Comparative analysis of irrigation performance across irrigation systems allows determining how well a system is performing in relation to others. In this research, Akçay Right and Left Bank, Aydin and Söke Water User Associations located in Lower Büyük Menderes Basin and Menemen Right and Left Bank Water User Associations located in Lower Gediz Basin were assessed by using benchmarking applications in irrigation and drainage. As a result of the study, output per cropped area, output per unit command, output per unit irrigation supply, output per unit water consumed, relative water supply, relative irrigation supply and annual irrigation water delivery per unit irrigated area were determined as 2048-3414 $ ha-1, 1707-2824 $ ha-1,0.30-0.60 $ m-3, 0.27-0.46 $ m-3,1.02-1.60, 0.62-0.95 and 5965-11043 m3 ha-1 respectively. The main problems determined by this study are the improper use of water and inadequate water allocation especially to the downstream water user associations. Agricultural production values of the water user associations are relatively higher than those having similarities and similar functions.

Producer associations have an important role in adoption and implementation of new agricultural technologies. In Turkey, associations have contributed significantly to increase of kiwi production and its consumption in recent years. The most important function of kiwi producer associations is to assist their members in marketing of products as well as to try to provide solutions to problems related to kiwi production techniques. The data of this research was obtained from the 12 kiwi producer associations. According to the research results, the most important problem of kiwi producer associations is having financial difficulties. The associations, getting 79.4% of their incomes from the subscriptions, are unable to sufficiently perform their duties due to their limited budgets. The associations have indicated that the main problems in kiwi production are lack of knowledge for production techniques and qualified technical staff. There is no marketing problem of the product due to adequate domestic demand. But, the products should be disposed immediately due to lack of cold storage facilities and they are not sold at desired price.

Data mining provides discovering the required and applicable knowledge from very large amounts of information collected in one centre. Data mining has been used in the information industry and society. Although many methods of data mining has been used, these techniques has been remarkable in animal husbandry in recent years. For the solution of complex problems in animal husbandry many methods were discussed and developed. Brief information on data mining techniques such as k-means approach, k-nearest neighbor approach, multivariate adaptive regression function (MARS), naive Bayesian classifiers (NBC), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), decision trees are given in the study. Some data mining methods are presented and examples of the application of data mining in the field of animal husbandry in the world are provided with this study.

This study was conducted to determine some vegetation characters of 12 natural rangelands in Kastamonu province in 2014. In the study, modified wheel point method with loop was used. Totally 103 plant species were determined in studied rangelands. This plant species were also divided into 3 different successional groups: i) 13 species were decreases, ii) 14 species were increasers, and 76 species were invaders. In the experiment rangelands, plant coverage rate was 83.34%. Considering the different successional groups, which had influential effect to pasture quality, decreasers, increasers, and invaders had 13.35%, 29.15% and 57.50%, respectively. The results from the present study indicated that 1 rangeland are “Good”, 5 rangelands are “Fair” and 6 rangeland are “Poor” conditions based on the rangeland condition classes. On the other hand, 11 and 1 rangelands were found as “Healthy” and “Risky” in health categories. According to these results half of the rangelands must be used carefully, while other half are need improving immediately. There were significant correlations between grazing level and livestock number (r=0.608*) and soil compaction (r=0.590*) and decreaser+increaser plant ratio (r=-0.624*); between livestock number and plant cover (r=-0.581*) and soil erosion (r=0.582*); between plant cover and soil erosion (r=-0.515, Sign. 0.086); between the altitude and area of rangelands (r=-0.775**); between plant cover and decreaser+increaser plant ratio (r=0.594*). Keywords:

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and trifluralin- resistant biotypes of this weed in the cotton production area of the Siirt provience. The density and frequency of A. retroflexus was determined based the two seasons, May-June season reflected 0.37 plants m-2 – 32.05% and September- October season reflected 1.20 plants m-2 – 51.80%. Suspicious A. retroflexus seed samples were collected from 11 different cotton fields for determination of resistance in 2008. First, a rapid petri dish seed bioassay test was applied to A. retroflexus seeds in order to find the proportions of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) populations. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. The seeds were treated with trifluralin at 10 ml which corresponds to 200 ml da-1 the recommended dosage to treat the fields and put into a growing chamber at 25 oC for ten days. Three populations were found as susceptible and the dose ranges of trifluralin which applied to these populations were 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 ml da-1. The data obtained from these experiments was analyzed by using the logistic dose response model and 2 populations resistant or susceptible were determined.

The main aims of this study were to determine firstly land use-land cover, topographic and soil characteristics in 53.6 km2 mostly flat land which was sized about 19 km length which is between Black Sea and at the beginning of mountain and 2.5 km width in both sides of Terme River that located on east part of Çarsamba Plain and secondly, in order to generate detailed soil map by determining basic characteristic of different soils formed in arable land which can be damaged from flooding events. Different physiographic units (mostly flat, rolling and hilly) are particularly common in the study area. Elevation varies from 1 m to 47 m above sea level. Average annual precipitation and temperature are 964.3 mm and 14.3 oC, respectively. After examination of topographic, land use, geologic and geomorphologic maps and land observation, 17 profile places were excavated in the study area. The soil samples were taken from each profile based on genetic horizon sand their analyses were done in the laboratory. According to the results of laboratory analyses by taking into consideration of soil taxonomy, these soils were classified and described. The soils were grouped under 4 order, 6 suborder, 8 great groups and 10 subgroups within 10 soil series and soil boundaries were shown on the 1:25.000 scale map. Inceptisol has the highest land which is about 55.3% of the total area following by Entisol (30.6%), Vertisol (8.9%) and Alfisol (5.2%) in the study area. Whereas Mescitli series has the largest area (2.3%), Altunlu series has the smallest area in the study area (17.1%). In addition, some necessary recommendations were given to solve some soil problems in this study.

In waterlogged soils, water replaces air in the soil. Waterlogging is a serious problem which occurs whenever the soil is so wet that there is insufficient oxygen in the soil for crop roots to be unable to normal respiration. Roots are directly and firstly influenced oxygen deprivation caused by waterlogging. Upon waterlogging, plant root growth can be inhibited and caused root death. Responses of crops to waterlogging vary depending on the occurring time, length of time the soil remains saturated and the genotype of the crop, species and variability within species. Formation of aerenchyma and adventitious roots are the most common reactions of the crops to hypoxia and anoxia conditions under longer periods of waterlogging. Root systems deprived of oxygen are poor reserves of mineral nutrients for both root and shoot systems. The reduction in stomatal aperture is a major cause of the initial decline in photosynthetic capacity of waterlogged crops. Another effect of waterlogging is to inhibit the production of certain plant hormones which enable to growth and leaf expansion. Besides, ethylene can increase plant survival when the level of oxygen diminished in the root zone. In this article, the changes and hormonal responses that occur in the roots of field crops under waterlogging conditions were investigated.

In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of propolis and injection sites in ovo on hatchability, hatching weight and survival of newly-hatched chicks in two different lines of slow-growing broiler. In Experiment 1, 70 fertile eggs from Ross x Rhode Island Red breeder (30-week-old) were allocated to four groups according to a 2 (saline and propolis solution) × 2 (air cell and amniotic fluid) factorial arrangement. In Experiment 2, 64 fertile eggs from Ross x Barred Plymouth Rock breeder (32-week-old) were allocated randomly to three groups. In Experiment 1, a 0.5 ml of 0.9% saline or 4.6% propolis solution was administered to the air cell or the amniotic fluid of eggs at day 19 of incubation. In Experiment 2, at 18 d of incubation 0.5 ml of 0.9% saline solution was administered to the air cell or the amnion at the blunt end and the pointed end of the egg. In the both experiments, the hatchability, hatching weight and survival of newly-hatched chicks were not affected by in ovo injection of propolis and injection sites. However, in Experiment 1, while the hatchability (?2= 8.020, P<0.01) was dependent on the injection sites, hatching weight of newly- hatched chicks (P < 0.10) was tend to be dependent on the injection sites. In conclusion, it can said that in ovo administration of propolis to the air cell increased the hatchability, but was tended to reduce the hatching weight of chicks.

The Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni is a perennial herbaceous plant and belongs to family of Asteraceae (Compositae). The contents of S. rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni consist mainly non-caloric stevioside and rebaudioside A sweeteners. Low seed germination is an important problem in stevia cultivation. Therefore in this study, the effects of light and temperature on germination performance of stevia seeds were studied. Stevia rebaudiana seeds were treated with two lights (light/darkness) and four different temperatures (15 ºC, 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC). For each treatment, 50 seeds were counted and placed into petri dishes. Experiments were conducted as a randomized complete design method with three replicates. Germination was started within 6 to 10 days depending on the treatments. The highest seed germination rate (71%) was observed in darkness/25 ºC temperature and followed by darkness/20 ºC (68%) and light/25 ºC (67%). On the other hand, the lowest seed germination rate (31%) was obtained from 15 ºC in both light and dark conditions and followed by darkness/30 ºC (43%) and light/30 ºC (49%). The results showed that lower (15 ºC) and higher (30 ºC) temperatures significantly decreased the germination rates of stevia independently from the light treatments.

This study were carried out to determine the distribution, population fluctuation and infested level of Olive moth Prays oleae (Bern.) in Mardin, Gaziantep and Sanliurfa provinces during 2001-2002. The pheromone traps were hanged on the trees in orchards at the beginning of April. The traps were checked twice a week until the first moth was caught, then they were checked weekly up to the end of season. The level of damage was determined by examining leaves, blossoms and fruit. Sampling was conducted 3 times in a year. The shoots 15-20 cm in length were taken from 4 directions of the trees in each orchard to estimate the damage caused by phyllophagous and anthophagous generation. Five olive fruit from each direction (total 20 from each tree) of the tree were sampled to determine the damage on fruit from 10 trees in each orchard for the carpophagous generation. As a result, it is found that adult moth activity begins in early April. Adults of first and second generation were seen together until mid-June. Activity of third generation adult started at the beginning of September until mid-November. The population curves were plotted based on weekly catches. The pest passes 3 generation a year. Damage level was different in each orchard and year. Damage level estimated, in general caused by phyllophagous, anthophagous and carpophagous were 3-5%, 0.3-3%, 0.5-3% respectively. Although adult moths that caught on trap were high, the damage level was very low. In conclusion this pest could be potencial pest in GAP region for now.

This study were carried out to determine the distribution, population fluctuation and infested level of Olive moth Prays oleae (Bern.) in Mardin, Gaziantep and Sanliurfa provinces during 2001-2002. The pheromone traps were hanged on the trees in orchards at the beginning of April. The traps were checked twice a week until the first moth was caught, then they were checked weekly up to the end of season. The level of damage was determined by examining leaves, blossoms and fruit. Sampling was conducted 3 times in a year. The shoots 15-20 cm in length were taken from 4 directions of the trees in each orchard to estimate the damage caused by phyllophagous and anthophagous generation. Five olive fruit from each direction (total 20 from each tree) of the tree were sampled to determine the damage on fruit from 10 trees in each orchard for the carpophagous generation. As a result, it is found that adult moth activity begins in early April. Adults of first and second generation were seen together until mid-June. Activity of third generation adult started at the beginning of September until mid-November. The population curves were plotted based on weekly catches. The pest passes 3 generation a year. Damage level was different in each orchard and year. Damage level estimated, in general caused by phyllophagous, anthophagous and carpophagous were 3-5%, 0.3-3%, 0.5-3% respectively. Although adult moths that caught on trap were high, the damage level was very low. In conclusion this pest could be potencial pest in GAP region for now.

This study were carried out to determine the distribution, population fluctuation and infested level of Olive moth Prays oleae (Bern.) in Mardin, Gaziantep and Sanliurfa provinces during 2001-2002. The pheromone traps were hanged on the trees in orchards at the beginning of April. The traps were checked twice a week until the first moth was caught, then they were checked weekly up to the end of season. The level of damage was determined by examining leaves, blossoms and fruit. Sampling was conducted 3 times in a year. The shoots 15-20 cm in length were taken from 4 directions of the trees in each orchard to estimate the damage caused by phyllophagous and anthophagous generation. Five olive fruit from each direction (total 20 from each tree) of the tree were sampled to determine the damage on fruit from 10 trees in each orchard for the carpophagous generation. As a result, it is found that adult moth activity begins in early April. Adults of first and second generation were seen together until mid-June. Activity of third generation adult started at the beginning of September until mid-November. The population curves were plotted based on weekly catches. The pest passes 3 generation a year. Damage level was different in each orchard and year. Damage level estimated, in general caused by phyllophagous, anthophagous and carpophagous were 3-5%, 0.3-3%, 0.5-3% respectively. Although adult moths that caught on trap were high, the damage level was very low. In conclusion this pest could be potencial pest in GAP region for now.

To investigate the effect of seed origin on the nutritive value of narrowleaf birdsfoot trefoil (NBT, Lotus tenuis Waldst.&Kit.), seeds of 86 NBT populations were collected from plants spontaneously occurring in natural pastures and rangelands located at different geographical gradients of the Black Sea Region, Turkey. Some nutrient contents of these populations regrown under the same conditions were determined. Minimum and maximum values with regard to the crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Ca, P, Mg, K and condensed tannin contents, relative feed value, Ca P-1 and K (Ca+Mg)-1 ratios were found as 176.83 and 238.87, 201.00 and 351.61, 307.19 and 435.48, 15.01 and 21.60, 2.18 and 3.77, 3.03 and 4.02, 8.43 and 16.69, 20.00 and 31.50 g kg-1 dry matter, 189.70 and 263.41, 4.73 and 9.57, 0.35 and 0.88, respectively. The effects of seed genotype from different altitudes (Ca P-1), latitudes (digestible dry matter and ADF) and longitudes (CP and Mg) on some nutrient contents and feed values were found significant (P<0.05). The correlations between altitude and NDF, P and Mg or between latitude and P and Mg contents of populations were significant. There were no specific trends in chemical composition and the nutritive value of tested NBT populations due to geographical variation. Thus, the results suggested that all studied geographical populations can be selected to obtain the nutritionally superior forage. Keywords:

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Symbion-K as bio-fertilizer containing Frateuria aurantia on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato plants (cv. Naram F1) grown in greenhouse conditions and to determine the efficiency of different doses of Symbion-K. The study was carried out under polyethylene (PE) covered greenhouse in Gaziler Village (Kepez-Antalya) during the winter-summer season of 2014. Three different doses of Symbion-K were used as treatments: suggested dose (D, 300 ml da-1), half of suggested dose (D/2, 150 ml da-1) and two fold of suggested dose (Dx2, 600 ml da-1), and non-inoculated plants (0.0 ml da-1) were put on trial as control group. All plants were transplanted on January 1, 2014 as 2 plants per m2. Symbion-K was applied twice during production: at transplanting time and 15 days after transplanting via irrigation lines. The experiment was terminated on June 30, 2014 when plants were at the 6th trusses stage. The experimental design was randomized parcel with 4 replicates and parameters related to plant growth (plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of vegetable part and fruit), yield (first flowering time, total and marketable yield, total fruit number and average fruit weight) and fruit quality (colour, firmness, dry weight, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, EC, pH, vitamin C and nitrate content) were determined. The results showed that plant growth, total and marketable yield increased by the application of bio-fertilizer; yields increased with increasing doses. Because of the fact that D and Dx2 treatments gave the similar/close results in many measured parameters, and the application of 300 ml per decare (D) was found the most appropriate dose in terms of economic usage.

This research was conducted to determine optimum sowing rate for narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) in Antalya coastal conditions in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 years. The research was designed according to randomized complete block design with three replicates, and five different sowing rates (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg da-1 ) were performed to parcels. Some agronomic data such as plant height, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, pod length, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, and harvest index were investigated. Study results showed that sowing rates had statistically significant effects on all studied traits. Plant height, seed yield, biological yield and straw yield increased with increasing sowing rate, while pod number, the number of seeds per pod, number of branches, pod length, 1000 seed weight and harvest index decreased. Grain yield reached its highest value at 15 kg da-1 application and a decrease in higher seed applications were observed. When the results obtained were evaluated, it was concluded that the most appropriate sowing rate for narbon vetch cultivation in Antalya coastal conditions was 15 kg da-1 where the highest grain yield was achieved and the sowing rates above or below this value resulted in decreased yield.

Bu çalisma, Gediz Havzasi içerisinde yer alan Ilicak ve Kum Çayi iki bitisik mikro havza içerisinde Akselendi Ovasi’nin da yer aldigi taban arazisi üzerinde gerçeklestirilmistir. Çalisma alani 9437.1 ha olup, bu alan üzerinde dagilim gösteren tarim topraklarinin, temel bazi özellikleri ve mevcut verimlilik durumlarinin belirlenmesi amaciyla yürütülmüstür. Ayrica, belirlenen bu toprak özelliklerinin Ters Agirlikli Mesafe (IDW, Inverse Distance Weighted) enterpolasyon modeli yardimiyla alan içesinde dagilim haritalarinin olusturulmasi da amaçlanmistir. Çalismada, tarim alanlarindan toplam 181 adet toprak örneklemesi yapilmis, toprak örnekleri 0-30 cm derinlikten yer koordinatlari ölçülerek alinmistir. Alinan toprak örneklerinde; topraklarin verimlilik analizleri (toprak bünyesi, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, kireç, organik madde) ve bitkiye yarayisli makro ve mikro elementler (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn ve Mn) analizleri yapilmistir. Yapilan analizler sonucunda, tarim arazileri genel olarak kaba bir bünyeye sahip olup, bünye killi tin ile kum arasinda degismektedir. Topraklarin pH degerleri çok degiskenlik göstermemekle birlikte hafif alkali karakterli, organik madde bakimindan büyük bir çogunlugu az ve orta, tuzsuz ve % 56.4’ü orta kireçli topraklar oldugu tespit edilmistir. Ayrica topraklarin % 52.4’ünde fosfor, % 68.5’inde ise azot noksanligi görülmektedir. Çalisma alani topraklarinin mikro element kapsami yönünden sadece bakir içerikleri yeterli düzeyde iken; demir, mangan ve çinko içeriklerinde yetersizliklerin oldugu tespit edilmistir.