This research was conducted to determine optimum sowing rate for narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) in Antalya coastal conditions in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 years. The research was designed according to randomized complete block design with three replicates, and five different sowing rates (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg da-1 ) were performed to parcels. Some agronomic data such as plant height, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, pod length, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, and harvest index were investigated. Study results showed that sowing rates had statistically significant effects on all studied traits. Plant height, seed yield, biological yield and straw yield increased with increasing sowing rate, while pod number, the number of seeds per pod, number of branches, pod length, 1000 seed weight and harvest index decreased. Grain yield reached its highest value at 15 kg da-1 application and a decrease in higher seed applications were observed. When the results obtained were evaluated, it was concluded that the most appropriate sowing rate for narbon vetch cultivation in Antalya coastal conditions was 15 kg da-1 where the highest grain yield was achieved and the sowing rates above or below this value resulted in decreased yield.

The aeroponic production system is one of the new applications in soilless agriculture. This system is also an alternative seed production system for mini-tuber production of potato in terms of providing optimum growth conditions, enabling potato production to be free from diseases and pests and to make economic use of agricultural inputs. This system, which is independent of climatic conditions, has the advantage of improving the vegetative growth, delaying tuber formation, prolonging the vegetative period, increasing the tuber yield per plant and total tuber yield while decreasing the tuber weight. Due to the problems experienced in potato seedling tuber production in recent years, it emerged as an alternative production system for our country

This study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the satisfaction and sustainability of bovine livestock farms in Mus province along with certain factors known to affect these parameters such as age, educational status, duration of livestock farming, number of animals and race. The research material consisted of the survey data collected from 346 farms in Mus province and 5 districts. Crosstables of data are constituted on SPSS package program and chi square analysis are done for significance testing. Our analysis revealed that 59.4% of the farmers were satisfied with livestock farming and 88.9% of them wanted to keep their livestock. When asked about the reason of the desire for keeping their livestock; 43.3% of the farmers replied that they had no other jobs, 20.1% said that they found the livestock farming profitable, 18.5% declared that they were happy with the income and 9.4% indicated that they enjoyed livestock farming. On the other hand, when the farmers who did not have the desire of keeping their livestock farms were asked about the reason of their choices, the results turned out to be as 72.5% finding it non-profitable, 21.5% not having enough time, and 6% not enjoying animal farming. The effect of the factors such as the type and location of the establishment, the age and educational status of the farmers, the length of the livestock farming, the number of animals and the race were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) on these decisions. As a result, it is determined that most farmers are satisfied with the livestock and the factors such as profitability, sufficient income and lack of other jobs come to the fore in order to maintain livestock activity. In order to sustain the enterprises, incentives for increasing the income from livestock and reducing the cost are thought to be beneficial.

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of propogation of different cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes. Plant material of research was constituted Yalçinkaya-77 standart cornelian cherry cultivar with ‘44-18’, ‘Güney uzun’, ‘Güney yuvarlak’, ‘Mehmet’ and ‘Turgut’ genotypes. In the study, softwood cuttings were taken from the examined plants on June 15 2014. Prepared cuttings were divided into two groups and the first group was treated with 3500 ppm indole-3 butyric acid (IBA), while the second groups was not treated with anything (control group). Rooting ratio, callus ratio, longest root, shortest root, root branching, living cutting ratio and rooting quality characteristics of cornelian cherry cuttings removed 5 weeks after planting were investigated. In the study, no significant result was obtained in terms of investigated parameters in cuttings in the control groups. According to the results of the study, the rooting rate of cornelian cherry green cuttings with IBA (3500 ppm) was 80% to 100%, the number of roots was 12.86 to 42.94 per cutting-1, the callus rate was 13.30% to 73.30%, the longest root length was 7.74 mm to 23.88 mm, the shortest root length was 1.39 mm to 3.77 mm, and rooting quality was determined between 1.56 points to 2.93 points. As a result, rooting rate, number of roots and rooting quality characteristics which are effective on nursery tree quality were higher in “Mehmet”genotype compared to other genotypes. This genotype is recommended to be used in breeding and cultivation studies of cornelian chrerry fruit species.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the haploidy frequencies of the some locally grown onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes in Turkey by flower bud culture. The effect of genotype on callus formation, callus transformation to plants and direct plant formation was found to be statistically significant. In the experiment, 39 plants were obtained from calluses and direct plant growth from flower buds. Ploidy analysis revealed that one of these plants, genotype number 13 obtained from (Siverek/Sanliurfa province), was haploid. Compared to others, genotypes 12, 13 and 5 were found to have high ability on both callus formation and direct plant formation. Therefore, it is thought that these genotypes can give more successful results in haploid plant production in onion breeding studies.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the prevalence and density of weeds that cause problems in wheat cultivation areas. In accordance with this purpose; survey studies were conducted in the wheat fields of Siirt province, located in the Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Region, during vegetation period (March-May) of 2017 and 2018. In this research, a total of 84 sites were randomly surveyed to represent the area. A total of 137 weed species belonging to 30 families (1 seedlees, 4 monocotyledon and 25 dicotyledon) were recorded during the surveys in the province. These most important and problematic weed species were belonged to; Asteraceae (26 species), Poaceae (22 species), Fabaceae (13 species), Brassicaceae (10 species), Apiacecae (8 species), Caryophyllaceae (6 species), Eupharbiaceae (6 species), Boraginaceae (5 species) and Lamiaceae (5 species). Slight differences were observed in the prevalence and density of weed species among the surveyed districts. However, the most noxious weed species based on prevalence and density in the province were Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), Wild oat (Avena spp.), Common poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.), Cleaver (Galium aparine Dandy.), Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), cowcockle, (Vaccaria pyramidata Medik.), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Although some weed species such as Wall barley (Hordeum murinum L.), Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus L.), Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), Corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis L.), Corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis L.), Italian alkanet (Anchusa azurea Miller.) and Ivy-leaved Speedwell (Veronica hederifolia L.), were not widespread in the region, but can reach high concentrations and have been found to cause significant yield losses. Therefore, region-specific weed management strategies should be applied by considering the results of the study.

Urfa stone has been investigated as an alternative to current expensive methods of removing dyestuffs from wastewater, considering it can be used as a low cost, locally abundant, high-yielding and environmentally sensitive adsorbent. In this study, methylene blue (MB) dye removal potential of Urfa stone from the synthetically prepared wastewater, was investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out as batches. Urfa Stone’s MB sorption performance was calculated with dosage (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g) and initial concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg L-1 ). Experiments were also performed for different pH values (3, 5, 7, 8, 8.98 and 11). Two kinetic models (pseudo second - order and pore diffusion) were used to calculate the adsorption ratios. The mechanism of adsorption by Lagergren equilibrium was also studied. Experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm models. As a result, it was understood that the adsorption of Methylene blue dye on the Urfa Stone was in full agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and ii partial agreement with the Tempkine isotherm. It was understood that the pseudo second - order kinetics and pore diffusion mechanisms can be applied to the kinetics of adsorption and the intraparticular diffusion rate was the effective mechanism. It was observed that the adsorption tends to occur spontaneously and the Urfa stone has a natural affinity to methylene blue dye. It has been understood that Urfa stone can be used as a natural, economical and environmentally friendly adsorbent.

In this study, surveys were carried out during 2015 and 2016 for wilt and root rot diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani in pepper fields in Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa provinces of Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different inoculation methods (root dip, soil infestation with wheat bran and soil infestation with rice grain) on pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solani on pepper seedlings. Inoculated pepper seedlings (cv. Inan-3363) were left to grow for three months after transplanting under growth chamber conditions. Inoculation of infective rice-grain was used to test pathogenicity of all four fungi. Root dip inoculation method was used for F. solani and F. oxysporum when the soil was infested with wheat bran method for R. solani and M. phaseolina inoculation. All tested isolates resulted in the stem and root rot, leaf chlorosis and bruising. To test the pathogenicity of fungi, soil infestation with rice grain inoculation was the most suitable method. All tested fungi induced similar foliar symptoms, root rot severity and caused a similar reduction in dry root weights when rice-grain inoculum was used. With other inoculation methods, all pathogens similarly affected root rot severity. Whereas, F. oxysporum was the least virulent pathogen among tested fungi affecting foliar symptom severity; for fresh root and plant weights, and dry root and plant weights; R. solani, M. phaseolina and F. solani were similarly virulent when these parameters were used. The results of the present study may have a useful connotation to monitor pepper seedlings against these pathogens. In conclusion, we recommend rice-grain inoculation to test pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solanion various pepper cultivars.

In this study, surveys were carried out during 2015 and 2016 for wilt and root rot diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani in pepper fields in Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa provinces of Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different inoculation methods (root dip, soil infestation with wheat bran and soil infestation with rice grain) on pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solani on pepper seedlings. Inoculated pepper seedlings (cv. Inan-3363) were left to grow for three months after transplanting under growth chamber conditions. Inoculation of infective rice-grain was used to test pathogenicity of all four fungi. Root dip inoculation method was used for F. solani and F. oxysporum when the soil was infested with wheat bran method for R. solani and M. phaseolina inoculation. All tested isolates resulted in the stem and root rot, leaf chlorosis and bruising. To test the pathogenicity of fungi, soil infestation with rice grain inoculation was the most suitable method. All tested fungi induced similar foliar symptoms, root rot severity and caused a similar reduction in dry root weights when rice-grain inoculum was used. With other inoculation methods, all pathogens similarly affected root rot severity. Whereas, F. oxysporum was the least virulent pathogen among tested fungi affecting foliar symptom severity; for fresh root and plant weights, and dry root and plant weights; R. solani, M. phaseolina and F. solani were similarly virulent when these parameters were used. The results of the present study may have a useful connotation to monitor pepper seedlings against these pathogens. In conclusion, we recommend rice-grain inoculation to test pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solanion various pepper cultivars.

In this study, surveys were carried out during 2015 and 2016 for wilt and root rot diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani in pepper fields in Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sanliurfa provinces of Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different inoculation methods (root dip, soil infestation with wheat bran and soil infestation with rice grain) on pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solani on pepper seedlings. Inoculated pepper seedlings (cv. Inan-3363) were left to grow for three months after transplanting under growth chamber conditions. Inoculation of infective rice-grain was used to test pathogenicity of all four fungi. Root dip inoculation method was used for F. solani and F. oxysporum when the soil was infested with wheat bran method for R. solani and M. phaseolina inoculation. All tested isolates resulted in the stem and root rot, leaf chlorosis and bruising. To test the pathogenicity of fungi, soil infestation with rice grain inoculation was the most suitable method. All tested fungi induced similar foliar symptoms, root rot severity and caused a similar reduction in dry root weights when rice-grain inoculum was used. With other inoculation methods, all pathogens similarly affected root rot severity. Whereas, F. oxysporum was the least virulent pathogen among tested fungi affecting foliar symptom severity; for fresh root and plant weights, and dry root and plant weights; R. solani, M. phaseolina and F. solani were similarly virulent when these parameters were used. The results of the present study may have a useful connotation to monitor pepper seedlings against these pathogens. In conclusion, we recommend rice-grain inoculation to test pathogenicities of R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solanion various pepper cultivars.

This study was carried out to determine some basic characteristics and present productivity status of agricultural lands covering 9437.1 hectares between two adjacent micro-basins, Ilicak and Kum Rivers and Akselendi plain, in Gediz Basin. Additionally, it was also aimed to determine distribution maps of these soil properties in the area with IDW interpolation model. A total of 181 soil samples were collected, soil samples were collected between 0-30 cm depth while geographic coordinates were recorded the. Soil fertility (soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, organic matter), and available micro and macroelement contents (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) were analyzed in the collected soil samples. According to analysis results, agricultural lands have a coarse texture in general, while texture changes between a clay loam and sandy. Even though soil pH values do not change often, some were slightly alkaline, low or moderate on organic matter, salty, and 56.4% of the soil were mild limy. In addition, 52.4 and 68.5% of the soil were low in phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively. While only the copper content of the study area soil was sufficient in terms of microelement coverage; iron, manganese and zinc contents were found to be inadequate.

Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) is a very important enzyme in industrial field, cancer studies and in many animal applications. In this study, it was investigated whether amniotic fluid of Romanov sheep could be used as an alternative new substrate source for BTH enzyme. As a result of the study, the BTH activity was found as 9.187 U mL-1 with commercially available hyaluronic acid (HA), while the BTH activity of 35 different amniotic fluids was found between 1.604-18.659 U mL-1 . No information was reported on whether the amniotic fluids of the Romanov breed sheep were a source of substrate for the BTH enzyme due to the HA content. It was thought that amniotic fluid of the Romanov breed sheep could be a new HA source, as the BTH activity calculated using the commercial HA and the BTH activities obtained using amniotic fluid were very close.

Common bean is an important legume that grown and consumed as animal feed and for human nutrition. It is also an important source of protein in developing countries. Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a large part of the genome in various eukaryotic species. TE was described as garbage DNA by researchers for a long time. Recently, it has been found that TEs can move near stress response genes and they have known effects on plant resistance to diverse stresses. With the acquisition of common bean genome sequence, one of the next step is to annotate the genome and define the functional DNA elements. TEs are the most abundant genetic elements of plant genomes and have an important impact on genome stress evolution and genetic variation. So, it is important to determine TEs in the common bean genome. In the current study, genome-wide transposon annotation and definition were achieved in root and leaf tissues of common bean under salt stress. Homology and sequence structure-based methods were used. Tont2-I-Copia and Copia-39 Copia retrotransposons were found to be more in salt-treated roots and leaves respectively. As a result of the analysis, we found TEs number ranging from 46 to 50 belonging to about twenty different plants. Gene ontology analysis of transposon sequences brought the light on diverse important pathways related to abiotic stress conditions.

Sustainability can only be achieved through the use and protection of genetic resources. White clover (Trifolium repens L.), a perennial legume forage grass, is also an important genetic resource and widely found in grasslands, parks and gardens in many regions of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of white clover populations collected from different altitudes on seven provinces of Turkey. Six Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) molecular markers were used to estimate genetic diversity in fifteen populations collected for the study. In the study, 56 alleles were detected. Populations were gouped as three clusters in the dendogram created to see genetic relationships. According to results, especially population collected from high altitudes were mostly in the same group. This revealed the interaction between geographical distribution and genetic diversity in the collected samples. As a result, it was understood that our country has a rich genetic diversity to provide the necessary material in the white clover breeding.

Turkey is a country with mild climate where four seasons coexist due to its geographical location. Daily average temperature values in summer months (June, July, August, September) can exceed 25 °C. All living organisms can be exposed to heat stress, especially in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions where the humidity and in Southeastern Anatolian Regions where temperature is very high. When assessed for animal production, heat stress can cause significant yield losses in dairy cattle grown in these regions. While some criteria are used to determine and evaluate heat stress, the most commonly used parameter is temperature-humidity index (THI) value. Data obtained from the Siirt meteorology department and from the meteorological stations in the districts were used to determine the temperature humidity index values for Siirt provinces and districts. According to this, temperature humidity index values of Siirt Merkez, Pervari, Baykan, Kurtalan, Sirvan and Eruh districts were 72.43, 67.64, 71.80, 72.34, 71.67 and 68.87, respectively. In the study, the temperature-humidity index values of Siirt province and its districts exceeded 65 or 72 threshold values in June, July, August, and September. However, in terms of heat stress, it is understood that Pervari and Eruh districts are statistically (p<0.05) more suitable for dairy cattle farming than other districts. As a result, in Siirt conditions, adequate cooling systems must be used at times when heat stress occurs for a sustainable dairy cattle farming.

The sustainability of soil resources is under significant threat due to the accelerated anthropogenic pressures at the historical expansion of human population. In this context, soil erosion is defined as a limiting factor for human interests in terms of ecosystem services. As an erosion type, harvest erosion occurs by harvesting of the taproot and tuberous root plants such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), has begun to take attention in recent years. The objective of this study was to estimate soil loss due to harvest erosion and to economically analyze the transport of plant nutrients between 1999 and 2016 from sugar beet growing areas in Turkey. For this aim, the compiled data of 25 different sugar factories throughout Turkey were obtained from Türkseker and soil loss estimations were performed and economically analyzed. According to the results, average soil loss rate was calculated as 3.41 Mg ha-1y-1 for the studied period (1999-2016). That means annually an average of 716983 Mg soil removed from the Türkseker sugar beet production areas. This result indicated that harvest erosion represents only 0.9% of soil lost by water erosion in Turkey. But, if tolerable soil loss value considered as “1 Mg ha-1 y-1”, calculated soil loss values are above this critical value for all the factories. In addition, economic assessments of soil losses showed that costs are to be more than US 10000annuallyonthe60419 433 investment must be made to recover all these losses. Conclusively, harvest erosion as an ignored erosion type must be emphasized to the economic sustainability of natural resources in fragile ecosystems such as our country.

In this study, sixty landrace pepper genotypes were used to test the resistance to Phytophthora capsici. The CM 334 (Criollos de Morelos 334) P. capsici resistant genotype was selected as the control, and two inoculations were applied to all the materials evaluated for peroxidase and catalase enzyme contents. As a result of the first inoculation, genotype CM 334 and native genotypes 3 (P1), 13 (Urfa), 25 (UKST), 38 (UD), 48 (UKDT) and 57 (ANKSB) survived. As a result of the second (last) inoculation, only the CM 334 genotype survived and continued to form shoots. In both inoculations, it was concluded that the enzyme contents of genotypes showing partial or complete resistance were also at elevated levels, especially the peroxidase enzyme content was specifically distinctive. Peroxidase content of all genotypes showing resistance in the first inoculation was high, but catalase content was not very apparent in resistant and sensitive varieties. It has also been determined that P. capsici resistance appeared in the last stages of plant development, rather than in the initial stages of development. As a result of the study, it was determined that materials showing partial resistance even in the first inoculation, could be breeding materials and used in hybridization programs.

Plants survive in unfavorable environmental conditions by developing some strategies. One of these strategies is dormancy. This article was prepared to provide information about the summer dormancy of plants in summer. Summer dormancy is a type of endo-dormancy that plants have. It is very difficult to determine that the plant has endo-dormant by phenotype. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the type of dormancy. As a result of the studies, summer dormancy was determined in many plant species belonging to different families including Poaceae family. In order to increase both the production of forage crops and the yield of grasslands, the perennial cool season grasses should be cultivated. While plants having summer dormancy may lost all or some of the aboveground parts, underground meristematic tissues can continue their vitality. Therefore, plants can survive under extreme conditions. However, the yields during summer are rather low. For this reason, dormancy characteristics of the plants should be clearly defined and the cultivation area and cultural practices should be chosen correctly.

The aim of this study is to set pedotransfer models based on correlation between yield parameters of wheat plants grown in Çarsamba Plain (plant height, thousand seed weight and grain yield) and some physical and chemical properties of soils, and to determine applicability of obtained models in estimation of yield in plain soils. For this purpose, soil and plant samples were taken from the lands of the plain used by the farmers for wheat production. In the research area, 70% of the wheat plant height values were observed between 75 cm and 90 cm, the thousand grain weight values of 47.5% were between 50 g and 55 g, and the yield values of 47.5% were between 600-700 kg da-1. Pedotransfer model was statistically significant (p= 0.035) and regression coefficient was high (R= 0.731) between plant height and electrical conductivity (EC), Ca+Mg, bulk density (Db), Clay, (Db)2, (EC)2, (Clay)2, v(Ca+Mg) soil properties; high regression coefficient (R= 0.794) with a statistical significance level of p= 0.013 between 1000 grain weight and (EC)2, (OM)2, (Fe)2, (Clay)2, (Db)2, (Clay×Db), vClay ,vDb wilting point (WP) parameters; and high regression coefficient with statistical significance (R= 0.840; p= 0.012) between grain yield and EC, CaCO3, sand, (Sand×Db), (Db×WP), Fe, N, (Db)2, WP, (EC)2, vDb parameters were determined. Regression coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), index of agreement (??), model efficiency (ME), mean of absolute error (MAE), mean bias error (MBE) and maximum relative error (MRE) were evaluated together to determine the validity of pedotransfer models between the yield components and physical-chemical properties of soils. It can be seen that the pedotransfer models obtained can be applied in the estimation of yield parameters of wheat plant grown in plain soils.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of ontogenetic variability on yield of some plants belonging to Labiatae family (Mentha spicata L., Origanum onites L., Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). The study was conducted for two years at Bafra plain of Central Black Sea Region in Turkey. In this study, three different harvesting periods (before flowering, 50% flowering and 100% flowering) are considered as research subjects. According to the results of the research, plant height values of M. spicata, O. onites, L. angustifolia and M. officinalis plants varied between 47.50-103.67 cm, 25.00-49.47 cm, 30.00-40.60 and 56.90-96.60 cm, respectively; the highest values were measured at 50% flowering in M. spicata, and at full flowering on other plants. Harvesting cycles significantly affected the fresh herba, drog herba and essential oil yields in all plants examined, drog leaf yield in M. spicata, O. onites and M. officinalis species and drog flower yield in L. angustifolia. According to the data obtained, it is recommended that M. spicata and M. officinalis plants should be harvested at 50% flowering period, and L. angustifolia and O. onites plants should be harvested at 100% flowering period.

In this study, the effects of spermidine and putrescine on the haploid plant obtention via ovule culture were investigated in Sakiz and dark green squashes. As plant material, 3 different cultivars of Sakiz and 3 different cultivars of dark green squashes were used. 5 mg L-1 2.4-D added MS medium was used for embryo stimulation in ovule culture applications. To determine the effects of polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) were used with the concentrations of 40, 80 and 160 µM L-1. Furthermore, spermidine and putrescine were used together with concentration of 80, 160 and 320 µM L-1 (1:1, v/v), respectively. The control group included only 5 mg L-1 2.4-D. According to the results of the research, it was determined that ovule development and callus formations were at different levels for each cultivar. When the ovule development results were examined, it is found that the ovule development rates obtained in all cultivars were generally more successful than the control group. According to the result of callus formation; the best culture medias were only Put and Spd for Elida Fi cultivar, Put+Spd-containing media for Roni Fi cultivar, Spd and Put+Spd-containing medias for Shakila Fi, Put and Put+Spd-containing medias for Briallante Fi, and only Put in Chivas Fi. Generally, the best callus growth rate was found in 40 µM L-1 Put containing media, but plant was not obtained from these callus. In order to obtain haploid plants, it is recommended to use polyamines in higher doses.

In this study, the effects of pre-sowing L-Tryptophan and Melatonin treatments on germination of onion and leek seeds under different temperature conditions were investigated. Seeds were treated with 125, 250, 375 ppm L-Tryptophan and 5, 10, 25 uM Melatonin for 24 hours, then subjected to germination tests at optimum (21 °C) chilling stress (7 °C) and hot temperature (35°C) conditions. Treated with distilled water seeds were considered as controls. Treatment of onion seeds with 125 ppm L-tryptophan had a significantly positive effect on final germination ratio at 7°C while in leek seeds, the 5 µM concentration of melatonin had a significant effect on the germination index at the same temperature. In both Allium species, hormone treatments had no effect on mean germination time. These values decreased depending on the increase in temperature. The extreme level of high temperature burned certain percent of seedlings, while at low temperature, seedlings were not harmed by cold domination.

This research was carried out in Gaziantep between 2012-2013 in order to determine almond cultivars suitable for irrigated conditions. 21 cultivars and 6 species of almond genetic resources in Gaziantep Pistachio Research Institute were used as materials. Almond cultivars were Glorieta, Super Nova, Ayles, Guara, False Barese, Moncayo, Ne Plus Ultra, Ferrastar, Marta, Bertina, Bozkurt, Halit Bey, Garrigues, Ferragnes, Cristomorto, Nonpareil, Ferraduel, Yaltinski, Sonora, Texas and Peerless, and Almond species were; Amygdalus orientalis Mill., A. turcomanica Lincz., A. webbii Spach, A. arabica Oliver, A. bucharica Korsh. and A. kuramica Korsh. The earliest flowering among almond species were at Amygdalus orientalis Mill. and A. webbii Spach. flowering 4 days before nonpareil almond cultivar; followed by A. kuramica Korsh. and A. bucharica Korsh, bloomed 1 day before Nonpareil almond cultivar; and the latest flowering was observed at A. turcomanica Lincz. and A. arabica Oliver which bloomed 10 and 12 days after Nonpareil almond cultivar. The earliest flowering within the cultivars was observed at Sonora (-3) followed by Peerless (-1), Nonpareil (0), Texas (+2), Ferrastar (+2), Bozkurt (+4), Moncayo (+4), False Barese (+6), Ne Plus Ultra (+6), Marta (+6), Halit Bey (+6), Garrigues (+7), Ferragnes (+8), Cristomorto (+9), Ayles (+9), Yaltinski (+9), Ferraduel (+10), Super Nova (+11) and Bertina (+11), respectively, and the latest flowering was observed at Glorieta (+12) and Guara (+12).

Vermicompost is the final product obtained by subjecting organic wastes to mesolytic composting through the digestive system of worms. The shortage of organic matter in soil reduces the productivity of agricultural production and hampers its continuity. Soil organic matter helps to increase agricultural productivity by increasing microbial viability, improving soil structure, regulating nutrient and hormonal content of soil. For this reason, the use of vermicompost in agricultural lands should be encouraged. The installation of the vermicompost production facility is extremely easy and practical. It is possible to achieve commercial success with a properly installed facility. Thus, both the reduction of the use of synthetic fertilizers and the contribution to the domestic economy will be encouraged. The aim of this study is to give information about vermicompost production methods and materials.

In this study, it is aimed to explain some of the properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) which are important for food industry and its benefits in meat products. Particularly, while mentioning the chemical structure, examples from the practices in the meat sector were given. Quinoa is an annual plant from the family of Chenopodiaceae. In general, it can reach a height of 0.5-1.5 m and contains a structure similar to grain in its seed. Quinoa seed contains high quality protein, fat, minerals and some vitamins and has an excellent nutritional composition. Additionally, it is gluten-free and therefore can be easily consumed by people with gluten intolerance. It is thought that quinoa can provide significant benefits in the production of meat products due to its high carbohydrate and protein content with functional properties, its profile of essential fatty acids, antioxidant compounds and high iron content. However, when the studies are examined, it is observed that the researches related to quinoa in meat products are insufficient. Therefore, in this review, it has been demonstrated that due to the structural features of quinoa, it may contribute to improve the quality of meat products and there is a need for more experimental studies.