Citrobacter freundii, sometimes it can act as opportunistic pathogen, a case of this isolated microorganism is presented as an etiological agent of urinary tract infection, in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The isolate was multiresistant to gentamicin, amikacin, trimetoprim sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem and doripenem and it was susceptible to tigecycline and colistin, the molecular analysis showed the presence of the blaKPC gene.

The aim at this study was determine the frequency of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant and enterotoxin A production in nostrils of university students in Mexico. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 471 university students from a city in southwestern Mexico. Nasal samples and sociodemographic data were obtained from the patients. Strains were identified as S. aureus based on morphology, Gram stain, catalase test, coagulase test and fermentation on salted mannitol agar. Isolated strains were subjected to biotyping, their methicillin resistance was analyzed using the agar diffusion method and examined their enterotoxin A (SEA) production by a Dot-blot analysis. The nasal carriage rate of S. aureus was 10.40%; 73.46% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin; 36.73% of the strains produced enterotoxin A. In the bivariate analysis, a statistically significant difference was found in patients who lived near sewage and farms with S. aureus carriage (p=0.012, odds ratio 2.59, [ 1.06-5.81]; p=0.009, odds ratio 3.18, [1.07- 8.33]) and the first group also associated with methicillin resistant S. aureus carriage (p=0.020, odds ratio 3.38, [1.30-8.06]). Nasal carriers show a wide variety of strains of S. aureus, mostly MRSA strains, but not all produce enterotoxin A.

Infectious diarrhea is a major global health problem; however, little is known about its etiology in the city of Shushufindi, Ecuador. The objective of this investigation was to determine the etiology of infectious diarrhea in children. 154 fecal samples were collected from children of both sexes who attended the laboratory of a health center during the period January-March 2018. Stool culture, direct parasitological examination and immunochromatographic assay were performed. In 124 samples (80.52%) the presence of enteropathogenic organisms was detected, of which 74 (59.68%) were positive for bacteria; 36 (29.03%) for parasites and 14 (11.29%) for rotavirus. The isolated organisms were: 35 (28.23%) Salmonella spp.; 26 (20.97%) Shigella spp.; 13 (10.48%) Campylobacter spp.; 15 (12.10%) G. intestinalis; 10 (8.06%) T. trichiura; 5 (4.03%) E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii; 3 (2.42%) A. lumbricoides; S. stercoralis and rotavirus 14 (11.29%), each one. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of parasites and the age and sex of the patient; as well as between the presence of bacteria and the age of children. This study demonstrates the participation of a small group of pathogens as the main causative agents of infectious diarrhea in the child population studied.

The objective of the study was the validation and implementation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF for routine use in the rapid detection of tuberculosis and sensitivity to rifampicin in clinical samples; for this, 1592 respiratory samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory of Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Guayaquil. The analysis of the results of GeneXpert in comparison with smear microscopy showed an initial sensitivity of 99.8% and specificity of 93.2%; The analysis of discrepancies using the results of the culture as a reference method showed that the GeneXpert results considered false negatives turned out to be true negatives, the same happens with the false positives that correspond to true positives. Recalculated the sensitivity and specificity of the GeneXpert was 99.8% and 100% correspondingly. The comparison with the drugs susceptibility test showed a sensitivity of 91.4% and a specificity of 95.5% for the GeneXpert MTB/RIF system. It is concluded that the implementation of the GeneXpert system allows solution to certain problems associated with the application of conventional diagnostic methodologies, decreasing the waiting times, and increasing the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis, thus generating a valuable opportunity for early diagnosis.

Studies show a high frequency of IgG against T. gondii. The aim was to evaluate the seroprevalence of IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii in 522 women. 13% of seropositivity IgG+/IgM- and 0.7% IgG+/IgM+ was found. This could be due to the climate characteristics who

Intestinal parasites are considered an important public health problem. The purpose of the research was to relate environmental sanitation to the prevalence of intestinal parasites in three urban communities of the Maracaibo municipality. Type of descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional research. The identification of risk factors for environmental sanitation was made through an epidemiological sheet, involving a total of 345 individuals, including as variables to investigate the sanitation: water storage, accumulation of garbage, presence of harmful fauna and overcrowding in housing. For the identification of intestinal parasites, a direct coproparasitological examination was performed with physiological saline solution and lugol. Statistical analyzes were performed applying frequency distributions, contingency tables and association of variables using the Chi square test, applying the SPSS V.20. Regarding the main risk factors of environmental sanitation, it was found: water storage (98%), garbage accumulation (94%) and presence of harmful fauna (92%). The prevalence of parasitosis was 46%, mainly by Blastocystis sp (72%), resulting in 65% monoparasitic. 48% presented inadequate environmental sanitation, 39% of the sample presented parasitosis when there is poor environmental sanitation. In conclusion, it was found that the prevalence of parasitic infections was high, as well as the associated risk factors, which led to an association between inadequate environmental sanitation and the presence of parasitosis in the studied communities.

La formación de biopelícula es una estrategia de vida para la mayoría de las bacterias, ya que aumenta las posibilidades de transferencia de material genético y la resistencia a antibióticos, participa en la comunicación celular y ofrece protección en condiciones adversas y variables del medio ambiente; lo que contribuye a una colonización exitosa del hospedador. Esta investigación se propuso determinar la capacidad de producir biopelícula en aislamientos de S. aureus. Se estudiaron 30 aislados (13 sensibles y 17 resistentes a meticilina) mediante ensayo sobre microplacas de cultivos celulares. Todas las cepas mostraron patrones de adherencia; 24 (80%), 4 (13%) y 2 (7%) exhibieron grados de adherencia moderado, débil y fuerte, respectivamente. 77% de las cepas sensibles resultaron moderadamente productoras, 13% débiles y 7% fuertes productoras de biopelícula. Las cepas resistentes presentaron mayormente moderada producción (82%) y el 18% débil producción. No hubo asociación entre el grado de adherencia y la susceptibilidad a la meticilina. La alta tasa de producción de biopelícula en cepas clínicas de S. aureus, sensibles y resistentes a meticilina, sugiere el peligro potencial que representan dichas cepas dentro y fuera de ambientes hospitalarios, dada la importancia que juegan las biopelículas en el desarrollo de infecciones crónicas.

Intestinal parasites are one of the most important health problems that are mainly used in developing countries. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in the schools of the Paján canton, Ecuador. We analyzed 351 stool samples with physiological saline solution and lugol from children between the ages of 5 and 9 years of either sex. A general prevalence of parasites of 45.30% (159/351) was determined, prevailing monoparasites over polyparasites (91.82% / 8.18%). The main characteristics of the species were the protozoa Entamoeba Complex 26.50% (93 cases) E. coli (6.55%) and G. lamblia (6.27%) and the helminths A. lumbricoides (1.14%) and E. vermicularis (0.57%). It is concluded that children in the school age of Paján canton have a prevalence of parasites for permissive conditions for the transmission of enteroparasites; that is necessary to follow up on preventive measures and treatment of parasitosis.

Los estudios realizados a las unidades de sangre permiten detectar las infecciones transmisibles por transfusión (ITT) a través de la presencia del agente etiológico o los anticuerpos generados por el sistema inmunológico del donante contra los agentes infecciosos. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de cualquier ITT en los donantes de sangre que acudieron al Hospital Dr. Egidio Montesinos de la ciudad de El Tocuyo durante los años 2010-2017. Se analizaron 6440 sueros mediante la prueba ELISA de diferentes compañías biotecnológicas, de los cuales 481 casos fueron reactivos a diferentes infecciones lo que arroja un 7,47% de prevalencia a cualquier ITT. Los resultados específicos se estratificaron por ITT, año, sexo y procedencia del donante infectado consiguiéndose una seroprevalencia de 0,66% para el HBsAg, para el anti-HBc (5,34%), para VHC (0,17%), para infección por Trypanosoma cruzi (0,42%), para infección por Treponema pallidum (0,61%) y para VIH (0,26%). No se encontró ningún caso reactivo para HTLV. La población estudiada puede ser considerada como de alto riesgo para transmitir el VHB dado que en esta zona de influencia se presentan cifras elevadas de sus biomarcadores respecto al promedio de la región, de la subregión y del país.