Review of the book by Georgios Theotokis & Aysel Yildiz (eds.), A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea. Aspects of War, Diplomacy and Military Elites, Leiden, Brill, 2018, pp. XV+473.

This article analyzes the different challenges of citizenship and rights in front of the new forms of flow migrations, especially in the Mediterranean and the case of Venezuelan migrants. The new conception of globalization and Soveranity redefines the relations between the State and individuals, whether national or foreign, and must be the basis for rethinking the new issues of citizenship, of migrants and of dialogue between cultures, which must be addressed from the so-called "ethics" of hospitality "and based on the principles of interculturality, the good universality of human rights and substantive and cosmopolitan citizenship. In the expansion of the universal quantifier of human rights, at the time of the nomination of constitutional states of law, there are limitations on the universalist conception, whose archetypal point is based on the thesis of ontological monism. By virtue of this the correspondence between rights, guarantees and benefits were anchored in the course of the forms of government and State in the idea of homogeneity that appeared with the apogee of the nation - states, giving rise to the figure of the monism of the state. Venezuelan forced migration in the Latin America area points out the crisis of the theory of National state and forced to a new concept of citizenship.Starting from this case study, several other aspects of migrations and, more in general, of emerging human rights are addressed in this issue of the Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge.

Constitutional rights are rarely addressed for the protection of migrants and refugees. In the past few years, the number of migrants and among those seeking asylum has been growing increasingly. A crisis has emerged and even though some nations showed empathy when the refugee inflow began to increase, throughout time those good deeds haven´t been done as expected. Long standing periods in refugee camps awaiting bureaucratic decisions, reception quotas not being met and new entrance barriers that have been build up. The present document aims to review the principles instated in the Constitutional Rights from European Mediterranean countries, to compare those proclamations with the current reality and the developed political tools installed by the European Union in response to the refugee crisis. It is expected to be able to raise a critical speech towards welcome mechanisms and to pursue the integration of the voices of the unheard when proposing new legal solutions.

This article analyzes the development of the papal magisterium on human mobility during the period that went from the election of Leo XIII (1878) to the death of Paul VI (1978). What emerges from the research is a complex situation, characterized by a consistent thought in which each Pope chose to preserve specific elements while making his own specific, individual contribution to the problem. The article begins with Leo XIII and his concern for the faith of emigrants, it then reviews Pope Pius’ papacy where the tensions due to the Fascist regime characterized the period up to Pius XII. Paolo VI opened the papal magisterium to the new perspectives proposed by the Second Vatican Council as well as the great changes of human mobility that occurred after the second world war. This study, therefore, analyses an important Catholic line of thought in order to understand both the present day situation and the modernity and complexity of Pope Francis’ papacy.

The article focuses on a reflection about hospitality, thought from inhospitable experiences and aimed at critically rethinking the reactions to the underprivileged, the pilgrim, the migrant, from the assessment of host actions, the ethics of care and the irruption of otherness. It proposes going beyond the observation of data: migratory flows, xenophobic reactions or associated criminal forms and interpreting them from a constructive approach to conflicts, the demands of an inclusive citizenship and the rethinking of the axes of democratic life. Based on the thinking of D. Innerarity, the article associates the ethics of hospitality with the ethics of care, solidarity and life and poses it as a useful tool for dealing with the migratory flows of the Mediterranean and Latin American Space. From an approach of vulnerability situations associated with migrations, the possibilities of empathy, prudential reason and the demands of effectiveness from a bioethical and biopolitical perspective that emphasizes the priorities of action before life at risk are addressed.

The road toward the foundation of a necessary inter-ethnic civilization imposes us to build the meeting among each men’s experiences. In this regard it is important, in our opinion, to refer to the concept of “migrant”, particularly as “reserve of sense.” The idea of “migrant” really can open, in terms of meta-cultural, new change of sense. Through the philosophy of Waldenfels we can imagine the migrant as being of border in the proposition of a pathos looking for answer, that is lent again to the dimension of the threshold of attention in a redefinition of a new type of intra-culturalism from the distinction between the “need” and “demand”. The need of the different experiences of the migrant hides unexpressed question on our existential condition. As Dal Lago wrote, “the immigration more than every other phenomenon, is able of to reveal the nature of the society so-called of reception. When we speak about immigrants, we talk about ourselves in relationship to the immigrants”. Now is the time of passage from inter-culture to “intra-culture” as dialogue between cultures in the space of the meeting.

The phase of geo-political developments taking place in the Middle East as the aftermath of so called Arab Spring has entered the region into a new era of imbroglio transition. One of the peculiarities of the ME new era is the major event of emergence of the Islamic State proclaiming the re-establishment of a new Caliphate. Moreover, the restoration of Muslim Ummah as ever continuing discourse is not limited to IS. It has its crucial fundamental nostalgic origin in the Political philosophy of Islam, which wishes to form the Ummah under the doctrine of Caliphate system, which has long history since the emergence of Islam in the seventh century. What is remarkably important to pan-Islamists is that in their view the reconstruction of the Ummah is a reaction of political Islam to the Sykes-Picot agreement. This paper individuates itself by examining the socio-political manifestation of caliphate from perspective of Islamists struggling to restore the institution of Caliphate since its destruction in 1924.

This paper addresses a central theme of the contemporary debate on education: the concept of evaluation. In particular, the reflection starts from a recognition of the theories of educational evaluation, to reach consideration that concerns the promotion of equality and equity through evaluation process. Recently, educational organizations have changed profoundly and terms like complexity and system are part of the scholastic terminology. Complexity that characterized today society requires a new way of knowing, studying and discovering reality, according to a different cultural paradigm which often share the same spaces. The purpose of this contribution is to recognize to the evaluation process the merit of promoting knowledge of reality, particularly of that scholastic one, and to promote the recognition the student individualism in a community, taking into consideration the principles of equality and equity.