In the pathogenesis of staphylococcal mastitis the biofilm is considered a marker of virulence that allows the adhesion of the microorganism to the mammary epithelium. In order to determine the production of biofilm and the presence of icaABCD gene, 30 S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis were analyzed. Biofilm production was determined by the quantitative method on microplates for cell culture and the presence of genes icaABCD by polymerase chain reaction. Biofilm production was observed in 96.67% of strains of S. aureus. These 43.34% were strong producers, 30.00% producing moderate, 23.33% weak producers and 3.33% non producing biofilm. All of the icaABCD genes was obtained at 6.66% of the isolates. All strains, except one, presented icaA or icaD. 56,66% of isolates identified genes icaA/icaD. The icaABCD operon genes were identified in all biofilm-producing strains, which demonstrates that they possess a virulence factor that facilitates its persistence in the breast tissue. In addition, the biofilm is a source of microbial contamination which can lead to failures in production processes that generate problems of food safety

The high incidence of the infectious diseases and the antimicrobial resistance arise represent a public health threat today. The extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an example of this phenomenon. We determined the ESBL-production in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a Healthcare Center in Maracaibo, during September 2014 to February 2015. The Kirby-Baüer method was perform to preliminary phenotypic detection of ESBL, according to CLSI guidelines. ESBL-production was confirmed by a double-disk synergy test according to the CLSI standards. To genotypic confirmation, the genes blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV were amplified by PCR. Fifty-five (n=55) strains were analyzed distributed in Escherichia coli (56.36 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.82 %), Enterobacter cloacae (7.27 %), Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens (5.45 % each one), Salmonella spp. and Morganella morganii (1.82 % each one). The major encoded ESBL was the blaTEM gene (83.63 %); followed by 23.63% of the blaCTX-M gene, and 21.81 % encoded the blaSHV gene. 27.27 % of the isolates produced two or three ESBL simultaneously. These results confirmed the high spread of this resistant mechanism among Enterobacteriaceae-producing infections in our public health institutions, therefore control measures should applied to control and reduce its incidence

The studies on the pathogenic role of the Schistosoma mansoni focus on the hepatic damage and the immune response of the final host, in constrast to the limited information regarding intestinal lesion. This work evaluates. Intestinal granulomatous inflammation was measured in histological sections the effect of praziquantel in the angiogenic receptors (FLK1 and FLT1), inflammation and inflammatory cytokines on the murine intestinal schistosomiasis stained with H&E; the detection of TNF-a, IL-10, TGF-ß, VEGF and its receptors was carried out by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, in serum and intestine sections of BALB/c mice infected with S. mansoni at 8 (RI8S) and 20 (RI20S) weeks post-infection, and mice infected for 8 weeks and evaluated 15 days post-treatment with praziquantel 40 µg/(RPT). In RI8S small granulomas (11.304 µm2 average), without sharp or marked edges within the granuloma; and large granulomas (70.650 µm2) with defined borders without defined zones within the granuloma, In both groups of mice macrophages predominated and plasma cells were present. In RI20S, granulomas have an inner zone composed by abundant macrophages and few plasma cells, and external zone constituted only by macrophages (11.985 µm2). In RPT, granulomas were not observed, only a few inflammatory foci nearby the muscularis mucosae and the Lieberkuhn glands. Localization of immune molecules in the intestine was only positive in RPT for VEGF, its receptors, TGF-ß and IL-10; the results show a discrete response over the granuloma size, cellularity and cytokine expression at intestinal level

Clostridium difficile is a bacillus Gram positive and spore form, anaerobic strictly, resistant to adverse conditions and transmitted by oral - fecal route, it was described by the first time in 1930, nevertheless it’s has been associated to disease in human beings in the decade of the seventies it identified as causal agent of pseudomembranous colitis. Its infection has related to diverse clinical manifestations such as diarrhea without complications, which lead to sepsis and inclusive the death. In the following clinical case we have a male infant 1 year old and 18 months patient, with precedents of hyperthermia and liquid depositions, after several days of antibiotics treatment, the symptoms increased with elimination of membranous rest in the faeces; reason why he is transferred to a hospital, in which the Clostridium difficile toxins test is realized, yielding positive results, therefore the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis is established metronidazole and vancomycin is given for 7 days having a favorable development. The use of antibiotics is a predisposing factor of pseudomembranous colitis for the affectation of the intestinal microbiota, in addition hospital stays and intrinsic factors. The literature describes a limited number of studies about this infection in pediatric patients, hence the importance of the case report

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). We included 56 patients older than 7 years and younger than 15, with clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Blood samples were taken without anticoagulants, to obtain serum. IgG anti-RSV and total IgE were determined by the ELISA technique. The results showed that 38 (68%) were schoolchildren and 18 (32%) adolescents, 14 (25%) female and 42 (75%). Of the total number of patients studied, 52 (92.86%) were positive for the presence of IgG anti-RSV antibodies, with a significant overall prevalence, similar prevalence presented by the control group. A significant increase (346.8 ± 264.7 UL / ml) of IgE was observed in patients with RA who were seropositive for RSV compared to the control group without RA (116.3 ± 89.7 UL / ml). The results show a high seroprevalence of RSV in the region, especially in school age, this early infection could be determinant in the secretion of mediators that contribute to the appearance and severity of respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Therefore it is concluded that the quantification of total IgE can be considered as a quality test for the diagnosis and monitoring of allergic rhinitis

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The infection in human occurs accidentally by different transmission mechanisms: oral, congenital, blood transfusions, organ transplants and from laboratory accidents. In Venezuela, it has been reported that 60% of the population apparently healthy have the infection. Taking into account its prevalence was determined the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in female patients aged 14-44 years of the outpatient network Municipality Francisco Linares Alcántara, Maracay, State Aragua, Venezuela, implemented as methods of diagnosis the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Indirect Hemagglutination (HAI) in 90 patients. Obtaining as a result of the ELISA method, a seroprevalence 61% where 98% presented antibodies IgG and IgM antibodies 2%, by the HAI method, was found 41% where 100% showed IgG antibodies. By means of the chi-square test with a significance level of 95% and a p value =0.005, we identified no statistically significant associations between risk factors and infection. However the group with the highest frequency of antibodies anti-T. gondii was represented by ages >34 years, proving that the risk of acquiring the infection increases with age

El objetivo fue comparar los anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra el virus del dengue en pacientes con dislipidemias. Tipo de estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de diseño no experimental, de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 214 individuos, distribuidos en 169 con dislipidemias y 45 controles. Los lípidos séricos y los anticuerpos anti-dengue se determinaron mediante métodos bioquímicos e inmunológicos convencionales. Se clasificaron en 3 grupos: hipertriacilgliceridemia (279,7±84,2 mg/dl); hipercolesterolemia (252,7±38,5 mg/dl) y el grupo con triacilglicéridos y colesterol elevados (257,3±38,5; 271,6±88,7 mg/dl). El 96% de los pacientes resultó con inmunidad (IgG) contra el virus del dengue, la respuesta primaria (IgM) estuvo presente en un 22%. En cuanto a la positividad de IgM, la mayor frecuencia estuvo en el grupo con hipertriacilgliceridemia (34,2%), mientras que la frecuencia para la IgG estuvo en el grupo con triacilglicéridos y colesterol elevados (31,2%). En este estudio no se observó diferencia entre los anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra virus del dengue en los pacientes con dislipidemias y el grupo control. Se necesitan futuros estudios para evidenciar en áreas de menor endemia para el virus del dengue si efectivamente la alteración del perfil lipídico modifica la intensidad de respuesta ante la infección