Fenarimol and methyl parathion are pesticides that have been used in agriculture for several years. These pesticides have significant effects on environmental and human health. Therefore, we investigated the effects of methyl parathion and fenarimol on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) enzyme activity in rats. The glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase is the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and it is important in detoxifying reactions by NADPH generated. In this study, wistar albino rats administrated with methyl parathion (7 mg kg–1) and fenarimol (200 mg kg-1) by intraperitoneally for different periods (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 72 h). The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was assayed in liver, kidney, brain, and small intestine in male and female rats. The exposure of fenarimol and methyl parathion caused increase of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in rat tissues, especially at last periods. We suggest that this increment of enzyme activity may be the reason of toxic effects of fenarimol and methyl parathion.

In this study, the effect of different seed applications on germination and emergence in order to break dormancy of the seeds of molekhia (Corchorus olitorius L.) which is used as fiber, medicinal plant and consumed as a vegetable, was investigated. For this purpose, sterilized seeds were exposed to boiling water (95 ºC; 10 and 30 seconds, 1, 5 and 10 minutes), hot water (80 ºC; 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), sulfuric acid (98%; 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes) and pre-cooling (4 ºC; 2, 3 and 4 days) treatments. The experiments were carried out according to randomized blocks trial design with 4 replications and 50 seeds per replicate. According to results obtained, germination rate 0.00-97.00%, average germination time 0.00-3.98 days, germination index 0.00-46.89, emergence rate 0.00-82.00%, average emergence time 0.00-7.52 days, emergence index 0.00-18.70, hypocotyl length 0.00-1.79 cm and radicle length values varied between 0.00 and 4.28 cm. The most successful treatments in terms of germination and emergence parameters were pre-chilling, sulfuric acid (for 5 and 10 minutes) and boiled water (at 95 ºC for 10 seconds) applications. As a result of the study, in order to remove the dormancy from the Corchorus olitorius L. seeds, treatment of the seeds with pre-cooling (4 ºC for 2 days) in a humid environment before sowing would be easily practiced. Keywords:

This research was carried out on different rangeland sections of Kirkgeçit village of Gürpinar district in Van province to determine the botanical composition, hay yield and the quality of rangeland in 2015. Measurements of rangeland vegetation in the study were conducted in 3 different sections including northern, southern and western aspects between 23rd and 24th of June 2015. According to results of the research; the highest green herbage and hay herbage yields were determined at the southern part of the rangeland with 879.2 kg da-1 and 278.1 kg da-1, respectively. The proportion of botanical composition was, 62.46% grasses, 7.61% legumes and 29.93% other plant families, according to the weight for the entire rangeland. The highest percentage (71.82%) of grasses was found on western aspect, the highest percentage (20.32%) of legumes was found on south aspect, and there were no difference on the distribution of other plant families. In the vegetation survey conducted in the studied rangeland, 60 different plant taxa from 43 different genus belonging to 16 different plant families were detected. Depending on the aspects, The crude protein ratio, acid detergent fibre ratio, neutral detergent fibre ratio, crude protein yield and relative feed value of obtained hay were determined as 14.30-16.48%, 34.66- 37.59%, 53.15-60.64%, 28.36-42.78 kg da-1 and 92.7-107.2, respectively. According to relative feed value, roughage obtained from rangeland was determined as “medium” and “good qualified”.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different doses of K fertilizer and humic acid applications on yield, yield parameters (plant height, stem thickness, head diameter, 1000 grain weight, yield of grain and head, the ratio of oil in grain and protein, the ratio of hull-kernel) and on plant nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) of sunflower. The experiment was carried out in a farmer’s field in Söke, Aydin in 2014 and 2015 as a randomized blocks split plot design with three replications. Seeds of Sanay MR sunflower hybrid variety were evaluated under five different K fertilizer (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 kg K2O da-1) and four different humic acid doses (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg da-1). According to the results; the increasing doses of K fertilizer and humic acid had significant effects on yield, yield parameters and on the content of plant nutrients of sunflower. In sunflower farming, application of humic acid in addition to the K fertilizers on high pH, low organic matter and low macro nutrient soils would increase the benefits of plant nutrients and positively affect yield and quality.

Cultivation of more varieties in a shorter time period in a season in the greenhouse causes easy degradation of physical and fertility properties of the soils. In recent years, the use of commercial liquid fertilizers (LSF) has become widespread for earliness and variety diversity in the cultivation of greenhouses. In this study, the effects of liquid seaweed fertilizer (0, 200 ml 100 L-1 water and 400 ml 100 L-1 water) at different growth stages (seedling, flowering and fruit formation) and under control conditions (without treatment) on grafted and non-grafted tomatoes plants were investigated for yield and nutrient contents under greenhouse conditions. Generally, liquid seaweed fertilizer applications in different growth stages significantly increased in terms of plant growth and nutrient contents when compared with control. Plant fresh weight, dry weight (543 g, 108 g) and yield (5919 g) increased in the grafted variety, whereas the highest fruit weight (115.50 g) were obtained from un-grafted tomato variety Similar results were obtained in terms of plant nutrient content; the total nitrogen content in the varieties ranged from 3.28 to 4.62%, the phosphorus content from 0.12% to 0.34% and the potassium content from 1.56% to 4.45%. In conclusion, LSF applications at different growth stages positively affected yield and nutrient content; especially the best results were obtained from 400 ml 100 L-1 application in the seedling stage.

In this study, current status of shelters in sheep and goat farms in Siirt province has been investigated. The number of enterprises to be surveyed was determined by simple random sampling method. The surveys prepared for the purpose of the research were filled out by the researchers through personal interviews.. The 95.8% of the shelters examined were closed type, 4.2% were open type; 56.8% were adjacent to the residence and 43.2% were constructed independently from the residence. In addition, 90.8% of the shelters are on soil base, 45.4% has soil roof, 61.8% has stonewall and 86% of the walls were not plastered. Irrigation type average in central province and districts were 48.3% in the trough way, 45.4% was in metal pans and irrigation frequency was determined as 3 times a day in 32.4% of the surveys. It was determined that the shelters were built without technical knowledge and service and built with the knowledge/experience gained from the past. It has come to the conclusion that the breeders must be informed in terms of technical knowledge in order to overcome the identified deficiencies.

In this study, the quality of underground water resources used for irrigation in Sarigöl Plain was determined. For this purpose, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Na, K, Ca+Mg, Cl, CO3, HCO3, SO4, NO3 and B analyzes were carried out in water samples taken from 26 wells in April and September of 2014. In addition, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), irrigation water class and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) contents were determined. In water samples (n= 52) pH was found to be between 6.70 to 7.50 and the electrical conductivity varied between 562 to 1323 µS cm-1. The salinity class varied between C2-C3 and the alkalinity class was found to be S1. No specific ion effect was detected. NO3 pollution was not found in the regional waters. The pH and EC values of water samples were also evaluated by geostatistical methods. While the range of spatial variation (Ao) for pH values for first and second sampling period were determined as 7200m and 2312m, respectively, this value was determined as 7824m for both sampling periods for EC.

This research was conducted in order to determine the effects of different sowing times and plant densities on yield and some yield components of second crop sesame under semi-arid climate conditions at the GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Talat Demirören Research Station in 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in Sanliurfa. Arslanbey sesame cv. seeds were used as material and the trial was carried out according to randomized blocks split plots experimental design with 3 replications. The main parcels were consisted of planting times (01 June, 15 June and 01 July), sub-parcels were divided into 2 different inter-row spaces (35 and 70 cm), and sub-sub plots were divided into 4 different intra-row spaces (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm). According to the findings in the study; the number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, oil ratio and seed yield were found statistically significant in terms of planting time in two years. Although the number of capsules per plant, oil ratio and seed yield were found significant in terms of inter-row distances, the number of seeds per capsule were found insignificant. The number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule (except 2016), oil rate and seed yield were found statistically significant in terms of intra-row distances. As a result, it has been determined that the highest seed yields and oil ratio in second crop sesame cultivation obtained from the sowing densities of 35x5 and 35x10 cm in sowing dates of 1 and 15 of June under semi-arid climatic conditions.

The basis of molecular marker techniques are based on hybridization or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). New and improved techniques have been developed as a combination of different strategies such as; cDNAs, enzyme digestion or the utilization of specific sequences; e.g. expressed sequence tags, microsatellites, and retrotransposons. Retrotransposons are a class (Class I) of transposable elements. Transposon elements physically form an important part of the genome in plants. Retrotransposons are also an ideal target for developing molecular marker techniques because of their amplification mechanism and sequence characteristics. Some of these are; Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism, Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism, Inter Primer Binding Site Amplification, Sequence-Specific Amplification Polymorphism, Retrotransposon Based Insertion Polymorphism, Inter Sine Amplified Polymorphism, RAPD- Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism, Inverse Sequence Tagged Repeats, Inter-MITE Polymorphism and Transposable display. These methods are used widely for different breeding purposes. Some of those are used in determination of genetic diversity, genetic linkage, genome mapping, DNA fingerprint analysis, phylogenetics, somaclonal variation studies, transgenic research, developmental biology, and mutagenesis studies. In this article, the common uses and potential applications of different retrotransposon-based marker types in agricultural biotechnology will be discussed.

Abstract: In order to determine the relationships between salt tolerance, seed and seedling characteristics, 16 watermelon genotypes collected from various regions of Turkey, and 3 standard and 2 F1 hybrid varieties were used as material in the study. The seedlings were grown in Hoaglands nutrient solution in aqua culture in an atmospheric controlled climatic environment, and 100 mM NaCl salt stress was applied when the seedlings had 4-5 true leaves,. It has been understood that watermelon genotypes have different responses to salt stress in seedling growth and ion uptake. The watermelon genotypes 18, 22, 28, 31 and 41, with large seed weights and large cotyledon leaves were less affected from salt damage by being more selective in ion uptake. Watermelon genotypes 33, 38, 39, 40 and 44 with low seed weights and cotyledon leaf weights were not selective on ion uptake and were more affected by salt damage. It has been observed that the parameters used in the study have a high correlation with each other.

This study was conducted at East Mediterranean Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute between 2013 and 2015 to determine some macro nutrient contents of apricot varieties grafted on some wild plum genotypes collected by selection from natural environment of Kahramanmaras. In the study, Myrobolan 29C and GF 677 standard plum rootstocks were used as controls with a total of 9 selected clone rootstock specimens; three from Prunus spinosa, Prunus domestica and Prunus divaricata as rootstocks; and Hacihaliloglu, Kabaasi and Hasanbey apricot varieties were used as grafting material. As a result of the research; it was found that the total nitrogen content of apricot leaves varied between 2.43-3.02%, the phosphorus contents varied between 0.13-0.18%, the potassium contents varied between 2.21-3.20%, the calcium contents varied between 1.67-1.98% and the magnesium contents varied between 0.29-0.54%. It has been determined that these values obtained are in accordance with the reference values and, there is no deficiency in the apricot plants due to the plant nutrients examined.

Rheum ribes L. is a perennial wild medicinal plant. In this study, the different explants types (hypocotyl and cotyledon) taken from 7-days-old plantlets were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog) media supplemented with 0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) with 0.0 and 1.0 mg L-1 of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Hypocotyl explants were found to be more successful than cotyledon explants in terms of shoot and callus formation. The highest number of shoots per explant (4.0 shoot explant-1) was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 BAP and 1 mg L-1 IBA (MS6) from the hypocotyl explants. In terms of the rate of callus formation (%), MS4 (MS + 1 mg L-1 BAP + 1 mg L-1 IBA) (88.8%) and MS6 medium (MS + 2 mg L-1 BAP + 1 mg L-1 IBA) (83.3%) were found to be more successful than the hypocotyl explants.