Abiotic stress is the main cause of yield loss in plants, reducing crop yields by over 50%.

This study investigated the effects of sewage sludge treatment and Rhizobium inoculation on the growth, yield, and nodulation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) under field conditions. The experiment was conducted at Van Yüzüncü Yil University over two growing seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four doses of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha-¹) were applied with and without Rhizobium inoculation. The results revealed significant seasonal variations, with biological yield decreasing from 8306 kg ha-¹ in 2003-04 to 3262 kg ha-¹ in 2004-05, and grain yield declining from 2716 kg ha-¹ to 633 kg ha?¹. The application of 20 t ha-¹ sewage sludge resulted in the highest biological yield (6724 kg ha-¹) and grain yield (1854 kg ha-¹), while higher doses (40 t ha-¹) negatively impacted seed yield. The number of plants per square meter significantly varied between years, and reduced from 183 in 2003-04 to 74 in 2004-05, thereby altering growth and yield attributes. Sewage sludge increased plant density, reaching 153 at 40 t ha-¹, while Rhizobium inoculation slightly reduced it. In contrast to grain and biological yields, the number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant decreased with increasing sewage sludge doses. Overall, the study suggests that 20 ton ha-¹ sewage sludge application optimizes lentil productivity in semi-arid conditions, but higher doses may lead to reduced yield.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of artificially induced water stress on root and green development and chlorophyll content of cotton plants grown in hydroponics. The experiment was carried out with 10 different cotton varieties in hydroponic environment containing 2 different water stresses (control 0% and 1.6%) created with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 according to a randomized plot design with two factors and 4 replications. Plants were grown in a plant growth chamber under 16/8-hour photoperiod, 30/22 oC (day/night) temperature and 50±2% humidity conditions and observations and measurements were taken on the plants at the end of 21 days. In the research, it was determined that water stress negatively affected root length, stem length, root/stem ratio, root weight, stem weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, root surface area and leaf area, while stress conditions only increased the chlorophyll content value in the plant. Among the varieties, SJU-86 and Edessa varieties were determined to be prominent in terms of the examined characteristics, while Solmaz variety showed high value in terms of chlorophyll content. With this research, it was concluded that SJU-86 and Edessa varieties showed superior performance in terms of water stress conditions and were more tolerant than other varieties.

The study was carried out according to the randomized plot design in the petri dish in the laboratory of Ordu University Faculty of Agriculture in order to determine the effects of different salt doses on germination and seedling development of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Prana variety. In the study, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) were applied to the caryopsiss. The obtained data were analyzed according to the One Way ANOVA, Welch ANOVA or t-test. Also, probit analysis was performed to determine the lethal dose. As a result of the statistical analysis, it was determined that salt stress had significantly negative effect on seed germination and seedling development. Salt in the germination medium decreased the germination percentage, rate and uniformity, and delayed the beginning of germination in seeds, and extended the mean germination time. The first statistically significant negative effect of salt stress on germination and plumule development occurred at the 60 mM. However, it was determined that there was no germination in seeds after the 90 mM NaCl, and that after the 60 mM NaCl, development in seedlings was inhibited to such an extent that measurement could not be taken. In addition, as a result of the probit analysis performed on the germination percentage in the Prana variety, 34.733 mM NaCl was calculated as the LD50 dose. As a result of all these, it was determined that the Prana variety was sensitive to salt stress during the germination period and could not tolerate NaCl above 34.733 mM.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the quality status of the lands in the western part of the Karamenderes catchment by using the land quality index (LQI) approach. Soil texture, structure, slope, depth, stoniness, pH, salinity, lime, alkalinity, hard layer status in the profile, drainage conditions, erosion status, and productivity were used to determine the quality status of the lands forming the north west part of the Ezine district. According to the LQI approach results, 58.18% of the lands in the study area, which has a total surface area of 49901.52 da, were classified as highly suitable (S1), 33.24% as suitable (S2), 6.80% as moderate (S3), and 1.78% as not suitable. Most of the study lands (91.41%) were classified as highly suitable and suitable. On the other hand, about 9% of the area was classified as moderate or not suitable. For these problematic areas, soil conservation measures should be followed, and sustainable conditions should be re-established by giving importance to land reclamation activities. It is recommended that the parametric approach, which has been successfully applied in the study area, should be applied in different geographies.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on melon (Cucumis melo L.) and to evaluate the potential mitigating role of gibberellic acid (GA3) application. In the experiment, a 10-day drought period was imposed by withholding irrigation, and GA3 was applied at a concentration of 100 ppm. The results indicated that drought stress significantly suppressed plant growth. The SPAD value decreased by 26%, from 303.6 ± 8.9 in the control group to 224.1 ± 5.9 under drought conditions, while GA3 application did not lead to a statistically significant improvement. Drought stress increased malondialdehyde levels from 3.6 to 7.9, whereas GA3 treatment reduced it to 5.67, indicating a partial alleviation of oxidative stress. Root length decreased from 50 ± 8.1 cm in the control to 31 ± 5.09 cm under drought stress and was further reduced to 25 ± 6.03 cm with GA3 application. Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed that GA3 application did not completely mitigate drought stress but provided partial improvement. These findings highlight the detrimental effects of drought stress on melon and indicate that GA3 alone may not be sufficient to alleviate drought-induced damage in melon cultivation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on melon (Cucumis melo L.) and to evaluate the potential mitigating role of gibberellic acid (GA3) application. In the experiment, a 10-day drought period was imposed by withholding irrigation, and GA3 was applied at a concentration of 100 ppm. The results indicated that drought stress significantly suppressed plant growth. The SPAD value decreased by 26%, from 303.6 ± 8.9 in the control group to 224.1 ± 5.9 under drought conditions, while GA3 application did not lead to a statistically significant improvement. Drought stress increased malondialdehyde levels from 3.6 to 7.9, whereas GA3 treatment reduced it to 5.67, indicating a partial alleviation of oxidative stress. Root length decreased from 50 ± 8.1 cm in the control to 31 ± 5.09 cm under drought stress and was further reduced to 25 ± 6.03 cm with GA3 application. Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed that GA3 application did not completely mitigate drought stress but provided partial improvement. These findings highlight the detrimental effects of drought stress on melon and indicate that GA3 alone may not be sufficient to alleviate drought-induced damage in melon cultivation.

This study was conducted to identify the fungal pathogens responsible for seedling root rot in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivated in the Tigris Basin, to determine their prevalence, to characterize these pathogens at morphological and molecular levels, and to assess their pathogenicity in order to contribute to the development of effective disease management strategies. In this study, during the growing season 2021-2022 surveys were conducted on May and June along the Tigris Basin, where cotton is intensively cultivated. Diseased cotton samples were collected from a total 79 separate cotton fields. Fungal agents causing seedling root rot, including Fusarium species (Fusarium spp., Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. moniliforme (verticillioides), F. chlamydosporum, F. proliferatum, F. acuminatum), R. solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytium spp., Alternaria spp., Ulocladium sp., Cladosporium spp., Chaetomium spp., Thielaviopsis basicola, Phoma spp., Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, Sclerotinia sp., and Sordaria tomentoalba were isolated. As a result of pathogenicity tests among the agents causing seedling root rot, Thielaviopsis basicola, Alternaria spp., Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani were determined to be highly pathogenic. The disease rate of fields in the study was between %2-16. The prevalence of the disease in the studied fields was %100. In the region, it is essential to implement sustainable approaches for managing fungal diseases, including raising awareness among growers, using resistant cultivars, reducing pesticide use, ensuring proper field drainage, practicing crop rotation, and adopting biological control methods.

In this study soil health in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] plantations of Rize Province, Türkiye, was assessed by analyzing nematode community structure and calculating ecological indices and metabolic footprints. On this purpose a survey was carried out in tea growing areas and soil samples were collected from tea growing areas. The nematodes isolated from these soils were identified. Key indicators included the Maturity Index (MI= 2.45), Plant Parasitic Index (PPI= 2.83), and Sigma Maturity Index (SMI= 2.56). A total of 36 nematode genera were identified, comprising 13 plant-parasitic and 23 free-living genera. The nematode community was predominantly composed of bacterivores and plant-parasitic taxa, each representing 36.1% of the total population. Omnivores accounted for 16.6%, while fungal feeders and predators each comprised 5.6%. Functional indices reflected a moderately structured and enriched soil food web, with an Enrichment Index of 63.89, Structure Index of 68.16, Basal Index of 16.06, and Channel Index of 24.81. Metabolic footprint analysis revealed a relatively high Composite Footprint, driven primarily by bacterivore and predator contributions, demonstrating active trophic interactions and moderate soil biodiversity. In the soil food web structure a majority of samples were located in the upper-right quadrant, typically reflecting nematode assemblages found in nutrient-enriched and structurally stable soils.

This study was conducted in the Keçiborlu district of Isparta during the years 2021 and 2022 with the objective of ascertaining the effects of varying nitrogen (N) doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) on the morphological characteristics and yield of the Alphonse Lavallée grape variety. The study was designed as a randomized block design, with three replications. The following parameters were examined: shoot length, internode length, berry width, berry length, cluster width, cluster length, cluster weight, weight of 100 berries, and yield. The study revealed that N doses had a statistically significant impact on all the characteristics that were examined. The findings of the two-year research study demonstrated that the increase in N doses up to 100 and 150 kg ha-1 resulted in an increase in various agronomic characteristics. These include an increase in shoot length, internode length, berry width, berry length, cluster width, cluster length, cluster weight, 100-berry weight, and yield. At higher doses, the measured characteristics either remained constant or decreased. The maximum yield was achieved at a N dose of 100 kg ha-1 in both years. The findings of this study suggest that a N dose of 100 kg ha-1 is the optimal level, with higher doses showing no additional benefits.

This study was conducted to determine the changes in berry characteristics resulting from cluster thinning at different phenological development stages and at varying intensities in the “Big T” training system, which is generally not preferred in wine grape cultivation due to its high bud load. The research was carried out in vineyards private producer, located in Güllüce village of Ezine district in Çanakkale province, at coordinates 39°48’03" N and 26°22’01" E, and at an altitude of 65 meters. The vineyard, established with 12-year-old vines, consisted of Merlot/41B graft combinations. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive growing seasons, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. Six different phenological stages were evaluated: pre-flowering, berry set, berry touch, veraison, mid-ripening and pre-harvest. Three cluster thinning levels were applied: Control (0%), 25% cluster thinning (CT1), and 50% cluster thinning (CT2). It was observed that thinning performed during the berry set stage improved the examined cluster characteristics. In terms of yield, 50% cluster thinning applied at the berry set and veraison stages was found to be the most effective. Under the agroecological conditions of Ezine district in Çanakkale, the results of the study on cv. Merlot vines trained in the “Big T” system indicated that the timing of thinning, particularly during the berry set, played a crucial role in enhancing cluster traits. In terms of thinning intensity, both 25% and 50% levels were found to be effective in improving grape quality.

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important plant that is used in oharmaceutical and other industries due to the presence of alkaloids and its high oil contents. It is traditionally grown in many countries, including Türkiye. Poppy seeds, capsules and flowers are used in areas like food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and paint industries. The development of new high yielding, with high quality and resistance to environmental conditions is of great importance. One of the methods used to achieve these goals is the phenomenon of heterosis (hybrid vigor). Heterosis describes the superior performance observed in the F1 generation obtained as a result of the crossbreeding of two genetically different individuals, compared to the parents. This superiority is evident in features such as earliness, seedling development, root structure, number of capsules seed yield, alkaloid contents and resistance to environmental stress factors. Heterosis values between 20% to 80% for capsule and seed yields and between 10% to 60% for morphine yield have been reported in poppy plants. Male sterility is an important tool that can be used in hybrid seed production. Some studies show that induced male sterile lines can be developed in poppy by gamma irradiation and interspecific cross breeding. The genetic basis of heterosis may vary depending on the genetic distance between parental lines, their combining abilities and environmental factors. Heterosis has positive effects not only on economically important traits such as morphology and seed yield, but also on the morphological and phenological characteristics of the plant. Significant differences were observed in hybrid lines in terms of plant height, capsule size, flowering time and alkaloid profile. Therefore, heterosis stands out as an effective strategy that can be used in poppy breeding. Biological basis of heterosis in P. somniferum, its application methods and its place in breeding programs were comprehensively discussed in the light of current literature data in this review.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting the sustainability of agricultural production. Accurate classification of these insects at the species and subspecies levels is essential for biodiversity monitoring, understanding local adaptation, and developing effective conservation strategies. In recent years, deep learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for automatic classification based on visual data. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of studies utilizing deep learning-particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), transfer learning approaches, and hybrid models-for the image-based identification of honey bee lineages. The reviewed methods are evaluated in terms of their performance in image analysis and morphological differentiation. While the results demonstrate the high accuracy and rapid classification potential of deep learning models, current limitations such as dataset size, labeling challenges, and environmental variability are also discussed. By examining these strengths and constraints, this review aims to provide an in-depth perspective on the applicability of deep learning in honey bee research and outlines promising directions for future studies in this rapidly advancing field.