The first measurements of sediment transport in Algeria began in 1946 at the gauging station in Traille which controls the upper basin of Oued Isser. Medinger, J. M., 1960, Demmak. A, 1982. the search for models linking solid flows and liquid flows in semi-arid zones at different time scales has been the subject of numerous studies. We can cite the works of Demmak. A, 1982 and Probst, J. L. , Suchet, P. A., 1992, which put relations that could be applied to regions or watersheds for which measures are rare, incomplete or non-existent. In Algeria, the order of magnitude of the average concentrations of sediments transported by wadis water varies from 50 to 150 g / L with maximum values that can sometimes reach 1000 g / L. Demmak. A, 1982. The relation between the suspended solid flow rate and the Ql liquid flow generally evolves according to a power model qs= a Qlb, Medinger, J. M., 1960.in our basin, the two hydrological parameters are well correlated at the seasonal and annual scales. The analysis of the data made it possible to show the importance of the seasons in the understanding of the sediment transport. The maximum values of the solid inputs are recorded during the autumn and the winter exceeding significantly the other seasons. This variability is explained by the biogeographic characteristics of the environment and the aggressive nature of the rains, particularly the autumn. The specific solid transport is estimated at 770t / km2 / year. This large amount of loss of soles requires urgent intervention by several actors to preserve the soil and minimize the phenomenon of silting dams.

The identification of microplastics is a challenging task to the scientific community, especially as ana-lytical methods limit sample numbers due to high expenses and time consuming procedures. Quantifying microplastics by staining with Nile Red can be helpful in distinguishing these particles from other inorganic (e.g. sediment) or organic (e.g. plant material) matter. The benefits of acetone, chloroform and n-hexane as solvents for Nile Red were investigated. Various polymer types, namely high-density and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cellulose acetate (CA), several post-consumer products (freezing bag, bottle cap, plastic bottle, styrofoam, fishing line, food container, pipe and cigarette butt) as well as biogenic material (algae, hard plant material, soft plant material) were used as reference material. Chloroform has demonstrated to be the most suitable solvent achieving recovery rates of 83.3% for the group of HDPE and LDPE, PP and PVC being the most demanded polymer types in Europe. However, the proposed method does not reach the reliability of Raman-spectroscopy or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Though, it can aid the assessment of microplastic abundances. Staining with Nile Red does not require expensive equipment and allows the quick evaluation of a large number of samples.

Aquatic ecosystems are highly influenced by the interaction between submerged macrophytes and zoobenthos within the water column and the sediment underneath. This review paper discusses the complicated bilateral relationship within these components by describing the links and how submerged macrophytes drive the zoobenthos and vice versa. Submerged macrophytes provide food, habitat and nutrients to zoobenthos while zoobenthos provide services such as decomposing plant debris, enhancing materials exchange through bioturbation and providing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The interaction mechanisms between submerged macrophytes and zoobenthos can be divided into a bottom-up and top-down effect according to whether it is driven by submerged macrophytes or zoobenthos. A combined submerged macrophytes-zoobenthos approach to an aquatic ecosystem will enhance our understanding of the aquatic ecosystem degradation and can function as a guide for the damaged ecosystem restoration practice.

In the environment the heavy metals are generally more persistent and stable than organic contaminant such as pesticides and petroleum by products and are non-bio degradable . Elevated levels of heavy metals not only decrease soil microbial activity and crop production but also threaten the human health through the food chain .Microorganisms has the capability of biodegrading or detoxifying heavy metal present in contaminated soils and ground water. Bacteria have evolved uptake and efflux mechanisms to adapt in heavy metals contaminated environments and thus represent a potential source for bioremediation processes. In this study the heavy metals in the Tamil nadu metal industry effluent were analysed .The microbial degradation of heavy metals were observed .The bacteria from the effluent were isolated and characterized by different biochemical test like IMVIC, Catalase oxidase, staining methods etc . The metals like copper and nickel of different concentrations were prepared and the bacteria were induced to grow in presence of heavy metals .The growth of bacteria in 24 , 48, 72 hours were observed .The bacteria like Bacillus subtillus , E.coli showed maximum growth in the presence of nickel and copper

Background: Allergic rhinitis is a chronic disease that severely affects the quality of life of the patient. Symptoms and severity of allergic rhinitis for a patient may depend on various factors. Effect of exposure to different allergens may trigger different kinds of symptoms among the subjects. Seasonal allergy may be attributed to exposure to bioaerosol present in the ambient environment. Common inhalers used in Allopathic system of medicines provide only short term symptom relief to patients. At times, short term or no significant relief from the allopathic medicines is followed by several side effects. Methods: This study was carried out at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) campus, which is considered a clean and green campus. This study tries to correlate the symptoms observed among the population studied and the effectiveness of homeopathic medicines on the sub-set of patients suffering from post monsoon allergic rhinitis. Efficacy of Homeopathic medicine on the studied participants suffering from seasonal allergies over a period of up to 7 days was recorded. The record of medicines prescribed by doctor was also considered in the study. Forty patients with written consent for participations were enrolled for follow up of seven days during medication. Twelve predefined homeopathic medicines were selected for the study Results: More than sixty five percentages of patients following the prescribed medications, reported a moderate to better improvement in health. By day five, 38% of patients were cured of allergic rhinitis and 43% showed marked improvement. Conclusions: Homeopathic medicines are effective in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Proper observation of the symptoms and choosing the proper medicine provides an early relief to the patient from the allergic rhinitis. There is a further need for study with a larger cohort and inclusion of related air quality parameters to tease out potentially good Vs. poor performing medicines within the study. Keywords: homeopathy, post-monsoon allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergy

Background: To investigate the structural diversity of the planktonic phytoplankton through summer 2009 and summer 2010, to identify the role of the main abiotic factors that determine the phytoplankton community structure and functioning and to study the summer spatial distribution of phytoplankton in relation to its potential predators such as ciliate and zooplankton. Methods: Phytoplankton and ciliate samples were analysed under an inverted microscope after 24 to 48 h settling using the Utermöhl method. Zooplankton enumeration was performed under a vertically mounted deep-focus dissecting microscope. Results: Our results demonstrated a striking difference among years is seen in suspended matter concentrations with lower values in summer 2010 (47.37 ± 23.12 mg l-1), contrasting with the higher suspended matter values in summer 2009 (92.88 ± 7.15 mg l-1). A total of 50 phytoplankton taxa identified during this study of three different algal classes (cyanobacteriae, diatoms and dinoflagellate). We found: first, in summer 2010, the phytoplankton abundance was about 3 times that in summer 2009, second, a high abundance of cyanobacteriae (43 % of total phytoplankton) and diatoms (54 % of total phytoplankton) in summer 2009 and 2010 respectively. In summer 2009, we observed a cyanobacteriae growth with dominant opportunistic and nitrogen-fixing Oscilatoria sp. Dominance of the benthic and large diatoms genus such as Navicula and Nitzschia has been reported in summer 2010. Concerning dinoflagellates, they were strongly dominated by mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates species, like Polykrikos kofoidii, Ceratium lineatum, Protoperidinium steinii. Conclusions: This study indicates that the abiotic factors of the coast area around Kneiss Islands are associated with the spatial and inter-annual variations of the phytoplankton.