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This study, the chemical composition of pine resin collected from three different locations (Kaburgedigi, Karabucak and Mavisilifke) of Mersin province in the Mediterranean Region of Türkiye was investigated using headspace/GC-MS and direct injection/GC-MS techniques.

This study aimed to identify and characterize the NADPH oxidases (NOX) gene family in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to understand its role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Using bioinformatic tools, the NOX gene family members were identified and analyzed for their molecular weights, isoelectric points, amino acid numbers, and evolutionary relationships. Segmental duplication analysis and phylogenetic studies were conducted using NOX genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, Cicer arietinum, Oryza sativa, and Glycine max. The results revealed nine Phvul-NOX proteins in the common bean genome, with molecular weights ranging from 92940.09 to 105660.24 kDa, isoelectric points from 7.86 to 9.36, and amino acid numbers from 823 to 946. Segmental duplication was observed in Phvul-NOX-1/Phvul-NOX-3, Phvul-NOX-2/Phvul-NOX-8, and Phvul-NOX-5/Phvul-NOX-6 gene pairs, and purifying selection was identified throughout the evolutionary process. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the NOX genes into three main clades, and a synteny map between A. thaliana and P. vulgaris was constructed. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the NOX gene family in the common bean, offering valuable insights for future functional genomics research and potential applications in enhancing stress tolerance and crop productivity.

In this study aimed to determine the effects of morphogenetic variability on the essential oil composition of immortal flower (Helichrysum arenarium subsp. rubicundum) plants collected from Subasi village of Köse district of Gümüshane province, Türkiye. The aromatic components in the essential oil of the plant were determined using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry device attached with solid phase microextraction. Totally 69 different components were identified. The main components of the volatile oil were methyl p-tert-butylphenylacetate (17.57%), ß-caryophyllene (13.42%), undecly alcohol (10.33%), phtyone (9.01%), d-cadinene (8.89%), ?-cadinene (7.74%) and tetradecane (5.64%). Alloaromadendrene (3.24%), a-humulene (3.07%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.79%) were found only in the flower part, acetyl tributyl citrate (3.52%) and a-pinene (1.89%) only in the leaf part and phthyol acetate (4.70%) and tridecylaldehyde (1.26%) only in the stem part. The main reasons for these differences include genetic and ecological factors. Factors such as the use of different organs of the plant (morphogenetic variability) also play an important role. Similarly, the differences in the essential oil ratios and essential oil components of plants are also thought to be due to these factors.

This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts obtained from three plant taxa naturally growing in the Yüksekova Basin: Pimpinella anthriscoides var. anthriscoides Boiss. (Apiaceae), Heracleum persicum Desf. (Apiaceae), and Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae). The antimicrobial potential of these extracts was assessed against foodborne pathogens and spoilage-related bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and clinically significant fungal strains (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763). The aerial and underground parts of the plants were collected during the 2022 vegetation season, and their extracts were prepared using ethanol as the solvent. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the inhibition zones, which ranged from 6 to 21 mm. Among the tested extracts, Pimpinella anthriscoides root-ethanol extract (10-21 mm) and Heracleum persicum seed-ethanol extract (15-21 mm) exhibited the strongest antimicrobial effects. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against Escherichia coli (20-21 mm) and Bacillus cereus (18-21 mm), while the most potent antifungal effect was recorded against Candida albicans (11-19 mm). The findings also revealed that antimicrobial activity varied not only between different species but also among different parts of the same plant species. In conclusion, ethanol extracts from the studied plant species demonstrated promising antibacterial and antifungal properties, suggesting their potential use as natural antimicrobial agents.

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of different Four Thieves Vinegar (FTV) variants, including annual, monthly and commercial FTV, against pneumonia-associated respiratory pathogens (PARPs) isolates. The well diffusion agar method was used to test the antimicrobial activity against 23 PARPs isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus (3 isolates), Acinetobacter baumannii (9 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 isolates), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 isolates). FTV was prepared by fermenting apple cider vinegar with selected several medicinal and aromatic herbs such as sage, rosemary, cinnamon, mint and lavender and others in a 3:2 ratio of apple cider vinegar to water under controlled conditions for monthly and annual incubation periods. Samples were tested in pure (100%) and 50% diluted forms. Among the variants tested, annual FTV showed the strongest inhibitory effect. The inhibition zones ranged from 19.52 mm to 16.70 mm for K. pneumoniae and 19.65 mm to 14.71 mm for A. baumannii. In contrast, monthly FTV and Apple-V showed moderate antimicrobial activity, while Commercial FTV showed the lowest efficacy, indicating that traditional fermentation enhances antimicrobial potency. The pure (100%) FTV samples generally showed larger inhibition zones than the 50% diluted samples, confirming the concentration-dependent efficacy of FTV. The antimicrobial effects varied with fermentation time and vinegar composition, with longer fermentation times correlating with stronger inhibitory activity. FTV showed strong antimicrobial potential against PARPs, making it a natural alternative to chemical disinfectants and highlighting the value of traditional methods. Further research should optimise formulations and assess stability against other hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant pathogens.

This study was conducted to determine and examine species of the Coccinellidae family in the Karacadag region (Diyarbakir-Sanliurfa), Türkiye. The research took place between April-October 2023 and April-June 2024. Sampling was carried out at randomly selected points in various habitats including agricultural areas, forests, meadows, and non-agricultural lands such as rocky areas and fields with weeds. The sampling of Coccinellid species was conducted using hand nets, hand collection, and beating sheets (Japanese umbrellas). Collected specimens were preserved under suitable conditions and transported to the Entomology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection at Siirt University for morphological examination. Species identification was conducted using stereo microscopes, and photographs were taken. A total of 281 samples were collected, representing 12 species belonging to 10 genera: Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus), Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Adalia decempunctata (Linnaeus), Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus), Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus), Pharoscymnus pharoides (Marseul), Stethorus punctillum (Weise), Nephus nigricans (Weise), Hyperaspis quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher), Hyperaspis spp., Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze). The most commonly found species were C. septempunctata (113 individuals), H. variegata (80 individuals), and A. decempunctata (31 individuals). This research contributes to understanding the richness and distribution of Coccinellidae species in the region, serving as a crucial starting point for future ecological and plant protection studies.

Phytoremediation is based on the natural ability of plants to remove chemicals from water, soil and air and is much more economical to implement than conventional decontamination technologies. Endophytes, which enhance the effect of phytoremediation, are microorganisms obtained from healthy plant tissues, do not show any disease symptoms in the host and live symbiotically with the plant. Recent studies have shown that many endophytes are metal resistant and can be successfully used in phytoremediation to enhance plant growth and/or decompose organic matter. While plants on their own have the potential to accumulate metals such as uranium and lead in their roots and shoots, bacterial consortia further enhance metal uptake capacity. Many siderophore-producing endophytes have been reported from various plants and have been reported by researchers to enhance plant growth in poor environments. The binding of siderophore to a metal has been found to increase the soluble metal concentration. Endophytes can also help with the bioremediation of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. It has been reported that the endophytic fungi such as Neotyphodium coenophialum and Neotyphodium uncinatum, were successive to reducing of heavy metal pollution. The aim of this review is to summarize the studies and provide information about the control of the soil by endophytes, which is the basic element of plant production due to environmental pollution, which is one of the most important problems of today, from substances such as heavy metals that are highly persistent and limit the sustainable environment, within a new perspective called phytoremediation.

With the rapidly developing technology in the word, increasing production in agriculture and saving labor and time increases the importance of agricultural mechanization. Traditional methods are being replaced by modern agricultural equipment and machines that require high costs. In order to effectively plan this high cost investments, it is of great importance to analyze the current status of agricultural mechanization at the country, region and provincial level and the change between years. Determining the number of agricultural equipment and machinery in Elazig province and the changes over the years along with making projections for the future is important in terms of planning agricultural equipment, effective use, use of new technology and development of policy instruments. In this study, the agricultural equipment and machinery usage projection of Elazig province was estimated. Projection coefficients were calculated with the chain index method based on the change in usage amounts of agricultural equipment and machines commonly used in plant production in Elazig province between 2013 and 2023. The highest projection coefficient values of the tools and machines used in crop production in Elazig province were determined in tillage tools and machines with 16.979% in bottom boiler, in sowing, maintenance and fertilizing machines with 8.676% in tractor-drawn grain seeder, in plant protection machines with 11.708% in atomizer, in harvesting and threshing machines with 21.903% in motor scythe. The highest projection coefficient in combine harvesters was found in 0-5 year old combine harvesters with 17.584%, while it was calculated in single-axle tractors with 14.682% in >5 HP tractors, and in double-axle tractors with 7.925% in 25-34 HP tractors. Therefore, with this study it is predicted that the number of equipment and machines with high projection coefficients in Elazig province will increase rapidly until 2033.

Soil is one of the most important factors that directly affects the growth and development of plants and determines productivity in agricultural production. The aim of this study, conducted on an area of 1700.44 ha within the boundaries of Mersin-Erdemli district, is to determine distribution of different soil series and to evaluate their suitability for lemon cultivation and to provide necessary improvement recommendations to enhance soil fertility. 68.1%of the study area consists of lemon, 5.5% pasture, 4.9% forest and the remaining 21.5% non-agricultural land. After field observations and examination of topographic, geological and land use situations, 8 soil profile pits were opened and 7 of them were determined to be different. Soils were defined and classified according to the analysis results of soil samples taken from each profile on the basis of genetic horizon and soil taxonomy. The soils were placed in 3 ordos, 4 subordos, 4 major groups and 7 subgroups. 3 of them were classified as Entisol, 3 as Inceptisol and 1 as Mollisol due to their young soil characteristics. Within the research area; the Zeytinlik series (7.33%) has the smallest area, while the Kargicak series (27.92%) has the largest spread area. Alata series soils present challenges for lemon cultivation due to high groundwater levels and inadequate drainage. Therefore, improving drainage systems and controlling the groundwater level in these soils is essential. The Kargicak series, on the other hand, provides ideal conditions for lemon plant in terms of pH and organic matter content; however, attention should be given to soil depth when establishing orchards in this series. The Menderes, Ahpaçbahsis, Zeytinlik, Barbaros, and Eskiköy series soils can become more suitable and productive for lemon cultivation by addressing negative factors such as pH, organic matter content, and stoniness.

This study is aims to determine the germination and seedling growth responses of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) cultivars under drought stress. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University. The plant material used in the study consisted of three Italian ryegrass cultivars Çigdem, Elif, and Zeybek-19. These cultivars were germinated under different drought levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The laboratory experiment was conducted with a randomized split-plot design, with four replications. In the study, germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), germination of uniformity coefficient (CUG), germination energy (GE), seedling fresh weight (SFW), and seedling vigor index (SVI) parameters were examined. The increase in drought levels significantly (p<0.01) affected the germination and seedling characteristics of the Italian ryegrass cultivars. The cultivars had a statistically significant effect (p<0.01) on the GP, GE, SFW, and SVI. The drought values of the GP, MGT, CUG, GI, GE, SFW, and SVI parameters ranged from 49.8-89.8%, 1.9-3.4 days, 15.0-49.0, 4.8-15.8, 4.4-47.6, 22.3-38.0 mg, and 1.1-3.4, respectively, while the variety averages varied between 70.9-78.7%, 2.1-2.2 days, 38.5-40.4, 12.3-12.6, 28.0-38.4, 28.3-33.5 mg, and 2.1- 2.7, respectively. The effects of drought stress were observed in the germination and seedling growth parameters starting from the 10% drought level. According to the results of the study, the stress tolerance exhibited by the cultivars in response to drought levels also varied. Among the Italian ryegrass cultivars Çigdem and Elif were more tolerant to drought in terms of germination and seedling growth parameters compared to the other cultivar. In areas experiencing drought, it is important to use drought-tolerance cultivars in Italian ryegrass cultivation, taking into account the genotypic differences.

In this study, the ownership-related problems on agricultural lands are analysed, the literature and legislation in the field are reviewed, and it is aimed to draw attention to some of the ownership-related problems of agricultural lands in the context of security of supply of agricultural products and to provide suggestions for reducing these problems. In Türkiye, agricultural lands cannot be effectively utilised by their users due to many ownership-related reasons such as some regulations of the land protection law, inheritance legislation, idle lands, economics, rural migration, land valuation, etc. In this situation, these lands are left vacant, insufficient technology cannot be used on them, input use cannot be made carefully and as a result, the desired yield cannot be obtained from these lands. When agricultural lands cannot be used effectively, ensuring and sustaining the security of supply of agricultural products becomes problematic. The problematic parts of the inability to utilise agricultural land effectively, which is one of the most important obstacles to ensuring and sustaining the security of supply of strategically important agricultural products, can be reduced. In the study, it is emphasised that more effective legal arrangements can be made in areas such as land consolidation, land banking, land valuation, land valuation, inheritance law, soil protection etc. for the effective use of agricultural lands by identifying the reasons for the non-evaluation of agricultural lands due to ownership. As a result, it is argued that in the current and future problems that may arise in the future, first of all, the status of agricultural lands should be protected and effective use of land should be aimed.