Here we are reporting determination of metallic aluminum in sodium diacetate colorometrically by the use of hematoxylin. Many sophisticated techniques such as pulse polarography, HPLC, AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS, are available for the determination of aluminum at trace levels in complex materials are known. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to determine aluminum (Al) at 0.1 mg/kg level present in sodium diacetate NaH (OAc)2. So we propose determination of aluminum by Hematoxylin, with formation of lake at pH 4.5 and measurement of the unstable color at 540 nm.

Samples of clay were collected from three regions in Libya; Gharyan, Murzuq and Taourgha. Each sample has been taken regard to the place and depth. Because the natural clay is found in deep layers from the soil surface about 20 m. CaCO3 and CaSO4 are precipitated at shallower depths. Results recorded have shown high percent of calcite CaCO3 and Illite in Taourgha clay. Whilst Kaolinite is found in Gharyan clay, however, Bentonite (Na-Montmorillonite), Nontronite, Cr-Volkonskoite wre found in Murzuq. Murzuq white clay sample contained the Na-bentonite. Investigations of conductivity, pH and total dissolved of solids (T.D.S) were cried out on the collected clay samples. In particular the effect of the ionic strength, chemical composition, as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC) were elaborated. pH values for all samples tend to the alkaline media. CEC values were leached by 500 ppm Ca+2 at pH = 8 for samples of Gharyan-Quasim (GQ), Gharyan-Abughalan (GA), Murzuq-Green (MG), Murzuq-White (MW),Taourgha-Mardom (TM) and Taourgha-Temeana (TT) were 6.25, 84.5, 79, 24, 27 mmoles/kg respectively. Otherwise, at pH = 2, values were in constant range for all samples 20.5 mmoles/kg. Leaching process was measured by 500 ppm K+ using flame emission photometer. The CEC values at pH = 8 for samples Gharyan, Murzuq, and Taourgha were 5.89, 91.50, 19.73 mmoles/kg, respectively. Conductivity values of weight ratios at 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 of the extracted solutions of Murzuq samples were 0.324, 0.302, 0.198 dSm-1, respectively.

In this review we report some literature survey on the synthesis, characterization and applications of Schiff bases and their complexes which synthesized from 2-hydroxyacetophenone (C=O) compound and primary amines (-NH2). Including applications of Schiff’s bases and their complexes in qualitative analysis, biological activity and sample preparation for chemical analysis have. The variation of chemicals used in the synthesis to produce Schiff bases and complexes with remarkable stability lead to summarize as much of these important compounds in the field of chemistry. The uses of Schiff bases and their complexes as biological activity reagents open door for significant research to be consider among the chemists to enroll important factors in solving the recent problems in the living aspects.

Modern improvements in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy instrumentation spread out the application of this technique to the field of food research. This study is focused to evaluate the efficiency of FT-IR spectroscopy in order to assess the Libyan virgin olive oil adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils: sunflower oil and corn oil. Taking a closer inspection to different regions of recorded IR spectra of both pure oil sample (virgin olive oil, sun flower oil, corn oil) and their mixture: It is noticed that an absorbance shift was identified at about 3000 cm-1 due to the C-H stretching vibration of the cis-double bond proved to be reliable index for assessing of virgin olive oil adulteration by vegetable oil addition. Also, the absorbance at about 3008 cm-1, characteristic to the oils with a high saturated fatty acids content and short carbohydrate chain, recorded appreciable changes by increasing of vegetable oil percent added in virgin olive oil. Based on the calibration curve (absorbance versus percent of vegetable oil added in virgin olive oil), it is possible to determine the degree of virgin olive oil adulteration. A significant positive correlation for both adulterant oils (R2 > 0.97) at wavenumber 3008.3 cm-1 was observed in our study. Our data demonstrated that FT-IR spectroscopy proved to be a valuable tool to identify the differences recorded in oil samples spectra and finally, to appreciate the degree of virgin olive oil adulteration.

The ternary composite Bi2O3/ZnO/g-C3N4 was synthesized by simple co-precipitation method. Its potential application as a promising photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) has been reported. The prepared samples were characterized by the various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. These characterization and degradation results showed that the Bi2O3 and g-C3N4 have been distributed on the surface of ZnO nano-particles. Loading of the Bi2O3 and g-C3N4 nanosheets on n-ZnO surfaces resulted in an increased surface area and light absorption ability, which is due to the formation of the Bi2O3/ZnO/g-C3N4 heterojunctions between the semiconductors.

Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique widely applied to the analysis of mixtures of organic compounds. Ethanolic extract of pistils with pollen from the flowers of Talipariti elatum Sw. was analyzed by GC-MS using a GCMS-QP2010 Ultra Shimadzu and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 280 compounds and from them, 134 chemical components were characterized and reported for the first time from this part of the plant Talipariti elatum. Our results demonstrate the developed method could be employed as a rapid and versatile analytical technique for identification of chemical constituents and quality control of Talipariti elatum samples.

Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) model is explored for the prediction of dielectric constant (e) of phenol compounds. Six QSPR models for the expression of dielectric constant have been drawn up by employ the multiple regression approach. (Eqs 1-6) with the values of R2 range from 0.717-0.9061, Ra2 range from 0.7021-0.87253and the values of S range from 5.390-3.524166, while the values of F range from 45.786-27.046689. The results show excellent model by Eq 5 with high of R2, Ra2, F and minimum S by using five parameters [LogP, LUMO, HE, HOMO and D.M],was found and indicate that these parameters have important role in determining the value of dielectric constant.

Novel nanosized theta-type zirconium phosphate, ?-Zr(HPO4)2.1.88H2O (?-typeZrP), was prepared and characterized. Its average size particles calculated from XRD broadening method using the Scherer’s equation , found to be 60 nm . Transparent flexible thin films of poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA)-, polystyrene(PS) / theta-type zirconium phosphate nanocomposite membranes were obtained from mixing PVA-, PS solutions with different weight percentages of ?-typeZrP equal to (5,10,15,20% in wt), respectively. The resultant nanocomposite membranes were characterized by XRD and TGA,. The inorganic filler, ?-typeZrP, was well dispersed in the organic polymers matrix , show good thermal and mechanical properties better than that of the original polymers. These nanocomposites are promising for utilizations in fuel cells and as sorbents.

This study investigated the heavy metal concentration in muscle of Tilapia zilli from River Nun in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. The samples were collected from the brackish environment in the Nun river estuary. Tilapia zilli were collected from creek lines traversing five communities at Obama, Tebidaba, Clough creek, Ogbainbiri and Samabiri. The samples were preserved in ice chest and transported to the laboratory. The fish samples were prepared by oven-drying, dry-ashing and digested using a mixture of 5 ml of 1 N nitric acid and 10 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid, afterwards, the acid digest was filtered and made up to 20 ml by diluting to volume with distilled water. The fish sample digests were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Result of the fish ranged from 0.380 – 21.555mg/kg (lead), <0.001 mg/kg (copper), 0.190 – 1.670 mg/kg (chromium), 0.290 – 22.67 mg/kg (manganese), 2.785 – 30.340 mg/kg (zinc), 40.860 – 195.905 mg/kg (iron) and 0.205 – 1.145 mg/kg (nickel). Statistically, there was significance difference (P<0.05) in the fish collected from the different locations apart from copper. The heavy metal concentration were above the limits recommended by various agencies including Food and Agricultural Organization/ World Health Organization, Median international standard, European Union, United States Environmental Protection Agency and Water Pollution Control Legislation. The high concentration of heavy metals above permissible level suggests the need for caution during the consumption of Tilapia zilli from the Nun estuary due to health implications associated with heavy metals.

Understanding the impacts of climatic factors on cotton production may help physiologists to determine the control mechanisms of boll retention in cotton. However, weather affects crop growth interactively, sometimes resulting in unexpected responses to prevailing conditions. This study investigates the statistical relationship between climatic factors and production of flowers and bolls obtained during the development periods of the flowering and boll stage. Also, predicting effects of climatic factors during different convenient intervals (in days) on cotton flower and boll production compared with daily observations. Further, collects information about the nature of the relationship between various climatic factors and cotton boll development and the 15-day period both prior to and after initiation of individual bolls. And, provide information on the effect of various climatic factors and soil moisture status during the development stage on flower and boll production in cotton.

1-Substituted-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-cyano-6-pyridone-azo-antharaquinone disperse dyes having high light fastness on polylactide fibres were synthesized from 1-anthraquinone via a diazotization-coupling reaction with substituted pyridones. The structures of these dyes were confirmed using IR spectroscopy. Their dyeing behavior on polylactide fibres was also determined whereupon it was found that the title dyes could be applied at temperatures of 90 to 100 oC and that the corresponding dyed fabrics had good fastness properties.

Fe-TiO2 catalyst was implemented for photo mineralization of chlorazole black E dye. Percentage conversion. 67.2% , 74.8% and 62.8% using 1%, 3% and 5% Fe-TiO2 under Visible light and 73.3%, 67.2% and 62.8% using 1%, 3% and 5% Fe-TiO2 under UV light after irradiation for 80 Minutes respectively. Fe-TiO2 under UV/Visible light has proven to be effective through the investigation which was synthesize through wet-impregnation, calcined and characterized to determine the group resulting from bond vibrations using FT-IR and crystalline phase of the catalyst via XRD pattern. It was then subjected to photo-degradation to optimize various experimental parameters such as effects of metal loads, light source and time. The obtained result are shown in decreasing order of activity 3% Fe-TiO2 > 1%Fe-TiO2 >5%Fe-TiO2. Which indicate that 3% Fe-TiO2 shows more photo-degradation at UV/Visible but does more better at visible region with respect to time.

The Pd-precatalyst was found to exhibit high catalytic activity for C-C bond formation in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of differentheteroaryl (5-bromo-2-bromoacetyl) thiophene,4- (5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-methyl-1,3-thiazole,isoquinolinium bromide salt) with either aryl or heteroarylboronic acids. All reactions in this study were conducted in water under thermal heating as well as microwave irradiation conditions. The antimicrobial activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated against eight different strains of microorganisms (four fungal strains, two Gram-positive bacteria and two Gram-negative bacteria) using a cup plate diffusion method. The results showed that, most of the 20 tested compounds exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activities. However, 6 compounds recorded high antifungal activity (= 20 mm zone of inhibition), 3 were antibacterial (against Gram-positive) and 4 showed high broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative). These bioactive compounds are recommended for further pharmacological and toxicological investigations for possible formulation as wide spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agents.

Nanosized zirconium phosphate and nano fibrous cerium phosphate , Zr(HPO4)2.H2O(nZrP) , Ce(HPO4)2.2.9H2O (nCePf), respectively, were prepared and characterized. Mixing slurry aqueous solution of (nZrP and nCePf ) in 25:75 wt/wt% mixing ratios) , respectively, lead to formation of novel zirconium phosphate- fibrous cerium phosphate nanocomposite membrane, [Zr(HPO4)2]0.25[Ce(HPO4)2]0.75.3.87H2O(nZrP-nCePf), was characterized. Zirconium phosphate-fibrous cerium phosphate/ polybenzimidazole-/polybenzimidazolee-co-polyaniline-/polybenzimidazole-co-polypyrrole-/polybenzimidazole-co-polyindole nanocomposite membranes were prepared via in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization of the benzimidazole, and its co-monomers in alcohol, that was promoted by the reduction of Ce(iv) ions present in the inorganic matrix of (nZrP-nCePf ) nanocomposite membrane. A possible explanation is nCePf , present on the surface of composite membrane, is attacked by benzimidazole and its co-monomers , converted to cerium(III) orthophosphate(CePO4). The resultant materials were characterized by elemental (C,H,N) analysis , FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) .. SEM images of the resulting nanocomposites reveal a uniform distribution of the polybenzimidazole and its co-polymers on the inorganic matrix. From elemental (C,H,N) analysis the amount of organic material (PBI) present in (nZrP-nCePf)/PBI composite found to be = 5.7% in wt.. T.he amount of organic materials present in copolymers found to be for (nZrP-nCePf)/PBI-co-PANI (PBI = 9.33%, PANI= 13.32% in wt)., for (nZrP-nCePf) /PBI -co-PPy (PBI = 12.85%, PPy = 7.1% in wt) , and for (nZrP-nCePf) /PBI-co-PIn ( PBI = 16.47% , PIn = 8.81% in wt).

Biogas is anaerobic degradation product formed from aqueous slurry of organic waste in a digester. It can be produced from cattle dung, (cd)chicken droppings, decaying leaves, kitchen waste foods, (kwf), sewage sludge, slaughter house, goat, pig or sheep manure, Aqueous slurry of 200 g/L of mixed or single substrate of cattle dung or/and kitchen waste evolved up to 400mL of biogas at ambient temperatures. The rate of gas evolution reached 5 mL/day on the 15th day using 25 % cd mixed slurry. The overall rates of degradation attained in the mixtures were 1.42 + 0.26 mL/g for cd; 1.58+0.33 mL/g for kwf; 1.78+ 0.38 mL/g for 75 % cd mixed substrate; 1.78+ 0.29 mL/g for 50 % cd mixed substrate; 1.92+ 0.21 mL/g for 25 % cd mixed substrate slurries in the 200 g/L load. The comparative rate of biogas formation ranged from1.25 to 1.35 which was in agreement with the range published in literature of 0.8 to 5.5. Biogas can be synthesized efficiently at ambient temperature in Kampala as was done at mesophilic temperatures elsewhere. However, it may be necessary to attempt producing biogas at different pH and temperatures as well as using other substrates and inoculums.

This work is the diminutive attempt towards the plastic waste recycling conducted at Department of Plastic Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Miraj. The term ‘Polyfuel’ means the liquid fuel produced from waste plastics. We have performed the experiment for conversion of waste LDPE into liquid fuel. As LDPE is the long chain hydrocarbon polymer, it has to be broken into small chains hydrocarbons which have been done by catalytic cracking of the LDPE. Coal fly ash is used as a catalyst for thermal cracking of the LDPE. The 54 % yield of process was observed during experimentation. We modified readymade mild still pressure cooker of 9 litre capacity as a reactor for this experiment. The glass condenser is used for condensing the generated vapours during process. We found 270 ml of fuel from 500 grams of waste LDPE at reaction temperature of 3000C. The source of waste LDPE is the milk pouches treated as the waste after utilisation of the milk. The fuel analysis shows that the specific gravity at 280C is 0.7466, density at 280C is 0.7228 g/cm3, viscosity is 1.38 cP, volatile matter is 100 %, flash point is 4 0C, pour point is <-5 0C, acid value is 0.058, total ash is 0.00 %, moisture content is 0.10 %, carbon residue is 0.15 %, sulphur content is 206 ppm and gross calorific value is 9970 kcal/kg.

Co-LDH or Co-LDH-Gibbsite precursors were prepared by wetness impregnation and co-precipitation of 9% CoII. Mixed oxides obtained from the calcination at 800°C were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDS. XRD showed only spinel and periclase crystalline phases. The activity of total methane combustion for five mixed oxides was tested at atmospheric pressure between 350°C and 600°C. The material obtained from the Co-LDH-Gibbsite precursor ignites methane at T<350°C and completes the combustion at 565°C. The FTIR and SEM-EDS of the most active materials indicate that low Co/Al ratios facilitate the formation of surface cobalt spinel, thus improving methane combustion over mixed oxides.

The integration of information technology and education promotes the wide application of virtual simulation experiment in teaching activities. The 3D virtual simulation experiment of chloroacetic acid production process is set based on the preparation, separation and tail gas recovery of chloroacetic acid. This project integrates the basic chemical theory, chemical unit operation, typical chemical equipment principles and operations into two parts: cognition practice and production practice. The paper gives a detail description about the construction and implementation of virtual simulation experiment of chloroacetic acid production process in chemical engineering experiment teaching. It can not only help students apply the chemical unit operation and corresponding equipment to chemical production, but also review the basic chemistry theories such as reaction mechanism, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. A teaching model based on students’ self-directed learning and teacher guidance is adopted, and the quality management and evaluation can be accurate to before, in and after class through simulation software platform. Application of this system has proved that the virtual simulation experiment teaching cannot only help students master the application of momentum transport, energy transport, quality transport, reaction engineering chemical engineering unit operations and the corresponding typical equipment, but also provides a powerful guarantee for students to effectively combine them with practice, and cultivates the safety production consciousness.