In this study, potentiometric PVC-membrane electrodes were developed with calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+)-selective micro-dimensions with commercially purchased ionophore to determine Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion concentrations in the soil. The potentiometric performance characteristics of the prepared Ca2+ and Mg2+-electrodes were determined and the average potential difference of 23.5 and 27.6 mV was observed for each 10 fold change in concentration versus the parent ion solution in the measurements. The electrodes were found to exhibit linear behavior versus the parent ion solution at a concentration range of 10-1-10-5 mol L-1 and to be highly selective to the parent ion besides the alkali and alkaline earth metal ions. Ca2+ and Mg2+ analyzes of soil samples were performed using potentiometric PVC-membrane ion-selective electrodes prepared in the laboratory. The accuracy of the proposed assay was tested using the AAS technique and the results were found to be in agreement with each other. The results show that the potentiometric PVC-membrane electrodes in the developed Ca2+ and Mg2+-selective micro-dimensions can be used routinely in the determination of these ions in soil samples

This study was carried out to determine the quality characteristics of the nutrient composition with some yield parameters of silage corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in the irrigated conditions of Gevas province of Van. In the study; OSSK 644 corn and KAAN sunflower varieties were used and field trial was established with randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. The corn and sunflower seeds were planted 70 cm x 25 cm at row arrangements. There was no significant difference between the corn (6586.55 kg da-1, 1796.21 kg da-1) and the sunflower (6404.76 kg da-1, 1517.23 kg da-1) in terms of the yield of forage and dry matter, while the difference between plant height and cob / table ratio of its was significant (p<0.01). Values of CA, CP, CF and ADF for sunflower silage was found to be 11.02%, 11.19%, 14.63% and 39.74%, respectively and was higher than corn silage values (5.15%, 4.80, 6.69% and 30.47%, respectively) (p<0.05). In conclusion, sunflower can be advised as an alternative to corn as silage in the Van ecological conditions

This study investigates the effects of farmyard manure, rice husk and municipal waste compost on soil quality indicators that are used for assessing susceptibility to erosion and soil loss by surface runoff. Two different soil groups, Entisol and Inceptisol, from the Minöz Basin of Samsun province were used. Organic conditioners were applied to the soils per dry weight basis in three different doses (2, 4 and 6%) in the simulation and incubation experiments conducted under greenhouse conditions. The results show that the organic conditioners improved the soil physical characteristics and reduced erodibility and soil loss. Effectiveness of the organic conditioners depend on the application dose. The least amount of soil loss was observed at the maximum dose. Municipal waste compost was more effective than rice husk compost and farmyard manure in reducing soil loss by surface runoff. It has been determined that the erosion susceptibility indices are more effective predictors at low rainfall intensities. Keywords:

This research was performed to determine the weed seeds that are mixed into the harvested wheat crop in Diyarbakir in 2017. For this purpose, 100 samples were taken from wheat products on 10 provinces wheat cultivated intensively. Collected specimens were passed through sieves (6-60 mesh) and the crude and inanimate material in them was taken and the remaining weed seeds were separated. Weed seeds were examined under the binocular microscope and species identification was carried out. It was determined that the ratio of weed seeds in the wheat mass harvested in Diyarbakir was 0.51%. These weed seeds identified are 28 different weed species from 8 different families. It was found that the most of these weeds belonged to the Poaceae family with 13 species. It was found that the most of these weeds belonged to members of the Poaceae family with 13 species. It had been determined that the most dense weeds were Avena fatua and Avena sterilis. As a result, the amount of impurities (weed seeds + inanimate substances) in the 50.000 g wheat sample taken was determined as 485.3 g by weight and the mixing ratio was 1.0%. The number of weed seeds was 633 and the weight of seeds was 10.96 grams. Thus, it can be estimated that about 8.544 tons of weed seeds and impurities are mixed in 845.105 tons wheat produced in Diyarbakir on 2.638.909 da land for the year 2016. The quality and quantity of impurities in wheat is one of the criteria affecting the quality of wheat. Since weeds are not worth milling, it is important that they are controlled effectively during wheat production, or weeding out weeds pre-grinding is important for food and public health.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the yield and quality attributes of 25 Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape types that are prominent in terms of certain characteristics. For this purpose, data were collected during the harvest for 2 years in the grape types of the Manisa Vineyard Research Institute and Sultani Çekirdeksiz types that were grown under the same conditions. As a result; Number of clusters per grapevine varied between 16.0-52.5; cluster weights varied between 337.5- 587.5 g; yields varied between 8.9-22.6 kg. Berry weights varied between 139-306 g and TTS values varied between 17.9- 22.4%. It is thought that the differences in quality attributes of Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape types were mostly resulted from differences in genetics. Vegetatively propagated plants (such as grapes) may have mutations for various reasons. This situation should always be taken into consideration.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting cigarette use of the students at Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. The research data were collected from 384 students who answered the questionnaires. The chi- square test was used to determine the differences between smokers and non-smokers, and the t-test was used to compare group averages. Factors affecting cigarette use of students were determined by binary logistic regression analysis. The results of the research showed that male students used more cigarettes than females. Cigarette use increased after university, especially in the second and third years. The educational level and cigarette use habits of the parents affected students smoking behavior. According to the results of the model the most important factors affecting cigarette use were smoking permission situation in the student resident, smoking status of the mother, gender, and age of the student. In order to reduce cigarette use of students, besides taking legal measures, Ministry of Health, Ministry of National Education, and non-governmental organizations have to collaborate, build mutual prevention programs to raise public awareness.

Along with the spatial growth and development of urban areas, fundamental changes in urban land use have been taken place. If urban growth does not take place in a planned and controlled manner, there are various problems such as environmental pollution, crooked and irregular build-up, agricultural land stays in the city and the loss of qualifications. The urban growth observed in Turkey especially in the 1980s and afterwards spread rapidly throughout the country. In this context, in this study, Batman city which is one of the cities where rapid urbanization and industrialization seen in Turkey is being investigated. In this study, it was determined how Batman City, which is experiencing rapid urbanization process, has improved its use of the land in and around the city by using satellite images of 1985 and 2016 years. In addition, in the period between 1985 and 2016, it was determined how much the city expands according to the land use classification within the urban development area. Landsat TM and OLI satellite images of 1985 and 2016 were used to determine urban development of Batman City and urban land use classification. It has been determined that there is a conversion to settlement from all terrain classes obtained as a result of the work. As a result of the analyses made on the basis of the satellite images of the years 1985 and 2016, Batman has grown by 1730 hectares over a 30-year period and achieved a spatial expansion of about 167%. On the other hand, in the 30-year period, the dry agricultural lands decreased by approximately 2400 hectares and experienced a loss of close to 20%

In this study, inhibition ability of Veronica officinalis extracts against Alzheimer’s disease-related enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), diabetes mellitus related enzymes a-glucosidase and a-amylase and antioxidant of Veronica officinalis were investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies on the enzyme inhibition activities of the V. officinalis extracts. For this aim, V. officinalis extracted with methanol and water by maceration method and their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH ( 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) , ABTS [ 2,2'-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] radical scavenging assays, total phenol, total flavonoid content, iron chelating and ferric reducing power assays. The enzyme inhibition activity was performed with 96-well plate method. According to the obtained results; the plant extracts have good antioxidant effects. In the same time, the water extract have stronger inhibition activity against AChE, BuChE and a-glucosidase, a-amylase, and tyrosinase than methanol extract. The experimental findings indicated that the water extract exerted the higher a-glucosidase, a-amylase and tyrosinase (82.07 ± 2.91, 63.61 ± 3.93 and 47.47 ± 0.53 at 2 mg mL -1 , respectively) inhibition than reference drugs. The obtained results demonstrate that this plant has a significant potential for improving pharmaceutical formulations.

This research was conducted to determine herbage yield and some quality characteristics of bitter vetch genotypes grown at Bingöl ecological conditions. The study was conducted at the Research and Application fields of Faculty of Agriculture at Bingol University during 2014-2015 summer growing seasons. In the study, 14 different bitter vetch genotypes (IFVE 248-SEL 2785, IFVE 973-SEL 2795, IFVE 2698-SEL 2798, IFVE 2920-SEL 2801 IFVE 3977-SEL 2802, IFVE 3351- SEL 2804, Yerel Lice, D-357, MP, HAT-3, HAT-9, HAT-13, HAT-14 ve HAT-17) were used as plant material. The study was conducted according to randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. In the study, plant height, green herbage yield, dry yield, crude ash ratio, crude protein ratio, crude protein yield, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter ratio, dry matter consumption and relative feed value characteristics were investigated. Statistically significant differences were found between the genotypes in all traits examined in the study, except for the plant height. According to the results of two-year research, IFVE 248-SEL 2785, IFVE 3977-SEL 2802 and HAT-14 genotypes were prominent when dry herbage and crude protein yield and ADF and NDF ratios were considered; It has been suggested that these genotypes should be considered in breeding projects to contribute to the forage production of the region.

The effect of growth media prepared by adding of Agaricus bisporus (A) and Pleurotus ostreatus (P) spent mushroom compost into peat (PE) at different rates (25, 50, 75 and 100%) on tomato seedling growth and quality was examined in this study. In the study where peat is used as standard medium, seedling growth and quality parameters such as seedling length (cm), stem diameter (mm), root length (cm), leaf chlorophyll content (CCI), leaf area (cm2), total seedling dry weight (g), net assimilation rate (g cm-2 day-1) and relative growth rate (g g-1 day-1) were determined. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found among seedling growth media for tomato seedling quality parameters. The highest seedling length (25.5 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (11.13 CCI) and root length (15 cm) were obtained from control (peat) medium. The highest total seedling dry matter (0.24 g) was obtained from 25A+75PE medium, while the highest leaf area (42.97 cm2), net assimilation rate (44.33 g cm-2 day-1) and relative growth rate (6.14 g g-1 day-1) were determined in 75A+25PE growth medium. It was determined that tomato seedlings growth was better in the media added Agaricus bisporus (A) spent mushroom added compost than that in the media added Pleurotus spent mushroom compost.

The aim of this study is to evaluate 26 alfalfa population in terms of 21 characters and to determine morphology of kinship degrees by using NTSYS 2.1 statistical software based correlation matrix and unweigted pair group method arithmetic average (UPGMA). The study carried in trial area of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute in 2013-2014. As a result of the clustering analysis; correlation coefficients among pairs ranged from 50% to 98%. The average similarity coefficient of the genotypes was r= 0.50 and five subgroup were detected under the two main groups. Six basic component axes were obtained that defining 84.33% of the total variation of genotypes.

Present study included isolation of microorganisms during the mesophilic stage of composting and their reuse in compost mixture to enhance organic matter degradation. Effect of microorganism addition on compost degradation was investigated in the presence of microorganisms obtained by isolation from a miniscule composting system. Effects of water addition and time of mixing were applied as extreme composting conditions. Isolates were obtained from these systems and inoculated to determine the most resistant microorganisms. 16S rRNA sequencing of selected strains indicated the presence of Escherichia, Enterococcus and Streptomyces genus. These microorganisms were added to a large-scale compost mixture to accelerate degradation of organic matter. Results indicated 20 and 38% decreases of organic matter in the sole utilization of Streptomyces sp. K1P07 and ternary utilization at the end of 14 days. Escherichia and Enterococcus inhibited degradation in the case of binary utilization. Isolation of microorganisms from the original flora of the compost mixture had accelerated composting due to interaction among themselves. Member of Actinomycetes, in particular, was shown to be effective even in the case of sole utilization. Higher amounts of biomass-oriented wastes could be removed since composting would be terminated in shorter times with the use of these microorganisms.

Turkey is a country which attracts the world’s attention with its ecological and biological wealth, and also with its high agricultural potential. Approximately, 5% of Turkey’s lands were spared for horticulture. So, it is called as a country of horticulture. Turkey, which can grow subtropical and even tropical crops as well as the crops which’s homeland is Turkey, can grow approximately 48 million t of horticultural crops per year. It can be seen that branding in horticultural crops in Turkey is too low compared to its production quality and number. The main reasons for this problem are, there are so many establishments (with small land size) which act independently from each other, customers don’t seek brands in table consumption and also, standardization rules don’t apply to products which are for domestic market. In order to producers earn more income, consumers to consume products with quality and to reduce product and quality losses, importance should be also given to branding as well as quality production.

This study was carried out to determine the quality of some medicinal and aromatic plants that grazed by the animals and naturally grown in the rangeland and meadow lands of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Material of the research consisted of 13 different medicinal and aromatic plant species (Mentha spicata, Origanum onites, Thymus kotschyanus, Salvia officinalis, Artemisia sp., Aloysia citriodora, Melissa officinalis, Tanacetum densum, Ocimum basilicum, Satureja hortensis, Mentha piperita, Thymbra spicata and Phlomis kotschyana) collected in 2017. For each species, randomly three forage analysis samples were taken during the flowering periods of the plants. According to analysis crude protein content (CP) 10.74-24.59%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratios 17.31-40.99%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios 26.39-56.34%, dry digestible matter (DDM) ratios 57.0-75.4%, dry matter intake (DMI) 2.13-4.55%, relative feed value (RFV) 94.1-251.2, calcium content (Ca) 0.94-2.01%, magnesium (Mg) content 0.25-0.63%, potassium (K) content 1.76-3.78% and phosphor (P) content were between 0.14-0.32%. In addition, it was determined that 11 of the species, especially Ocimum basilicum species, took part in the Prime class, which expresses the best forage quality. Moreover, it was determined that forage of Melissa officinalis, with 145.4 RFV value, took part in first forage class, one subclass of prime class. Phlomis kotschyana with the lowest RFV value (94.1) took part in the third forage class. Results of the study showed that the medicinal aromatic plants have a potency of producing very high quality forage. However, it should not be forgotten that before they are introduced to the intensive consumption of animals, their toxic substances contents such as alkaloids and glycosides, and availability between the mineral substances in the forages such as rate of calcium and phosphorus are required to be well known and taken into account.