The study is aimed to look into the local government system in the subcontinent during the British rule. This system was already working in various parts of the country with diverse patterns, but landlords or upper strata of society were administering it. The British replaced the older one with regular system for obtaining various objectives. They claimed of the fulfillment of public needs and demands through this system, while in reality, much inclination was showed towards revenue collection and less attention was paid on service delivery. The system was helpful for the masses in some ways, but the regime preferred consolidation of power and exploitation of country’s financial resources. Additionally, patronage politics was encouraged. The concept of subsidiary and share of revenues were to strengthen the center. Here is the question either the local government was introduced to encourage the people for self-governance or getting benefit for specific objectives. It is believed that the system was to amass fiscal resources as empirical evidence and published research indicated. The findings of the study reveals that local governance was in pursuit of English tradition, but actual reason was finical problem, which led to formation of local bodies. However, at later stages, the system facilitated the masses by increasing share in self-rule and these aspects have been reviewed by the study.

Minimum wage is a most debated topic since some decades at academic and political levels but so far very diminutive consideration has been devoted to verifying and considering the minimum wages policy implementation and compliance subject. Even though Pakistan has adopted the policy of Minimum wage fixing and continued setting and enforcing minimum wages to protect vulnerable employees of industrial sector, the non-compliance remains an issue. Compliance is done through implementation, and it is the process of placing a rule into practice through rule creation, the setting up of institutions, and after that rule enforcement. Through qualitative approach following interviews from Hyderabad industrial sector and analysis of documents, it is revealed that compliance of minimum wage is not in practice as a binding wage floor in Pakistan. Most of the informal works are facing underpayment of wages. Many factors contribute in the violence of minimum wages in industrial sector of Pakistan which are lack of data, defective measure in fixing minimum wages; deficient capacity of implementation and the lack of unions. The need of the time is efforts and commitment which results in capacity building, adoption of combined enforcement approaches for fair labour practices. A research should be funded for Pakistan database for minimum wage statistics by the government of Pakistan.

This study focuses on the contemporary challenges faced by female teachers at private schools, with the aim of identifying the key factors that impact their ability to maintain a healthy equilibrium between work and personal life. The study examines the reasons and outcomes of imbalance in terms of demographics, recognition, monetary compensation factors, family, and awareness variables. A random sample of 36 teachers from three most famous private schools out of 39 private schools in three talukas of district Matiari was analyzed through survey method. Descriptive statistics for the demographic data, while ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used for analysis of the questionnaires. The findings revealed that female teachers are experiencing excessive demands at both work and home, which is likely to have detrimental effects on their mental, physical, and psychological well-being. This strain has the potential to negatively impact the highly qualified group of individuals in the district.

The study intends to present technological advancement in Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Klara and the Sun (2021) concerning Ray Douglas Bradbury’s perspectives on technological dystopia as a theoretical framework. As Bradbury states in Fahrenheit 541 “Technology is a dystopia that figures out that human is less required whereas technological advancement is needed” (1980:85). In the past couple of decades, dystopian discourses have sought excessively to make a similar stance about global warming, technological control, digital surveillance, totalitarianism, and new authoritarianism. Arguably, without a focus on the negative, we cannot focus on creating something positive. Therefore, Ishiguro, a contemporary Sci-fi novelist, crucially maps a profound account of technological advancement through his narratives. However, he breaks against the current trends that are ready to be shocked, to be intrigued, and more intellectual providing an entirely different outlook on humans and society. The present study employed a non-empirical approach and textual analysis technique to formulate the objectives of the study. First, it analyzed how technological dystopia leads to manipulation in Klara and the Sun. Second, it formulated whether technology controls human life and the physical activities of characters in Klara and the Sun or whether technological advancement leads to utopia, a need for better living conditions in social dwellings. The findings have revealed the prominent shift of human interests and importance towards AI friends and the control and dominance of technology leading to manipulation. As Bradbury asserted technology is a bad thing; it creates the scenario of detachment from the physical world and human relationships. Lastly, the study declared that a human cannot see the good without seeing the bad; thus, dystopia, according to Bradbury, is a bad thing analyzed in Klara and the Sun.

This article aims to explore US objectives in the Middle East after the Arab Spring spread throughout the region. America started to take a keen interest in this region after the Second World War which lasts till now due to some economic and security issues. After 2011, when the revolutions were in full swing, regime change in Iraq caused the United States to change its policies even against its long-time friendly countries in that region, apparently defying long-standing American security policies. Consequently, this policy shift in the United States increased uncertainty in the minds of regional players as to what they could expect from America. Importantly, this research paper focuses on US foreign policy objectives in the region during this decade between 2011 and 2021, primarily controlling its military bases, protecting Israeli sovereignty, strategic access to oil, the defence of friendly states, and finally the fight against terrorist organizations such as (Hamas, Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). In addition, this research determines other key elements that could affect the interests of the United States (US) and its regional friends. To investigate the policy decisions and actions of the United States as well as the interests of its allies in the region between 2011 and 2011, data is collected from primary and secondary sources. The data is carefully analyzed keeping a historical view of the regional socio-economic and political situation. The theoretical study uses a descriptive approach to examine how events in the Middle East after 2011 influenced US foreign policy. Unrest, local wars, and insecurity in the region have been found to have had a massive impact on the economy, national protection, and U.S. diplomatic efforts in the region. The dreams of the US reporting abroad in the Middle East are more dependent on maintaining stable relations with (allies) and knowing the nature of the conflicts. This research study will pave the way for researchers, policy analysts, and practitioners by measuring the extent to which the US-Middle East relationship has changed during this decade.

Climate scientists preferably use the term climate anomaly to explain any significant abnormal change of surface air temperature or precipitation in the weather pattern of any region. As a result, abnormal heat waves and extremely hot weather, severe winter snowfall and blizzards, long droughts, heavy rainfall, and extraordinary floods occur. Such anomalies were more often observed in different regions of the world during the last three decades. The term climate change, led by global warming due to the rising amount of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, is generally considered the main cause. The ENSO phenomenon is also linked to the climate anomalies of the last three decades. In 2022 Europe, the USA, China, and Pakistan were affected by such climate anomalies. The Yangtze River region of China, the main rivers of European land, and the lakes and rivers of the dry land region of the USA experienced the worst long drought, creating an extreme shortage of water and electricity generation. On the other hand, Germany and southern China experienced the worst floods. Abnormally hot weather in the summer and extreme winter snowfall and blizzards severely affected people in Europe and the USA. In 2022, Pakistan was also severely affected by floods caused by abnormally heavy monsoon rainfall. Out of 170 districts, 38 were worst affected, causing the deaths of 1739 people, while houses and croplands of 33 million people were badly affected. Sindh was the most affected province, where heavy rainfall and poor drainage created catastrophic damage. Balochistan, southern Punjab, and districts of the Malakand region were severely affected by flash floods. The present study is based on the hypotheses that climatic anomalies (abnormal excessive rainfall and melting of snow) were the main causes of the flood disaster of 2022 in Pakistan. Failure of the National Disaster Management Authority is the secondary factor causing economic and human loss.