In this study, Marrubium trachyticum Boiss.,

Symptoms such as severe mosaic, yellowing and necrosis of leaves have been observed in iris (Iris spp.) plants for many years. In this study, the presence of potyvirus species that can cause similar symptoms in iris plants was investigated. Field surveys were carried out in the province of Bilecik in the South Marmara region-Türkiye in the year 2022. In the study, a total of 41 iris plants were collected, including 34 symptomatic and 7 asymptomatic ones. Potyvirus infections were detected by conventional molecular methods using degenerate primers for amplification of the partial NIb (nuclear inclusion protein b) gene region specific to the genus Potyvirus. As a result of the molecular assays, potyvirus infection was detected in 6 plants showing symptoms caused by viruses. After nucleotide sequencing of the 6 Potyvirus fragments obtained, the infections were determined to be caused by iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV). These isolates showed over 94% nucleotide similarity among themselves and 82-99% similarity with the global isolate. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Potyvirus species were successfully separated among themselves according to the NIb gene region obtained with these degenerate primers.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the results of effective fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 and their combinations with different doses of activators, as well as identifying an environmentally friendly method of combating the disease using low fungicide doses. The effect of different doses of two fungicides, found to be effective against the fungus in in vitro conditions, in combination with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Arthrobacter sp., and Harpin Protein was initially determined through pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. The effects of two combinations, which were found to be successful in pot experiments, were investigated against the disease under field conditions in Antalya and Ankara. According to the trial results in field conditions, the highest efficacy was observed with the combination of Arthrobacter sp.-(Prothioconazole+Spiroxamine) at the recommended dose (100 mL da-1), with a percentage of 90.77. This was followed by the combination of Arthrobacter sp.-(Prothioconazole+Spiroxamine) at a reduced fungicide dose (50 mL da-1), which achieved an efficacy of 88.37%. When used alone against the disease, Arthrobacter sp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Harpin Protein exhibited low efficacy values of 46.20%, 39.73%, and 23.40%, respectively, placing them at the lower end. As a result, it has been concluded that the application of Arthrobacter sp.-(Prothioconazole+Spiroxamine) at the 1st lower dose (50 mL da-1) can be effective in combating Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 in turf areas as an environmentally friendly control practice due to the use of low fungicide doses.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the Zymoseptoria tritici is an important wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease in the Türkiye and in many countries in the world. In this study, a total of 92 bread wheat varieties were evaluated for STB in the adult plant stage under natural infection conditions. The field trial was performed at the experimental station at the campus of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye for two consecutive years with the two replications. Disease evaluations were performed using the double-digit scale (00-99). Based on the disease evaluations, the disease severity ranged from 15 to 80, and 21 to 82 in the growing seasons of 2022 and 2023, respectively. In infection types, four disease reactions were determined namely resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, and susceptible. Overall, while 32.61% and 36.96% of the varieties were resistant and moderately resistant to STB, 17.39% and 13.04% of them showed moderately susceptible and susceptible reactions, respectively. In conclusion, these varieties can be used in resistance breeding programs to STB disease. In further studies, the resistant/susceptible reactions of bread wheat varieties to STB should be identified to carry which resistance gene/genes or not.

The main purpose of the study was to clarify the effect of selenium (Se) on DNA damage and DNA methylation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress under in vitro tissue culture. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) were utilized to explain the DNA damage grade and variations in DNA methylation patterns, respectively. The outcomes indicate that drought stress gives rise to a rise in RAPD profile variations (as DNA damage) and a decrease in genomic template stability (GTS) rate and DNA methylation changes. According to the RAPD data, the greatest GTS value was computed at 56.9% (5% PEG 6000), and the lowest GTS value was 41.2% (15% PEG 6000), demonstrating the adverse effects of PEG 6000. However, DNA damage can be reduced by treatment with sodium selenate (2, 4, and 6 µM of Na2SeO4) together with PEG (5%, 10%, and 15% PEG 6000)-induced water deficits. Moreover, according to CRED-RA analysis, PEG-induced DNA methylation rates were changed after treating different doses of Se. These data demonstrate that Se dose-dependently modulates both DNA damage and methylation alterations induced by drought in wheat.

This study was conducted to determine the plant protection issues encountered in oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in Sivas province, Türkiye. In this study, a total of 88 producers from Sivas province (including the districts of Merkez, Zara, Hafik, and Yildizeli) were interviewed and survey forms were filled out. The survey data covers the 2022 production season. According to the findings of the study, sunflower producers face various problems related to diseases, pests, and weeds. Producers identified factors such as sunflower wilt (26.14%), sunflower rust (9.09%), bird damage (30.68%), wild boar damage (25.00%), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) infestation (75.00%), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) infestation (67.05%) as significant agricultural pest issues in sunflower production areas. In sunflower agriculture, producers reported using both chemical and cultural methods, adjusting the type and dosage of pesticides according to the recommendations of agricultural pesticide dealers. Additionally, producers mentioned the uncertainty of sunflower prices as one of the main problems they face. To achieve higher yields in sunflower farming, it would be beneficial for producers to participate in training programs organized by agricultural institutions on cultivation practices as well as plant protection agents and their management.

The aim of the present study was to determine the physico-chemical properties and physical quality indices of the soils of some pasture areas located on the left coast of the Bafra delta plain, which was formed on the alluvial deposits carried by the Kizilirmak River at different times, and to create spatial distribution maps of the quality indices using Geographic Information Systems. The three selected pasture sample areas were selected taking into account some characteristics such as, field observations, their distance to the sea and fractional changes in particle size. Within the scope of the research, soil samples were taken from 90 pastures, including surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm), and the basic fertility parameters of the soils, some macro and micro nutrient analyses, and soil crust index (SCI) and soil compactability index (CI) values, which are physical soil quality parameters, were determined. In addition, fifteen different interpolation models were applied to produce spatial distribution maps of these quality parameters in pasture areas. According to the results obtained, pasture soils generally have clay texture and are slightly alkaline soils. The organic matter and lime contents of the soils are quite variable and the nutrient levels are generally adequate except for manganese. In the pasture areas, CI values in Pasture-1 and Pasture-2 are distributed in a small area in the southern parts of the areas, while the risk is more distributed in Pasture-3. The SCI exhibited a similar distribution pattern as CI in both surface and subsurface soils in pasture areas. In order to prevent or less affect compaction in pasture lands, grazing should be done especially at appropriate times.

Çalismada findik üretiminin kârliligi ve findik isletmelerinin gelirleri ile asgari gelir düzeyleri arasindaki farkliligin ortaya çikartilmasi amaçlanmistir. Çalismada kullanilan veriler; Düzce, Ordu, Giresun, Samsun, Trabzon ve Sakarya illerinde findik yetistiren ve tabakali tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 380 üreticiden anketlerle elde edilmistir. Findik isletmelerinin demografik özellikleri ve kârlilik göstergelerinin karsilastirilmasinda tek yönlü varyans analizinden, findik üretiminin kârliligi ve üretim maliyetlerinin belirlenmesinde Tek Ürün Bütçe Analiz Yöntemi’nden yararlanilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda dekara findik üretim masrafi 2553.6 TL, gayri safi üretim degeri 3374.0 TL, brüt kâr 1686.7 TL, net kâr 820.4 TL ve 1 kg findik maliyeti ise 21 TL olarak hesaplanmistir. Isletmelerin brüt kâr, net kâr ve findik maliyetleri isletme ölçegi büyüdükçe artmaktadir. Isletme gelirleri toplami, potansiyel asgari gelirden 10811 TL daha düsüktür ve isletme ölçegi arttikça isletme geliri ile asgari gelir düzeyi arasindaki farklilik azalmaktadir. Küçük ölçekli isletmelerin tamami, orta ölçekli isletmelerin % 89.0’i ve büyük ölçekli isletmelerin ise % 84.2’si findik yetistiriciliginden, asgari gelir düzeyine göre daha az gelir elde etmektedirler. Diger taraftan kirsalda ikamet etme ve isletme gelirinin sadece findiktan elde edilmesi, isletmelerin asgari gelir düzeyinden daha fazla gelir elde etmelerini etkilemektedir.

In this study; the development of an effective surface sterilization for Kozdere, Zengibar and Chandler walnut cultivars and the interaction of different media and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations in culture initiation were investigated. Axillary buds of walnut cultivars were used as explants. The first stage of tissue culture studies is surface sterilization. Plants with successful surface sterilization can be micropropagated. In this study, walnut materials were surface sterilized by using sodium hypochlorite at doses of 20, 30 and 40% and copper sulphate in addition to sodium hypochlorite. The least contamination (8.16%) and darkening (22.45%) and the highest bud set (69.39%) were observed in Kozdere cultivar treated with 30% sodium hypochlorite and copper sulphate. Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) media were used as culture initiation media. 0.5, 1 and 2 mg L-1 BAP were added to the media. DKW medium was found more successful than MS medium in the propagation of walnut cultivars. The addition of 2 mg L-1 BAP to DKW medium gave the best results for shoot elongation, number of shoots per explant and number of leaves for all cultivars. Among the walnut cultivars, Kozdere cultivar was found statistically significantly different from Zengibar and Chandler cultivars in shoot elongation measurements. As a result, it was revealed that Kozdere cultivar can be used for in vitro propagation of walnut cultivars. It is seen that more comprehensive studies are needed to determine the method for propagation of Zengibar and Chandler cultivars in tissue culture.

The effects of organic (bat manure, vermicompost, and compost) and mineral fertilization on the nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and cadmium (Cd)] uptake and dry matter content of eight cereals (two and six row barley, tritordeum, bread and durum wheat, triticale, rye, and oat) were examined under Cd conditions. The plants were grown in controlled conditions in three replications according to the factorial trial design until the three-leaf stage. Fertilizers and Cd were applied to the soil before seed planting. The impact of fertilizers on plant dry weight and nutrient uptake is presented in descending order: mineral fertilization > bat manure > vermicompost > compost. Among different cereal types, durum wheat had the highest uptake of P and Zn, while barley varieties had the highest amount of other nutrients and dry matter. Tritordeum was found to have the lowest nutrient content among the cereal types. The research results indicate that Cd accumulation increased with the application of Cd in cereals that received mineral fertilization. However, compost caused the least Cd accumulation. It has been shown that mineral fertilizers, especially in Cd-polluted soils, cause high amounts of Cd uptake by plants. On the other hand, compost is effective in reducing Cd uptake by plants.

The aim of this article is to discuss the objective value increase used in determination the value of land within the framework of Supreme Court decisions, and to form a common opinion on the solution of problems. In the article, firstly, the legal regulations related to the objective value increase for some parcels that could exist in determining the land value have been put forward. Then, the Supreme Court decisions on the expert reports including objective value increase were discussed. The article takes into account 41 Court of Cassation decisions from different dates, according to the regulations in the Expropriation Law. The objective value increase is one of the main issues discussed regarding the expropriation value of land in Türkiye. In addition to the land value calculated according to the net income in the Expropriation Law, if there are any, the other objective criteria can be taken into account. When the expert reports are examined, it is seen that there is no concrete framework on what would be the objective criteria and what is the contribution rate of each criterion. It is understood that the discussions about the objective value increase will continue unless the objective criteria for determining the land value and the contribution rate of each are determined. Unless a scientific approach is developed regarding the objective criteria, the precedent decisions of Supreme Court will not be able to create a common opinion to eliminate the discussions on the subject. So there is an urgent need to establish a general framework with determining the objective criteria affecting the land value and their contribution rates by scientific research. Otherwise, it is a fact that the technical and legal discussions regarding the expert reports in expropriation cases will continue.