovered completely, 10 people 66.67 showed marked improvement, and 4 people 26.67 did not respond to treatment.Bloating and weight gain were the two most common complaints, each affecting 10 patients, and both showed strong, statistically significant improvement p = 0.001 severity dropped by an average of 60.0 for bloating and 40.0 for weight gain. Indigestion, seen in 7 patients, also improved significantly, with a 42.86 reduction in severity p = 0.001 .Other complaints regurgitation, heartburn, loss of appetite, and constipation showed real, meaningful improvement as well, but the results didnt reach statistical significance. This is likely because too few patients had these specific complaints to draw statistically firm conclusions, not because the treatment wasnt working for them.No side effects were reported by any patient during the study. Conclusion Detox Churnam demonstrated encouraging efficacy in relieving symptoms of functional digestive disturbance when combined with individualized dietary and yogic lifestyle measures. The formulation may serve as a useful adjunctive intervention in the management of chronic indigestion related complaints, though the modest sample size and the four non responding cases warrant further controlled study. Dr. S. Jayakar | Dr. Aiswarya Balagopal | Dr. Monisha Ravi | Dr. S. Shreeram | Dr. Shalidev. B. G "Clinical Assessment of Detox Churnam in the Management of Functional Digestive Disorders: An Open-Label Clinical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142128.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/142128/clinical-assessment-of-detox-churnam-in-the-management-of-functional-digestive-disorders-an-openlabel-clinical-study/dr-s-jayakar

Maritime chokepoints constitute the backbone of the global maritime system by facilitating international trade, energy transportation, and strategic connectivity. Their uninterrupted operation is essential for maintaining global supply chains, economic stability, and international security. Existing scholarship has examined maritime chokepoints through the perspectives of maritime strategy, international trade, energy security, maritime governance, and security studies. However, these perspectives largely remain fragmented, providing limited understanding of how geographical, economic, institutional, and security factors collectively shape the resilience of strategically important maritime corridors. This study develops the Maritime Chokepoint Resilience Framework MCRF as an integrated analytical model for evaluating the resilience of major maritime chokepoints. Using a qualitative comparative multiple case study design, the research examines six strategically significant waterways the Strait of Hormuz, the Strait of Malacca, the Suez Canal, Bab el Mandeb, the Panama Canal, and the Turkish Straits. The analysis draws upon peer reviewed literature, reports of international organisations, government publications, and maritime industry data to assess five interrelated dimensions strategic geography, trade connectivity, energy security, maritime governance, and maritime security capacity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that geography alone does not determine the resilience of maritime chokepoints. Instead, resilience emerges through the interaction of effective governance, secure maritime operations, diversified trade networks, reliable energy transportation, and institutional capacity. Chokepoints characterised by balanced performance across these dimensions exhibit greater ability to withstand geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, operational failures, and emerging non traditional security threats. The study makes three principal contributions. First, it introduces the Maritime Chokepoint Resilience Framework as a multidisciplinary analytical model that integrates previously fragmented strands of maritime scholarship. Second, it provides a consistent framework for comparative assessment of strategically important maritime corridors. Third, it offers an evidence based foundation for strengthening maritime governance, resilience planning, and policy development in an increasingly interconnected global maritime environment. Dr. Vishnu Prakash Mangu "Strategic Importance of Maritime Chokepoints: Trade, Energy Security, and Maritime Governance in the Twenty-First Century" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141952.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/141952/strategic-importance-of-maritime-chokepoints-trade-energy-security-and-maritime-governance-in-the-twentyfirst-century/dr-vishnu-prakash-mangu

Background Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD is a progressive respiratory disorder and a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although breathing exercises such as pursed lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing are recommended as essential components of pulmonary rehabilitation, many patients have inadequate knowledge and poor practice of these techniques. Structured educational interventions delivered by nurses may improve patient self management and functional outcomes. Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of a structured educational intervention on knowledge and practice regarding breathing exercises among COPD patients in selected hospitals of Dehradun. Methods A quantitative quasi experimental study with experimental and control groups was conducted among 60 clinically diagnosed COPD patients 30 experimental and 30 control . Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Baseline knowledge and practice were assessed using a structured knowledge questionnaire and an observational practice checklist. The experimental group received a structured educational intervention consisting of explanation, demonstration, and supervised practice of pursed lip and diaphragmatic breathing techniques, while the control group received routine care. Post test assessment was conducted after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including paired t tests, independent t tests, and chi square tests. Results Baseline knowledge and practice scores were low and comparable in both groups. In the experimental group, the mean knowledge score increased from 10.50 ± 3.12 to 21.03 ± 2.84 p 0.001 , while the mean practice score improved from 4.93 ± 1.46 to 7.57 ± 1.28 p 0.05 . No statistically significant improvement was observed in the control group. Post test comparison showed significantly higher knowledge and practice scores in the experimental group compared with the control group. Most demographic variables were not significantly associated with post test outcomes. Conclusion The structured educational intervention significantly improved both knowledge and practice of breathing exercises among COPD patients. Integrating nurse led structured teaching programmes into routine COPD care may enhance patient self management and pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes. Akanksha Bisht "Effectiveness of a Structured Educational Intervention on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Breathing Exercises Among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Selected Hospitals of Dehradun" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142127.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/142127/effectiveness-of-a-structured-educational-intervention-on-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-breathing-exercises-among-patients-with-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-in-selected-hospitals-of-dehradun/akanksha-bisht

Marine reinforced concrete structures are continuously exposed to aggressive environmental conditions such as chloride ingress, seawater immersion, wetting–drying cycles, and high humidity, which accelerate the deterioration of conventional steel reinforcement through corrosion. This study investigates the durability performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer GFRP reinforced M40 concrete as a corrosion resistant alternative for sustainable marine infrastructure. An experimental program was conducted using GFRP reinforced concrete specimens subjected to accelerated marine exposure in a 3.5 sodium chloride NaCl solution with cyclic wetting and drying for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The results revealed that after 12 months of exposure, compressive strength retained 93.7 , bond strength retained 89.2 , split tensile strength retained 92.6 , and flexural strength retained 92.8 of their original values. RCPT values increased slightly from 620 to 782 Coulombs but remained within the Very Low chloride permeability category. Water absorption increased from 2.34 to 2.93 , while carbonation depth remained limited at 2.4 mm. SEM observations showed only minor pore development, EDS confirmed the absence of iron corrosion products, and XRD demonstrated mineralogical changes without compromising structural integrity. Sunil Kumar | Er. Rajbala "Durability Assessment of Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcement Materials in Marine Structures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141953.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/141953/durability-assessment-of-corrosionresistant-reinforcement-materials-in-marine-structures/sunil-kumar

One of the most important food industries in every country is vegetable oils production, some of these oils contain natural compounds, which are classified as high purity oils, and others contain harmful components which are classified as law purity oils because they contain heavy metals components and chemical additives. In this paper analysis and characterization of edible oils are perform by Inductively Coupled plasma spectroscopy, the study includes three types of oils Naama, shams, and afia. They were sourced from local Sudanese markets. The results showed that the spectra of oil samples are similar, but they show some differences in the concentration of some elements, and the findings indicated that they have toxic heavy metals Pb, Cu, Hg ,Sr which are harmful to health that may can cause cancer diseases, and great harms health. Nedal Abdelazim | Abdelmoneim Awadelgied | Sohad Saad Elwakeel | Ahmed Abubaker Mohamed "Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy to Detect Heavy Metals Contents in Some Sudanese Vegetable Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141954.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/141954/using-inductively-coupled-plasma-spectroscopy-to-detect-heavy-metals-contents-in-some-sudanese-vegetable-oils/nedal-abdelazim

The real estate sector is inherently spatial location is the primary determinant of property value, desirability, and risk. Geographic information systems GIS have long provided the technological foundation for analyzing these spatial relationships. GIS are a combination of hardware, software, data, and users that work together to capture, analyze, and visualize spatial data. The intersection of GIS and real estate is particularly potent because real estate is inherently tied to geography, and GIS allows for the comprehensive analysis of spatial data, which is vital for site selection, market analysis, and risk assessment. In the context of real estate, GIS serves as a powerful tool that enables professionals to perform spatial analysis and data visualization, allowing them to make informed decisions based on geographical data. By incorporating GIS into their operations, real estate professionals can gain a deeper understanding of market dynamics, property valuations, and demographic shifts, ultimately leading to more strategic decision making. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how GIS is utilized in real estate, highlighting its critical role in modern property valuation and urban planning. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Geographic Information Systems for Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141955.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/141955/geographic-information-systems-for-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Building information modeling BIM has emerged as a cornerstone of modern construction, revolutionizing the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction AEC industries. It represents a holistic, digital approach to the entire lifecycle of a building or infrastructure project. By creating a comprehensive digital representation that integrates multi disciplinary data, BIM connects teams, workflows, and data across the project lifecycle, resulting in enhanced efficiency, reduced costs, and improved sustainability. From preventing design clashes and optimizing construction schedules to driving sustainability and enabling smart building operations through digital twins, BIMs applications are vast and transformative. This paper considers the various applications of BIM. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Applications of Building Information Modeling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141956.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/141956/applications-of-building-information-modeling/matthew-n-o-sadiku

The conflict is deeply rooted in the 1979 Islamic Revolution, driven by five interlocking factors such as the US Iran nuclear standoff, Israel’s security doctrine against Iranian nuclearization, US “maximum pressure“ sanctions, Iran’s regional proxy network, and competition over Gulf energy transit through the Strait of Hormuz. After the 2018 US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and years of sanctions, tensions intensified with a 12 day Iran Israel war in June 2025 and failed nuclear talks in February 2026. On February 28, 2026, the United States and Israel launched Operation Epic Fury, marking the first joint strikes on Iranian nuclear and missile infrastructure. Iran responded by closing the Strait of Hormuz, attacking US bases in Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar, and receiving targeting support from Russia and China. By July 2026, nine consecutive nights of US strikes had occurred, with 17 US service members killed and an estimated 113.3 billion in US war costs. The conflict demonstrates how unresolved remote causes from 1953 1979, combined with post 2002 nuclear diplomacy failures, transformed a shadow war into interstate war. This paper looks at the pros and cons of the conflict with a feasible possible solution to the impasse. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "US-Iran-Israel Conflict" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141958.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/141958/usiranisrael-conflict/paul-a-adekunte

Children represent the future, and ensuring their healthy growth and development ought to be a prime concern of all societies. Children are vulnerable to malnutrition and infectitious disease, many of which can be effectively prevented. Measles is possibly infectious disease that affects humans. It remains an important cause of death among young children globally. So immunization plays a leading role in preventing infectious disease and infant mortality rate. In order to educate and encourage the mother s to improve their knowledge regarding immunisation programme, The Study Was Conducted on “Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding measles rubella vaccination among the mothers of 6 MONTHS TO 12 YEAR OLD children in selected wards at GOVT. hospital Guna.” Mr. Chhail Dev | Mr. Satendra Singh Chaudhary "Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Measles-Rubella Vaccination among the Mothers of 6 Months to 12 Year OLD children in Selected Wards at Govt. Hospital Guna" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142077.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/142077/effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-measlesrubella-vaccination-among-the-mothers-of-6-months-to-12-year-old-children-in-selected-wards-at-govt-hospital-guna/mr-chhail-dev

The regulation of the live streaming e commerce industry continues to tighten, and the pet consumption market continues to expand. MCN institutions act as an intermediary bridge between brands, platforms, and pet bloggers. Little Red Book pet bloggers generally rely on physical exchanges to complete commercial monetization. The cooperation conflicts between institutions and bloggers are increasing, mainly divided into four categories uneven resource allocation, incomplete cooperation agreements, large differences in discourse power between both parties, and two way speculative performance. This article takes the physical placement of Vcare pets as a research case, and combines three research methods literature, case studies, and interviews. Based on resource exchange, transaction costs, and agency theory, the complete process of replacement cooperation is sorted out, and the influencing conditions and management deficiencies of cooperation stability are analyzed. Research has found that the number of followers of a blogger determines the initiative in negotiations, and exchange cooperation without standardized agreements will increase communication and rights protection costs. Existing industry rules only apply to cash advertising and lack exchange related constraints. This article proposes standardized improvement methods for MCN, pet bloggers, and Xiaohongshu platform to fill the research gap in physical exchange of pet racing tracks and provide reference for optimizing industry cooperation order. Zhang Xinyue "Research on the Cooperation Relationship between MCN Institutions and Bloggers in Live E-commerce Platforms: A Case Study of Vcare Biotechnology Enterprise" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141957.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/relationship-management/141957/research-on-the-cooperation-relationship-between-mcn-institutions-and-bloggers-in-live-ecommerce-platforms-a-case-study-of-vcare-biotechnology-enterprise/zhang-xinyue

Background Overall Equipment Effectiveness OEE is an internationally accepted metric for quantifying manufacturing productivity, which combines Availability, Performance, and Quality into a single composite score. Despite extensive literature on OEE in automotive and food manufacturing, empirical studies on grease and lubricant manufacturing, particularly in developing economies, remain scarce. Methods This study presents a primary data case study of Siddharth Grease and Lubes Pvt. Ltd. SGLPL , a contract grease manufacturer at IMT Manesar, Haryana, India. Twelve months of production records April 2024–March 2025 , First Time Right FTR quality data, formal preventive maintenance PM documentation MM F 003, MM F 007 , and daily machine check sheets were analyzed. The OEE components were calculated using the ISO 22400 2 2014 formulas. Plan deviations were categorized using Pareto analysis, and the PM system was evaluated against Total Productive Maintenance TPM best practice criteria. Results Across 3,134 grease batches produced during the study period, the FTR Quality Rate was 100 zero reworks, zero rejections , against an internal target of 95 . Of the 41 documented production plan deviations, none were attributable to machine breakdowns. All deviations were supply chain related Holding Tank unavailability 53.7 and raw packaging material shortages 46.3 . The estimated OEE was 95.6 availability 97.8 , performance 97.8 , quality 100.0 , exceeding the internationally recognized world class threshold of 85 for all three components. Conclusion The findings empirically demonstrate that a comprehensively implemented PM regime encompassing 68 assets across four maintenance frequency tiers, supported by shift level daily check sheets, can sustain world class OEE in a high complexity batch manufacturing environment. The residual OEE improvement frontier in a PM mature facility shifts from maintenance to production scheduling and supply chain management. This study provides original primary evidence from the underrepresented grease manufacturing sector and offers a replicable PM effectiveness evaluation framework for similar process manufacturers. Shiv Ahuja "Preventive Maintenance as a Driver of World-Class Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE): Evidence from a Grease Manufacturing Case Study in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141979.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/141979/preventive-maintenance-as-a-driver-of-worldclass-overall-equipment-effectiveness-oee-evidence-from-a-grease-manufacturing-case-study-in-india/shiv-ahuja

Integrating marginalized students represents the foundational pillar of inclusive schooling. Barring those learners who require specialized assistive devices for their educational progress, all other individuals should be integrated into standard classrooms, with teaching approaches designed to engage every student. The experiences they accumulate within mainstream settings significantly shape both their character growth and cognitive advancement. Students who face disabilities, disadvantages, or socio economic deprivation form an essential component of our societal human resources. We cannot achieve ideal human capital advancement or comprehensive national growth if we neglect the advancement of youth in these distinct groups. This is precisely where inclusive schooling holds monumental value. Inclusive approaches can guarantee the highest level of human resource cultivation. If educators receive proper preparation regarding the framework of inclusive schooling, its guiding principles, and the methods to operationalize these concepts, the system will thrive and undoubtedly mark a historic milestone in the countrys educational journey. This reflects the contemporary direction let us pioneer this movement. This document outlines the definition and modern day importance of inclusive schooling. Furthermore, it details strategies to foster integrative methods within our academic centres. Additionally, this analysis illuminates how to implement inclusion productively in mainstream learning environments and how it ultimately drives peak human resource enhancement. Dr. Sourav Manna "Reading and Writing is Key for Successful Inclusive Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141959.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/141959/reading-and-writing-is-key-for-successful-inclusive-education/dr-sourav-manna

Artificial Intelligence AI is rapidly transforming higher education by enhancing teaching, learning, assessment, and academic administration. This study investigates higher education faculty perceptions and practices regarding AI driven teaching. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 384 faculty members using a structured questionnaire comprising demographic items, AI usage patterns, and 29 Likert scale statements representing six perception constructs. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed through Cronbachs Alpha, with the overall scale demonstrating excellent internal consistency a = 0.974 . Descriptive statistics, independent samples t tests, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, Chi square tests, and multiple linear regression were employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that ChatGPT 98.7 is the most widely used AI tool, followed by Gemini 70.3 . Faculty primarily utilize AI for preparing presentations, lesson planning, and quiz creation. Respondents reported positive perceptions regarding the usefulness and ease of use of AI, while institutional support received comparatively lower ratings. Significant differences in AI perceptions were observed across gender, designation, institution type, and AI training status. Regression analysis indicated that Adoption and Usage Behaviour and Perceived Usefulness positively influenced overall perceived AI teaching effectiveness, whereas Concerns and Barriers had a significant negative effect. The study concludes that although faculty members are increasingly embracing AI to improve teaching effectiveness and productivity, successful integration requires stronger institutional support, comprehensive professional development, clear AI governance policies, and ethical guidelines. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and higher education institutions in developing sustainable AI integration strategies. Dr. Harish Tigari "AI-Driven Teaching: Perceptions and Practices of Higher Education Faculty" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142143.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/142143/aidriven-teaching-perceptions-and-practices-of-higher-education-faculty/dr-harish-tigari

With the development of digital technology, short videos have become deeply integrated into the lives of minors. However, legal regulation of harmful content on these platforms faces multiple practical challenges, including low usage rates of Youth Mode, difficulties in assigning responsibility among multiple stakeholders, and minors strong curiosity. To effectively address these challenges, this study conducts an in depth comparative analysis of regulatory models in the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, and South Korea. Drawing on the UKs content rating system, the U.S. parental supervision mechanism, the EUs risk assessment rules, and South Koreas strict criminal enforcement approach, it establishes an integrated, flexible guidance system involving families, schools, and the community to explore a legal regulatory path suited to Chinas national conditions. Dingqi Guo | Yixuan Niu | Chunyu Xiao | Chaoyue Mo "A Comparative Study on the Legal Regulation of Harmful Information Involving Minors in Short Videos Abroad and the Path to Improving Domestic Institutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142140.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/142140/a-comparative-study-on-the-legal-regulation-of-harmful-information-involving-minors-in-short-videos-abroad-and-the-path-to-improving-domestic-institutions/dingqi-guo

Global public debt has gotten to historic highs in the post COVID era, with global government debt exceeding 100 trillion in 2024, or approximately 93 of global GDP. The challenge is much compounded for many developing and low income countries by the high share of foreign currency denominated debt, rising interest rates, and limited fiscal space. Large debt is as a result of persistent fiscal deficits, low domestic revenue mobilization, external shocks like commodity price volatility and climate disasters, cum the need to finance infrastructure and social programs. In as much as borrowing can help support growth, excessive debt leads to debt service crowding out, currency depreciation, credit downgrades, and reduced capacity for public investment in health, education, and climate adaptation. Countries with debt service to revenue ratios above 23 are classified as at high risk of debt distress by the IMF. High debt threatens and undermines growth and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper therefore looks into the problems, causes, consequences and policy options for managing huge national and foreign debt in order to make life more comfortable for people. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Huge National/Foreign Debt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141991.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/finance/141991/huge-nationalforeign-debt/paul-a-adekunte

Background Intermaxillary fixation IMF with upper and lower arch bars is commonly used for the management of maxillofacial fractures. However, prolonged fixation may alter the oral microbial environment, resulting in dysbiosis and increased antimicrobial resistance. Aim To evaluate changes in oral microbiota and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in maxillofacial trauma patients following IMF with arch bars. Methods A prospective randomized observational study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, H.P. Government Dental College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, from November 2023 to October 2025. A total of 102 patients undergoing IMF were included. Oral samples were collected before IMF placement and after 4–6 weeks from the tongue, palate, gingival margins, dental plaque, and throat. Bacterial and fungal cultures were performed using blood and MacConkey agar, followed by Gram staining, biochemical identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results The majority of participants were male 90.2 , with falls being the most common cause of trauma 56.9 . Significant weight loss was observed after IMF p 0.001 , and poor oral hygiene was significantly associated with wound infection ² = 8.92, p = 0.0028 . Pre IMF samples were predominantly characterized by Gram positive commensals, particularly Streptococcus, whereas post IMF samples showed a significant increase in Gram negative and opportunistic organisms. Gram negative isolates increased from 27.5 to 60.8 ² = 36.5, p 0.001 . Although several organisms retained good antimicrobial susceptibility, increased resistance was observed in Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, and Lactobacillus spp. Post IMF isolates demonstrated a greater overall resistance burden. Conclusion Prolonged IMF is associated with significant alterations in oral microbiota and increased antimicrobial resistance. Regular oral hygiene, microbiological surveillance, and appropriate antimicrobial selection are therefore important during IMF treatment. Ankita Thakur | Dr. Atul Khajuria "Change in Oral Microbiota in Maxilla Facial Trauma Patients after Insertion of an Upper/Lower Arch Bar with Intermaxillary Fixation (IMF): A Prospective Randomized Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141960.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/dentistry/141960/change-in-oral-microbiota-in-maxilla-facial-trauma-patients-after-insertion-of-an-upperlower-arch-bar-with-intermaxillary-fixation-imf-a-prospective-randomized-study/ankita-thakur

As India progresses towards its goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047, the significance of proficiency in mathematical equations for preparing high school students to meet future workforce needs is increasingly evident. This research article synthesizes insights from 258 scholarly sources to explore how algebraic and equation solving skills contribute to cultivating 21st century abilities vital to Indias economic evolution. By referencing empirical studies, policy evaluations, and theoretical frameworks, this work demonstrates that mastery of mathematical equations is a crucial competency that fosters critical thinking, problem solving, computational thinking, and analytical reasoning—qualities essential for Industry 4.0 and beyond. The findings illustrate substantial positive correlations between equation solving skills and broader cognitive competencies, with important implications for curriculum reform aligned with Indias National Education Policy NEP 2020. Nonetheless, significant gaps in Indian secondary students proficiency with mathematical equations have been identified, particularly in their ability to apply procedural knowledge to real world problem solving scenarios. This article puts forth a comprehensive framework that merges conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and application oriented learning to enhance mathematical equation proficiency as a pathway to workforce readiness. Recommendations are provided for curriculum enhancement, innovative pedagogical strategies, technology integration, and alignment with the NEP 2020 vision of holistic, multidisciplinary education that connects academic learning with employability skills. Subhashish Kundu | Dr. Gour Sundar Ghosh "Mathematical Equation Proficiency as a Foundation for Future-Ready Skills among High School Students in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/141961/mathematical-equation-proficiency-as-a-foundation-for-futureready-skills-among-high-school-students-in-india/subhashish-kundu

Sustainable investing has moved from a niche ethical preference to a mainstream allocation strategy, with global sustainable assets under management estimated at US 30.3 trillion in 2022, following US 35.3 trillion in 2020 Global Sustainable Investment Alliance GSIA , 2021, 2023 . Yet whether Environmental, Social and Governance ESG integration genuinely enhances corporate financial performance as opposed to merely signalling legitimacy remains contested, and the evidence base is skewed heavily toward developed markets. This paper addresses that imbalance by examining the ESG financial performance relationship across the eleven member BRICS bloc Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia . Using a systematic, PRISMA informed narrative synthesis of peer reviewed empirical studies published between 2018 and 2026, triangulated with index level data from MSCI ESG benchmarks, country level institutional data from the World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, and industry data from the Global Sustainable Investment Alliance, the study evaluates the direction, strength and consistency of the ESG–performance link. The synthesis of fourteen core empirical studies indicates a statistically positive association between ESG performance and accounting based measures of profitability return on assets and return on equity in a clear majority of studies, while the relationship with market based measures Tobins Q, stock returns is considerably weaker and, in several cases, negative or statistically insignificant. Index level comparisons further suggest that ESG screened benchmarks in Brazil, India, China and South Africa have not underperformed their conventional counterparts on a risk adjusted basis, and in some periods have outperformed them, while exhibiting somewhat lower volatility. The relationship is moderated by institutional quality, state ownership, and the maturity of national ESG disclosure regimes, which vary substantially across the expanded bloc. The paper concludes that sustainable investment in BRICS markets is best understood as a risk mitigation and legitimacy building mechanism whose financial payoff is real but heterogeneous, contingent on measurement choice and institutional context, rather than a uniform source of outperformance. Implications for investors, corporate managers and policymakers are discussed, along with the limitations inherent in a secondary data design and directions for future firm level panel research. Mrs. Anju Koshle | Mr. Suryakant Chelkar | Ms. Anjali Neraliya "Do Sustainable Investments Enhance Financial Performance: Evidence from BRICS Emerging Markets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141962.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/141962/do-sustainable-investments-enhance-financial-performance-evidence-from-brics-emerging-markets/mrs-anju-koshle

Under the digital transformation of capital markets, securities firms mobile applications have become the primary channel for investors to access online services, revealing problems such as excessive data collection, mandatory permission requests, and non compliant data sharing. The Personal Information Protection Law establishes the general baseline for personal information processing, but the securities business involves special requirements such as suitability management and real name account opening. The principled provisions of the higher level law are difficult to implement directly, and the industry lacks standardized compliance operational guidance. This paper employs normative legal analysis, compliance assessment, and empirical research methods to conduct risk assessments on core business scenarios including account opening verification, suitability assessment, and data sharing. Drawing on regulatory penalty cases and field tests of securities firm applications, it identifies compliance shortcomings and develops a review checklist, proposing improvement measures from three levels legislation, regulation, and institutional internal control. Zhang Man Chi | Yu Sha Xin | Gong Xiao Chai | Li Jun Huan "Legality Review of Securities Industry User Data Collection and Use: Based on the Personal Information Protection Law" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141963.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/141963/legality-review-of-securities-industry-user-data-collection-and-use-based-on-the-personal-information-protection-law/zhang-man-chi

Background Fire behaviour in the built environment results from a coupled sequence of chemical and physical processes that begin at ignition and, depending on fuel, ventilation, and compartment geometry, may culminate in flashover, sustained fully developed burning, or extinction. A sound and up to date understanding of these processes provides the scientific basis for fire safety engineering, regulatory development, and hazard reduction. This need is especially acute in India, where the National Crime Records Bureau NCRB recorded 5,888 fire accident deaths in 2024 alone, and where major fire incidents provide documented examples of interactions among fire dynamics, building conditions, emergency response, and fire safety implementation. This review situates that Indian experience alongside major international fire disasters, including Grenfell Tower in London and the January 2025 Los Angeles wildfires. Scope This analytical review synthesises established and current 2018–2025 literature on fire initiation, compartment fire dynamics, smoke generation and toxicity, fire spread mechanisms, predictive modelling, and two fast evolving application areas — lithium ion battery energy storage fires and mass timber construction — where classical fire science is being actively extended. It further incorporates incorporates a dedicated literature review, a tabulated synthesis of the sources examined, statistical analysis of NCRB fire accident data for India with accompanying bar graph visualisations, and five real world case studies three Indian, two international selected analytically to examine how established fire science mechanisms interact with building design, materials, regulation, emergency response, and operational practice. The review also applies a structured qualitative cross case framework to five incidents to identify recurring fire safety mechanisms and implementation issues. Methodology The review uses a transparent narrative synthesis approach combined with structured qualitative cross case analysis. Searches covered Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, major publisher indexes, standards databases, government repositories, and official inquiry investigation records. Peer reviewed literature from 2018–2025 was prioritised for rapidly evolving topics, while foundational texts and standards were retained where they provide established technical bases. Key findings Flashover in typical compartments is associated with an upper layer gas temperature of approximately 500–600°C and a floor level radiant heat flux of approximately 15–20 kW m² fire severity is governed primarily by ventilation factor and fuel load rather than fuel chemistry alone smoke exposure remains a major contributor to fire fatalities mass timber compartments exhibit nominal char rates on the order of 0.6–0.7 mm min for structural members higher, up to approximately 1.2 mm min, in some full compartment tests lithium ion battery thermal runaway, triggered at cell temperatures often in the 150–250°C range, remains a rapidly evolving fire safety research priority and the cross case analysis identifies recurring roles for combustible fuel load, smoke and egress constraints, external cavity spread, battery specific hazards, and ember driven wildland urban interface ignition. For India specifically, NCRB data show fire accident deaths declining by roughly 35 between 2019 and 2024, yet 60.4 of 2024 fire deaths still occurred in ordinary residential buildings and roughly one in six fire deaths nationally is attributed to electrical short circuits — a conventional and potentially preventable fire hazard. Conclusion Continued research integrating experimental, computational notably NISTs Fire Dynamics Simulator, the FDS 6.10 series releases , and performance based approaches is essential to keep fire safety engineering aligned with evolving construction materials, energy technologies, and climate driven hazard patterns. For India specifically, the evidence assembled here suggests that improved implementation and enforcement of existing fire safety provisions may offer an important near term opportunity for risk reduction. Abhishek Bhardwaj | Piyush Gupta "Fire Behaviour and Fire Safety in the Built Environment: An Analytical Review of Emerging Hazards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142130.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/142130/fire-behaviour-and-fire-safety-in-the-built-environment-an-analytical-review-of-emerging-hazards/abhishek-bhardwaj

An investigation entitled Standardization of maturity indices for harvesting of Punjab Nectarine fruit was carried out during 2020 2021 at the Department of Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar. The objective was to study physico chemical changes during growth and development and to standardize optimum harvest maturity. Full bloom was recorded on 22nd February, 2021. Thirty fruits were harvested at weekly intervals from 27 Days After Full Bloom DAFB to 76 DAFB and then at 2 day intervals from 76 to 86 DAFB. Fruits were analyzed for physical parameters fruit weight, length, diameter, skin colour, stone weight, length, diameter, pulp stone ratio, specific gravity, dry matter, firmness and bio chemical parameters TSS, titratable acidity, TSS TA, total, reducing and non reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and juice pH. Fruit growth followed a double sigmoid curve with three distinct phases Phase I rapid growth 10 41 DAFB, Phase II slow growth 41 62 DAFB due to pit hardening, and Phase III final swell 62 83 DAFB. Optimum harvest maturity was attained at 83 DAFB i.e. 17th May, when fruits exhibited 59.97 g weight, 52.55 mm length, 47.55 mm diameter, orange yellow ground colour with 80 90 red blush, pulp stone ratio 9.33, specific gravity 0.92 g cc, TSS 13.51 °Brix, titratable acidity 0.82 , TSS TA 16.48 and total sugars 11.51 . Dry matter and ascorbic acid showed erratic and continuous declining trends respectively and were not found suitable as maturity indices. Kirandeep Kaur | Dr. Sukhdev Singh "Standardization of Maturity Indices for Harvesting of Punjab Nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Fruit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141964.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/141964/standardization-of-maturity-indices-for-harvesting-of-punjab-nectarine-prunus-persica-l-batsch-fruit/kirandeep-kaur

BACKGROUND Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin a hormone that regulates blood glucose or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. “A Pre Experimental study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching Programme on knowledge and practices regarding self administration of insulin among the diabetic patients admitted in a selected hospital of Amritsar, Punjab.” AIM The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge and practices regarding self administration of insulin among the diabetic patients admitted in a selected hospital of Amritsar, Punjab. METHOD A sample of 60 diabetic patients were selected by purposive sampling technique. Informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to data collection. Tool consists of demographic profile, self structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist on self administration of insulin was used to collect the data. Pre test data was collected and Planned Teaching Programme on self administration of insulin was given to diabetic patients and after one week post test data was collected from the staff nurse. ANALYSIS AND RESULT The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The present study revealed that pre test result showed that majority 32 53.3 had poor knowledge and 28 46.7 had average knowledge while regarding practice majority 39 65 had average practice and 21 35 had poor practice. On the other hand, post test result showed that maximum 40 66.7 had good knowledge and 20 33.3 had average knowledge whereas maximum 46 76.7 had good practice and 14 23.3 had average practice. Result on knowledge showed that post test mean knowledge score 21.60±2.66 was higher than pre test mean score 10.51±2.56 with mean difference of 11.08 with calculated t=25.69 at df=59, p=0.001 was highly significant. Result on practice revealed that post test mean practice score 11.26 ± 1.79 was higher than pre test mean score 6.71±2.21 with mean difference of 4.55 with calculated t=12.17 at df=59, p=0.001 was highly significant. Findings revealed that planned teaching Programme was effective in improving the knowledge and practice regarding self administration of insulin among the diabetic patients. Devi Rajna | Kaur Satinder | Robert Kavita "A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practices Regarding Self Administration of Insulin among Diabetic Patients Admitted" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141965.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141965/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-and-practices-regarding-self-administration-of-insulin-among-diabetic-patients-admitted/devi-rajna

Background Iron deficiency anaemia is an important nutritional and public health problem, particularly among adolescent girls. Increased nutritional requirements during adolescence, menstrual blood loss, inadequate dietary intake, poor dietary practices and lack of awareness may increase the risk of anaemia. The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia among adolescent girls. Aim To assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia among adolescent girls. Methods A quantitative research approach with a pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was adopted. The study was conducted among 100 adolescent girls aged 11–19 years at Guru Sagar Public School, Amritsar, Punjab. Purposive sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a socio demographic proforma and a 30 item self structured knowledge questionnaire. A structured teaching programme on prevention of anaemia was administered after the pre test, and a post test was conducted after seven days. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Results In the pre test, 57 of adolescent girls had average knowledge and 43 had poor knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia. In the post test, 73 had good knowledge and 27 had average knowledge. The mean pre test knowledge score was 12.66 ± 3.78, whereas the mean post test score was 22.44 ± 2.71. The mean difference was 9.78. The calculated paired t value was 22.13 with 99 degrees of freedom and p = 0.001, showing a statistically highly significant improvement in knowledge. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia among adolescent girls. Mehra Pallavi | Kaur Harjinderpal | Kaur Arpandeep "A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Anaemia among Adolescent Girls in a Selected School" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141966.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/141966/a-preexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-a-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-of-anaemia-among-adolescent-girls-in-a-selected-school/mehra-pallavi

The digital divide remains a major challenge in Africa, particularly in rural and underserved communities where access to reliable and affordable internet services is limited. This study makes use of the review research method to examine the role of space based internet in bridging this gap by extending connectivity to areas that are difficult to reach through conventional terrestrial networks. A review and explanatory research approach were adopted, drawing on existing literature on satellite internet, digital connectivity, and its applications across Africa. The findings indicate that space based internet can expand connectivity in rural communities and provide access to digital services that are increasingly important for social and economic development. It can support e education by connecting schools and learning centres, enable telemedicine in remote health facilities, and provide farmers with timely agricultural information. It also supports disaster response, as well as supporting digital financial inclusion and economic opportunities. The study concludes that space based internet can complement terrestrial infrastructure and serve as an important tool for expanding digital inclusion, improving access to digital services, and connecting underserved African communities to the global information society. Muhammad Sanusi | Jude Adeleke | Garba Musa Baba | Ayegba Abdullahi | Umar Abdullahi Aliyu | Rukayat Adams "The Role of Space-Based Internet in Bridging the Digital Divide in Africa" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141968.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/141968/the-role-of-spacebased-internet-in-bridging-the-digital-divide-in-africa/muhammad-sanusi

This paper presents a dedicated transient stability assessment of the Onitsha Transmission Station TS following a single line to ground SLG fault. The study employs dynamic simulation to evaluate the systems response by monitoring critical parameters, including rotor angle, speed deviation, electrical power, bus voltage, and accelerating power. A pivotal finding is the determination of a Critical Clearing Time CCT of 0.60 seconds for this specific fault contingency. The results demonstrate that the system maintains transient stability when the fault is cleared within this window, as evidenced by the well damped oscillatory behavior observed across all measured parameters. However, the analysis also reveals a demanding stability margin, characterized by a significant voltage sag and rapid rotor acceleration. The study concludes that while the existing system is stable for the defined CCT, the narrow margin necessitates highly responsive protection systems and presents a strong case for considering stability enhancing measures to fortify the Onitsha bus against future grid disturbances. Esene Christopher Akhimien | M. J. E. Evbogbai | H. E. Amhenrior "Transient Stability Analysis of the Onitsha Transmission Station under a Single Line-to-Ground Fault" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142155.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/142155/transient-stability-analysis-of-the-onitsha-transmission-station-under-a-single-linetoground-fault/esene-christopher-akhimien

The rapid growth of mobile traffic and heterogeneous services in 5G and beyond Radio Access Networks RANs has created significant challenges in reducing network energy consumption while maintaining adequate service performance. This paper proposes a comprehensive traffic and user density aware energy consumption model for 5G and beyond RANs under dynamic traffic conditions. The proposed framework is implemented in MATLAB and considers a 24 hour operating period with 15 minute time intervals. Dynamic traffic is first generated and used to estimate active user density and Physical Resource Block PRB utilization. Based on the instantaneous traffic and resource utilization, base stations BSs are dynamically assigned to sleep, low load, medium load, or high load states, enabling unnecessary BSs to be deactivated during low demand periods. The model incorporates static, dynamic, sleep state, and auxiliary power components to estimate hourly and daily RAN energy consumption. In addition, throughput, energy efficiency, energy consumption per bit, and energy saving potential are evaluated to establish the relationship between traffic demand, resource utilization, BS activity, and power consumption. Simulation results show that the proposed dynamic BS operation consumes 64.84 kWh day, compared with 91.72 kWh day for continuous BS operation, achieving an energy reduction of approximately 26.88 kWh day or 29.28 . The network achieves 3,547,502.97 bit J energy efficiency with an energy consumption of 2.8189 × 10 7 J bit. The results demonstrate that traffic aware dynamic BS activation provides an effective and practical approach for improving energy efficiency in 5G and beyond RANs. Vinod Kumar Sharma | Dr. Mohd. Ilyas "Comprehensive Energy Consumption Modeling for 5G and Beyond Radio Access Networks Under Dynamic Traffic Conditions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142150.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/142150/comprehensive-energy-consumption-modeling-for-5g-and-beyond-radio-access-networks-under-dynamic-traffic-conditions/vinod-kumar-sharma

Fucoidan is a heterogeneous group of sulfated, fucose rich polysaccharides predominantly isolated from brown seaweeds, including Fucus vesiculosus, Undaria pinnatifida, Cladosiphon okamuranus, Sargassum spp., and Laminaria spp. During the last several decades, fucoidan has attracted considerable interest in biomedical research because of its broad range of biological activities, including anti inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant, antiviral, cardioprotective, metabolic, and anticancer effects. Importantly, fucoidan should not be regarded as a single chemically defined active pharmaceutical ingredient. Rather, the term describes a structurally diverse family of sulfated polysaccharides whose biological properties vary according to algal source, extraction and purification procedures, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, degree and pattern of sulfation, and glycosidic linkage. This structural heterogeneity represents one of the principal challenges in translating experimental findings into clinical applications. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that fucoidan can modulate several signaling pathways involved in inflammation, tumor growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, oxidative stress, immune responses, and coagulation. In oncology, experimental evidence is particularly extensive, with animal and cell based studies suggesting inhibitory effects on tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastatic dissemination. However, clinical evidence remains considerably more limited. A double blind randomized controlled trial in 54 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer found a significantly higher disease control rate when low molecular weight fucoidan was administered as a supplement to chemotherapy and targeted therapy, but no significant improvement in overall survival, progression free survival, objective response rate, quality of life, or adverse event outcomes was demonstrated. A systematic review of fucoidan as supplemental therapy in cancer patients identified only four eligible clinical studies involving 118 patients and concluded that the clinical evidence remained inconsistent and was limited by small sample sizes and methodological heterogeneity. Human studies investigating immunomodulatory effects, osteoarthritis, metabolic disease, and liver dysfunction have similarly produced preliminary but insufficient evidence for routine therapeutic use. Fucoidan appears to be generally well tolerated in short term human studies, although potential anticoagulant effects warrant caution in patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. Contemporary research increasingly focuses not only on fucoidan as a direct therapeutic agent but also on its incorporation into nanoparticles, hydrogels, films, and other drug delivery platforms. Thus, as of 2026, fucoidan should be considered a promising marine derived bioactive polymer and investigational therapeutic platform rather than an established treatment for cancer or other major diseases. Future clinical development will require rigorous structural characterization, pharmaceutical standardization, pharmacokinetic studies, well designed randomized controlled trials, and clear differentiation between specific fucoidan preparations. Latife Ceyda Irkin "Fucoidan as a Marine-Derived Therapeutic: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142192.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/immunobiology/142192/fucoidan-as-a-marinederived-therapeutic-from-molecular-mechanisms-to-clinical-applications/latife-ceyda-irkin

This study examines budgetary provision and economic growth in Bayelsa state. The research design used in this research work is ex post facto. Multiple regression analysis was used to establish a long run relationship between budgetary provisions and real gross domestic product in Bayelsa state. In the short run, the study reveals that budgetary provisions has positive impact on economic growth of Bayelsa state is significant and this may be as a result of proper management of funds meant for capital projects in the state. For the re current expenditure, the impact has been consistently being positive and significant on real gross domestic product in Bayelsa state. Also, the estimated result shows that the joint effect of the explanatory variables is statistically significant. The following recommendations are made based on the researcher’s findings There is a need for the establishment of an appropriate institution that will be responsible for monitoring the disbursement and the usage of government allocation for the development of manpower in the state. To sustain positive and significant relationship between fiscal policy and manpower development, there is a need for more proactive measures within the public sectors to ensure disbursement and usage of government allocation to the manpower development. Dr. Odogu Laime Isaac | Dr. Question Christiana | Ovie Laime Odogu "Budgetary Provision and Economic Growth in Bayelsa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141969.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/141969/budgetary-provision-and-economic-growth-in-bayelsa-state/dr-odogu-laime-isaac

Web based attacks, such as phishing, malware distribution, credential stealing, and phishing redirections, still rely on malicious URLs. Traditional blacklist based and rule based approaches are ineffective in detecting emerging, ephemeral and camouflaged URLs because they rely on historical knowledge of known threats or user defined patterns. A hybrid fusion approach based on a CNN–RF with attention mechanism is for binary URL classification, which fuses character level lexical feature learning and structured URL feature extraction. A URL is described in two parallel streams a sequence of characters on a lexical level represented by a Convolutional Neural Network CNN , and an engineered structured feature vector for Random Forest RF baseline classification and neural feature fusion. The CNN stream extracts discriminative character patterns from URL strings, while the structured feature stream encodes explicit statistical, lexical, protocol and domain oriented features, such as URL length, special character count, numeric character count, character distribution entropy, top level domain encoding, subdomain count, phishing indicator terms, and protocol safety behavior. A fusion mechanism with attention functions fuses the lexical and structured representations, allowing the final classifier to learn from both implicit character level and explicit URL features patterns. We implemented and tested the framework on a balanced 60,000 URL set extracted from a Kaggle malicious and benign URL dataset using a stratified hold out evaluation strategy. The accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC AUC were used to measure the performance. The fusion model outperformed the standalone CNN and RF models, achieving 99.90 accuracy, 99.80 precision, 100 recall, 99.90 F1 score, and 99.95 ROC AUC values under the same experimental conditions. To facilitate real time URL inference, the trained model was also integrated with an API service based on Flask to enable a service oriented URL prediction workflow. Sagar Sitaula | Prof. Raj Kumar Thakur | Prof. Dr. Gopal Prasad Sharma | Drona Prasad Acharya "Real-Time Malicious URL Detection Using an Attention-Based CNN-RF Hybrid Fusion Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/142167/realtime-malicious-url-detection-using-an-attentionbased-cnnrf-hybrid-fusion-model/sagar-sitaula

This study aimed at evaluating the impact of financial statement on investment decision A study of Millennium Industries Limited, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The population of the study was 100 users of Millennium Industries Limited financial statement. Sample size was determined using Taro Yamane formula. Percentage analysis was used to analyze the table and formulated hypotheses were tested using Z test statistical technique at 5 level of significance. The researcher made use of questionnaires and interview as the primary method of data collection and existing literature were used as the secondary method of data collection. The study findings indicate that financial statement has significant impact on the investment decisions of Millennium Industries Limited. Investors investment decision is significantly influenced by increase in profit. The researcher therefore recommends that financial statement should disclose all necessary information for effective decision making and the information disclosed be correct also investors should ensure that they have in depth understanding of the financial statements before making investment decisions. Nnadikwe, Chinonye Njideka "The Impact of Financial Statement on Investment Decision: A Study of Millennium Industries Limited, Awka, Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141980.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/accounting/141980/the-impact-of-financial-statement-on-investment-decision-a-study-of-millennium-industries-limited-awka-anambra-state/nnadikwe-chinonye-njideka

The integration of immersive technologies encompassing virtual reality VR , augmented reality AR , and mixed reality MR , collectively termed extended reality XR is fundamentally reshaping the real estate industry. Immersive technologies have initiated a paradigm shift in the real estate industry, transitioning it from a fundamentally physical enterprise to one augmented by digital innovation. These technologies promise to transform static property listings into dynamic, interactive experiences. By bridging the gap between digital representations and physical spaces, immersive technologies enhance stakeholder engagement, reduce information asymmetry, and streamline decision making processes. This paper examines the diverse applications of immersive technologies across the real estate industry. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Immersive Real Estate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141988.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/141988/immersive-real-estate/matthew-n-o-sadiku

With the comprehensive advancement of the rural revitalization strategy, higher requirements have been placed on the construction of the rule of law in rural areas. However, this process faces practical difficulties such as a general shortage of legal service resources, low service efficiency, and villagers’ difficulty in “finding the law.” The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology offers new possibilities to alleviate this contradiction, but AI tools often suffer from “acclimatization” problems in rural contexts. This paper focuses on two typical rural legal scenarios migrant workers wage arrears and neighborhood disputes and applies service blueprint theory and collaborative governance theory to systematically analyze the pain points in current rural legal service processes. We propose a three tier collaborative service process scheme “AI pre processing, manual translation, and expert support” and visualize the optimized process using service blueprints. The value of AI lies in empowerment rather than replacement rural legal services require an organic combination of technical efficiency and human warmth to align technological supply with actual rural needs. Zhang Yunyi | Yan Menglin | Nazeerke Alebusibai "AI + Offline Service Process Optimization for Typical Legal Scenarios in Rural Revitalization: A Case Study of Migrant Workers Wage Arrears and Neighborhood Disputes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/142163/ai--offline-service-process-optimization-for-typical-legal-scenarios-in-rural-revitalization-a-case-study-of-migrant-workers-wage-arrears-and-neighborhood-disputes/zhang-yunyi

Background Commercial bus drivers in urban Nigeria experience prolonged exposure to vehicular emissions and traffic related air pollution, which can induce oxidative stress and elevate the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Objective To assess air pollution exposure levels and oxidative stress biomarkers among commercial bus drivers in Benin Metropolis, using office workers as a comparison group. Methods A comparative cross sectional study was conducted among 200 male participant comprising 100 commercial bus drivers and 100 office workers in Benin City, Edo State, between March and May 2026. Ambient air quality PM {2.5} and NO 2 was measured across four major motor parks. Blood samples were analyzed for Malondialdehyde MDA , Superoxide Dismutase SOD , Glutathione GSH , and C reactive protein CRP . Additionally, respiratory symptoms and blood pressure were evaluated. Results The mean PM {2.5}concentration at the motor parks was 78.4 ± 12.6 µg m³, which is 3.1 times higher than the World Health Organization limit. Compared to the control group, bus drivers exhibited significantly higher levels of MDA 4.87 ± 1.11 vs. 3.02 ± 0.89 µmol L and CRP, alongside significantly lower levels of SOD and GSH p 0.001 . Furthermore, 42 of drivers reported chronic cough, and 28 presented with pre hypertension. Duration of driving years and daily hours spent on the road emerged as significant predictors of oxidative stress. Conclusion Commercial bus drivers in Benin Metropolis suffer from heightened oxidative stress driven by heavy urban air pollution. Targeted occupational health interventions and stricter air quality regulations are urgently required. Edward Bayo Adebowale "Urban Air Pollution and Oxidative Stress among Commercial Bus Drivers in Benin Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141989.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/toxicology/141989/urban-air-pollution-and-oxidative-stress-among-commercial-bus-drivers-in-benin-metropolis/edward-bayo-adebowale

The COVID 19 pandemic created an unprecedented disruption in the global exhibition and business events industry. Trade exhibitions, which traditionally depend on face to face interaction, product demonstrations, networking, business negotiations and lead generation, were severely affected by lockdowns, travel restrictions, social distancing requirements and cancellation of physical events. This study examines the changing pattern of exhibition participation before, during and after COVID 19, with particular reference to SMEs and business participants in Gujarat, India. The study is based on the primary research contained in the thesis, covering 500 respondents from SMEs and business organizations in Vadodara, Surat and Ahmedabad, Gujarat. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding exhibition participation, business inquiries, lead generation, online and offline exhibitions, and post pandemic exhibition preferences. Descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, including Chi square, t test, ANOVA and McNemars test, were used in the broader study. The findings demonstrate a sharp decline in physical exhibition participation during COVID 19, accompanied by a substantial shift toward online virtual exhibitions. Before COVID 19, 76 of respondents participated in offline physical exhibitions, whereas during COVID 19 this declined to 10 . Online virtual participation increased from 6 before COVID 19 to 56 during COVID 19. After COVID 19, physical exhibitions recovered to 44 , while hybrid exhibitions increased to 30 . Business lead generation followed a similar pattern high and very high lead generation declined substantially during the pandemic but recovered considerably after COVID 19. The study concludes that COVID 19 permanently accelerated digital transformation in the exhibition industry, but did not eliminate the importance of physical exhibitions. Instead, the post pandemic exhibition environment is increasingly characterized by hybrid models combining physical interaction with digital technologies. Purohit Dhaval Chhaganlal | Dr. Atul Kumar Mishra "Impact of COVID-19 on the Exhibition Industry: A Comparative Study of Pre-COVID, During-COVID and Post-COVID Exhibition Participation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141990.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/141990/impact-of-covid19-on-the-exhibition-industry-a-comparative-study-of-precovid-duringcovid-and-postcovid-exhibition-participation/purohit-dhaval-chhaganlal

Currently, universities across China have integrated generative artificial intelligence into the entire thesis writing process. When undergraduates or graduate students utilize AI for tasks such as conducting research, formatting documents, or performing basic computational work, this approach can reasonably reduce the time spent on mechanical, repetitive tasks within the thesis. However, allowing students to delegate the core argumentation and expression of viewpoints in their theses to AI may lead them into territory where academic integrity is violated, thereby creating opportunities for misconduct. At present, the AI tool management policies issued by most universities still lack detailed guidance and have not been designed with feasible, measurable operational procedures tailored to the various stages of the actual thesis writing process as a result, the definition of compliance remains unclear, and faculty or academic administrators lack a unified, objective standard for identifying non compliant practices. Drawing on recent empirical case studies both positive and negative regarding the use of AI in thesis writing, this paper categorizes thesis writing into six fundamental stages and examines, within this framework, whether it is necessary to impose restrictions on the use of AI at each stage. The paper proposes a three tiered management approach fully permitted assistance, limited, case by case use, and strictly prohibited provides quantitative reference standards designed according to specific disciplines and academic timelines, and offers feasible policy recommendations addressing the individual students, faculty responsibilities, and institutional frameworks. These reflections on AI governance serve as a guiding resource for academic personnel on how to appropriately utilize AI, and can also provide localized empirical support for universities seeking to enhance their academic culture and uphold academic integrity. Yang Haochen | Jiang Ruimeng | Li Mingyang | He Kexin | Ni Jun "An Exploration of the Limitations of using Artificial Intelligence in the Thesis Writing Process" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142174.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/142174/an-exploration-of-the-limitations-of-using-artificial-intelligence-in-the-thesis-writing-process/yang-haochen

The banking industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by rapid advancements in banking technology. The industry is influenced by key emerging technologies. Banking technology has become the backbone of contemporary banking operations, enabling institutions to enhance efficiency, offer innovative services, and improve customer experiences. The adoption of these innovative technologies like blockchain, artificial intelligence, and more is offering secure and transparent transaction records while reducing fraud and operational costs. As technology trends in banking continue to evolve, banks are integrating advanced analytics and cybersecurity solutions to strengthen their digital infrastructure. This paper explores the critical role of emerging technologies in modern banking. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Emerging Technologies in Banking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141992.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/mis-and-retail-management/141992/emerging-technologies-in-banking/matthew-n-o-sadiku

Banks today are under pressure to handle massive data, strict regulations, and rising customer expectations. They face the difficult task of streamlining operations and reducing costs while enhancing the customer experience. Robotic process automation in banking helps solve these challenges by automating repetitive workflows and improving accuracy across operations. It uses software bots to carry out repetitive, rule based digital tasks much like a human employee. It transforms how institutions manage tasks, data, and compliance, driving efficiency across the entire organization. This paper explores how RPA in banking is revolutionizing financial operations by automating routine tasks, improving compliance, and enhancing customer experience. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O. Sadiku "Robotic Process Automation in Banking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141995.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/141995/robotic-process-automation-in-banking/matthew-n-o-sadiku

AIGC has transformed creative activities toward a human–AI collaborative model, with AI tools being extensively applied in academic work, self media, and commercial design. Users’ activities, such as conceptualization and revision, constitute creative contributions. However, existing copyright law is premised on independent human creation and lacks criteria for determining user contributions, resulting in uncertainties over rights ownership and inadequate protection of rights and interests. Taking substantial contribution as its core, this article analyzes the difficulties in the application of law, draws on extraterritorial experience to develop a three level contribution determination model, and proposes measures for improvement at the legislative, judicial, and platform governance levels. This mechanism adheres to the fundamental objective of copyright protection of safeguarding intellectual achievements, while supporting the development of the AI industry and balancing the interests of all parties. Xin Yu | Ziqi Zhou | Xin Wei | Nan Ding | Na Yu "Analysis of Copyright Rules for AIGC under the Standard of Human Substantial Contribution" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142182.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/142182/analysis-of-copyright-rules-for-aigc-under-the-standard-of-human-substantial-contribution/xin-yu

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, autonomous vehicles are increasingly being deployed in complex open road scenarios. However, existing autonomous driving systems generally lack effective recognition and response capabilities when confronted with onsite traffic police gesture commands, which constitutes a significant safety hazard for the deployment of autonomous driving technology. Focusing on the core pipeline of visual perception instruction parsing vehicle control, this paper proposes a real time traffic police gesture recognition and response system based on lightweight deep learning models and edge computing architecture. The scheme adopts a dual algorithm parallel technical route combining Media Pipe Hands and a lightweight YOLO, and employs a master–slave hardware architecture consisting of a Raspberry Pi and an STM32 microcontroller. A gesture control set covering core instructions such as stop, go straight, turn left, and accelerate is designed, incorporating state machine logic and multilevel latency optimization strategies. The proposed system balances recognition accuracy and real time performance, featuring low cost, transferability, and ease of deployment, and may serve as a reference for human–machine collaborative interaction in autonomous driving within complex traffic scenarios. Qi Yuxuan | Zhou Hanyu | Feng Linshu | Liu Tonghan | Wu Yi "Human AI Collaboration: System Design for Real-time Recognition and Response to Traffic Police Gestures for Autonomous Vehicles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142181.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/142181/human-ai-collaboration-system-design-for-realtime-recognition-and-response-to-traffic-police-gestures-for-autonomous-vehicles/qi-yuxuan

Generative artificial intelligence has now been widely adopted for commercial use, giving rise to platform related infringement issues that pose significant legal challenges, including ambiguity regarding the identity of the liable party, difficulty in determining fault, and uncertainty about how responsibilities should be allocated. This article summarizes and organizes typical AI infringement cases observed from 2023 to 2026, and elucidates the key points of contention in courts’ assessments of three critical aspects the nature of the platform, the standard for establishing fault, and the allocation of multi party liability. By analyzing the European Union’s Regulation EU 2024 1689 of the European Parliament and the Council aimed at establishing harmonized rules for artificial intelligence and revising the classification methods for risks set forth in several regulations and directives we propose a tiered duty of care system anchored on two fundamental criteria the platform’s control and “benefit.” For high risk content in sectors such as news, healthcare, and finance, prior processing or human review should be mandatory. Moreover, if a platform independently edits or recommends AI generated content, it will be deemed to bear strict liability. The framework proposed here is both judicially applicable and sufficiently specific, striking a balance between safeguarding users’ rights and fostering technological advancement. Chen Han | Gao Zixin "Challenges Faced by Generative AI Platforms in Determining Judicial Liability and Corresponding Institutional Measures to Address Them" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142178.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/142178/challenges-faced-by-generative-ai-platforms-in-determining-judicial-liability-and-corresponding-institutional-measures-to-address-them/chen-han

Burnout is a psychological syndrome resulting from chronic occupational and academic stress that has not been successfully managed. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or cynicism, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment and efficiency. In educational settings, burnout emerges due to excessive workload, prolonged pressure, role conflict, and emotional demands, negatively affecting individuals’ mental well being, professional effectiveness, motivation, and overall quality of life. The objectives of the study are to find out significant difference if any in the burn out of college teachers in relation to gender, locale and type of management. The descriptive method of survey was adopted. The sample of this study consisted of private and government college teachers of Gangtok, Sikkim. The findings of the study were that there was significant difference in burn out of teachers in relation to gender and locale and non significant in type of management variations. Pema D Moktan | Dr. Savita Mishra "Impact of Burn out among College Teachers of Gangtok, Sikkim" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141996.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/141996/impact-of-burn-out-among-college-teachers-of-gangtok-sikkim/pema-d-moktan

There deserves more research and development done on individual components as well as combinations of components in systems in order to create a more sustainable construction industry. This problem cannot be solved in a single way instead, a variety of technological and socioeconomic approaches must be used. A Swedish pilot project that makes use of shared technology is described below. Users do have issues with the technology, though. Easy to use technology is crucial to creating buildings that are energy efficient. Both the performance of the structure and the energy usage of its occupants are influenced by policies. The product that the consumer is using was created in accordance with policies, such as building codes, energy goals set by the builder, and the design teams expertise in energy design. The building industry will benefit from an energy strategy that places a strong emphasis on low energy usage. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Sustainable Building Design Principles & Practices - An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142005.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/142005/sustainable-building--design-principles-and-practices--an-overview/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji

INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer is a condition in which cancer cells found in the tissues of cervix lower part of uterus . It is defined as an abnormal cell proliferation in the cervix. The most important cause of cervical cancer Human Papilloma Virus HPV . HPV is a common infection that is spread through sexual contact. HPV 16 and HPV 18 types are most commonly associated with cervical cancers but other contributes as well. HPV infection is commonly occurring soon after an individual becomes sexually active. For many types of cancer, progress in the areas of cancer screening and treatment has offered promise for earlier detection and higher cure rates. Routine screening with a pap smear is used to detect cancerous cells in the cervix early as well as to detect abnormal cells in the cervix before they become cancerous. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and awareness regarding HPV Human papilloma virus vaccination on cervical cancer among the adolescent girls. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research design adopted for this study is a pre experimental design with one group pre test and post test design. In this study, the target population is adolescent girls who are studying in 9th to 12th class of Rajikiya Balika Inter College, Lucknow U.P. . RESULT In pre test, majority of respondents had inadequate 41 82 of existing level of knowledge, rest 9 18 had moderate knowledge and none of them had adequate knowledge. Majority of respondents 28 56 had low level of awareness rest 22 44 has high level of awareness. In post test, after implementation structured teaching programme majority of respondents 42 84 had adequate knowledge and rest 8 16 had moderate knowledge. After intervention all respondents 50 100 had high awareness. The t value for knowledge 22.13 and t value for awareness 13.60. It shows that the structured teaching programme is effective. CONCLUSION The prevalence of cervical cancer and HPV infections is influenced by many factors like advance age, weakened immune system and sexual transmitted diseases. The HPV vaccination can prevent cervical cancer, genital warts, and other cancer caused by HPV. The protection from the HPV vaccine can last for many years. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and awareness regarding HPV Human Papilloma Virus vaccination on cervical cancer among adolescent girls. A Pre Experimental one group pre test post test research design was adopted and 50 adolescent girls were selected as samples by using Purposive Sampling Technique that was fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection and analysis were carried out based on the objectives of the study. Mrs. Anjali Chaturvedi "Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Awareness Regarding HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) Vaccination on Cervical Cancer among Adolescent Girls" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd141998.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/gynecology/141998/effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-and-awareness-regarding-hpv-human-papilloma-virus-vaccination-on-cervical-cancer-among-adolescent-girls/mrs-anjali-chaturvedi

The application of law to the substantive requirements of foreign related marriage faces an inherent tension arising from the dual attributes of marriage as both private and public. Article 21 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Application of Laws to Foreign Related Civil Relations adopts a progressive conflict rule proceeding in the order of “the common habitual residence—the state of common nationality—the place of celebration of the marriage,” which represents an advance in legislative technique however, its exclusive structure of application harbors paradoxes in protecting the reasonable expectations of the parties and the stability of status, and the disconnection between the second and the third tiers may leave the applicable law unattainable. A more fundamental problem lies in the fact that this provision treats the “consent provisions,” which serve private autonomy among the substantive requirements of marriage, and the “social order provisions,” which safeguard the bottom line of social ethics, as a homogeneous whole subject to the same choice of law rule, failing to distinguish the divergent value objectives and application logics of the two categories of provisions. On the basis of an analytical framework built upon the dual attributes of marriage, the consent provisions, which can be cured by the subsequent ratification of the parties, should be distinguished from the mandatory social order provisions, which cannot be altered by individual will, and the law of the place of celebration and the law of the place where recognition is sought should be applied to them respectively. In concrete application, practical difficulties must be addressed, including the ambiguity of classification, the admixture of applicable laws, the expansion of judicial discretion, and the blurred boundary between “non recognition” and “absolute nullity” these may be remedied through such paths as the typologization of judicial interpretation, the establishment of an order of application, and the clarification of legal consequences. The choice of law rule on the validity of foreign related marriage should seek a dynamic equilibrium between the stability of individual status and the ethical bottom line of the social community, so that conflict rules may genuinely respond to the reasonable expectations of the parties and to the legitimate concerns of public order. Yu Runze "The Application of Law to the Substantive Requirements of Foreign-Related Marriage from the Perspective of the Dual Attributes of Marriage" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142193.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/142193/the-application-of-law-to-the-substantive-requirements-of-foreignrelated-marriage-from-the-perspective-of-the-dual-attributes-of-marriage/yu-runze

The issues of climate change and the dwindling supply of fossil fuels, alternative energy sources have emerged to address these challenges. PV technologies, such as solar photovoltaics, are widely regarded as an environmentally friendly and renewable option. With an extensive collection of scientific resources and ongoing research and development, the field of inquiry has expanded considerably. In addition to cellular technologies, other components of the balance of the system include publications and patents. Therefore, the Research related to panels, electronics, and energy storage holds significant importance in the field. This article explores the subject matter in detail. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Progressive Research & Development on Solar Photovoltaic Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142004.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/142004/progressive-research-and-development-on-solar-photovoltaic-technology/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji

There deserves more research and development done on individual components as well as combinations of components in systems in order to create a more sustainable construction industry. This problem cannot be solved in a single way instead, a variety of technological and socioeconomic approaches must be used. A Swedish pilot project that makes use of shared technology is described below. Users do have issues with the technology, though. Easy to use technology is crucial to creating buildings that are energy efficient. Both the performance of the structure and the energy usage of its occupants are influenced by policies. The product that the consumer is using was created in accordance with policies, such as building codes, energy goals set by the builder, and the design teams expertise in energy design. The building industry will benefit from an energy strategy that places a strong emphasis on low energy usage. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Sustainable Building Design Principles & Practices - An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142005.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/142005/sustainable-building--design-principles-and-practices--an-overview/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji

This research paper explores the architectural design principles characterized by sharp angles and clear lines of silhouette in contemporary buildings. The study delves into the historical evolution of this design approach, its influence on urban landscapes, and the integration of technology in achieving precise geometrical forms. The paper also discusses the impact of sharp angles and clear silhouettes on the functionality, sustainability, and cultural significance of modern architectural structures. The emergence of sharp angles and clear silhouettes in architectural design can be traced back to several historical periods, each marked by distinct cultural, technological, and artistic influences. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Architectural Design of Buildings with Sharp Angles and Clear Lines of Silhouette" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142006.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/architecture-and-planning/142006/architectural-design-of-buildings-with-sharp-angles-and-clear-lines-of-silhouette/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji

Addressing the tendency in Sino foreign cooperative education to prioritize resource import over learning outcomes, this paper takes the Big Data Management and Application Sino Foreign Cooperative program jointly run by Beijing Wuzi University and the University of New Haven as a case. Guided by the OBE philosophy of reverse design, student centeredness, and continuous improvement, it deconstructs the closed loop of 5 program objectives 10 graduation requirements curriculum support matrix in its 2025 scheme and constructs a three dimensional integrated model of competency objectives curriculum chain quality assurance. A small sample empirical test using authentic 2025 2026 final examination scores shows that reverse driven curriculum design effectively bridges foreign course stacking and local educational outcomes, offering a replicable outcome oriented reform path for similar programs. Li Feng | Zhang Haijun | Chen Lei Construction of a Talent Cultivation Model for the Big Data Management and Application Program in Sino-Foreign Cooperative Education Based on the OBE Philosophy - A Case Study of the Beijing Wuzi University Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-10 | Issue-4 , August 2026, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd142007.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/142007/construction-of-a-talent-cultivation-model-for-the-big-data-management-and-application-program-in-sinoforeign-cooperative-education-based-on-the-obe-philosophy-a-case-study-of-the-beijing-wuzi-university/li-feng