This study was carried out in order to determine the knowledge levels of pistachio producers in Siirt province about the use of pesticides in the agricultural pest control, to examine environmental sensitivity and to propose the most effective control methods against pests. The study was performed in Siirt province of Turkey, which has significant potential in pistachio production. In this study, a survey consisting of 45 questions was applied to 100 people by random methods at 95% confidence level and 10% error level. The results of the survey were analysed by statistical analysis methods, and the averages were evaluated as percentage. According to the findings, it was found that 71% of the growers did not prepare the pesticide dose according to the label, 66% use pesticides regardless of the intensity of the pests, 83% did not know the biological pest control and 88% did not have any information about the integrated pest management. As a result of the study, it was found out that producers have low education levels, excessive pesticide use behaviour and they are careless about human, environmental health and biodiversity. In conclusion, we believe that it will be extremely helpful to organize regular trainings for pistachio growers by the relevant institutions on agricultural pest control.

This research was carried to determine the herd management and transhumance activities of the nomads between 2017-2018 years at in Igdir province in South Anatolia Region of Turkey. A survey was conducted with 174 breeders registered in the Sheep-Goat Breeders Association. ?2 (Chi-Square) test was used for statistical analyses. It is determined that 25.2% of the breeders are illiterate while 74.8% hold a diploma of some level. Milking is carried out in 91.4% of the farms while no milking is done in the remaining 8.6%. Suckling time of lamb and milking time in the sheep was 147.18±1.55 and 59.02±2.00 days, respectively. Total milk yield of sheep is determined 238.36±10.02 g day-1. The number of feeding times of the sheep was determined as 2.91±0.03. The average amount of concentrate forage, corn silage, straw, and dry weed were determined as 566.38±15.68, 700.00±118.02 (n= 8), 900.00±55.09 and 1449.70±43.89 g, respectively. 80.5% of the growers sell milk, 10.9% use it in self-consumption and 8.6% do not milk. As a result, it is concluded that the semi-nomadic families in Igdir province practice traditional breeding and are experienced in ovine breeding.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different rooting media (peat, perlite, peat-perlite (1: 1), and cocopeat) and IBA doses (control, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 ppm) on rooting of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), Thunberg barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cuttings. The cuttings were exposed to different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solutions in the greenhouse and planted in four different medium. Rooting percentage, root lengths, and the number of the roots were determined for the cuttings which were left to rooting for approximately 80 days. As a result of the study, the effect of rooting medium and different doses of IBA on rooting in damask rose, thunberg barberry, rosemary, and lavender cuttings were found to be statistically significant. The highest rooting percentages for the damask rose, thunberg barberry, rosemary, and lavender were found to be 95.00%, 81.67%, 88.33%, and 82.50%; number of roots were 19.28, 13.44, 26.12 and 17.38 per plant; and root lengths were 18.89, 14.32, 25.58 and 17.26 cm, respectively, in perlite rooting medium and 4000-5000 ppm IBA solution. The best results for rooting medium were obtained from perlite and the best results for the IBA dose were obtained from 4000 ppm application that promotes adventitious rooting.

Eremurus spectabilis is a wild edible perennial herbaceous geophyte species with medicinal and popular ornamental uses. In this study, gibberellic acid (GA3) with moist-cold stratification treatments were applied to break the dormancy of E. spectabilis seeds. For this purpose, seeds were soaked in gibberellic acid solutions (GA3: 500 and 750 ppm for 24 and 48 hours). Pretreated seeds were then subjected to moist-cold stratification treatments for different durations (30, 50, 80 and 100 days) at 4 ºC. In 24-hour GA3 treatments, the germination and emergence ratios (21.04%) were obtained from the 500 ppm GA3 dose and 100 days of stratification treatments. In 48-hour GA3 treatments, the GA3 doses did not have any significant effect on germination and emergence ratios; the greatest germination ratios were obtained from the 500 ppm (20.36%) and 750 ppm (20.00%) doses and 100 days of stratification treatments, and the best emergence ratios were obtained from the 500 ppm GA3 dose and 100 days of stratification treatments (18.51%). It is considered that it is beneficial to try the combinations of moist-cold applications with different treatments in future studies.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the soil and land characteristics and create databases by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For this purpose, the soil and land characteristics of Mardin Province, which is located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, which is part of so-called “Fertile Crescent” with fertile agricultural lands, were evaluated. The area that was included in the study was approximately 8633 km2, and the digital height model of the area was created by using the topography maps of Mardin Province. With the creation of these maps, the slope, aspect, elevation, relief maps, and the data created by the General Directorate of Village Services were collected and were drawn on the maps by calculating the spatial and areal rates of the area features in the GIS environment. All the maps drawn were placed on the created digital elevation map and examined and interpreted together with the topography data.. According to the data obtained as a result of the study, it was determined that 47.54% of the total area of Mardin Province has less than 6% slope values, and these areas are located mostly in the southern regions of the province. The most common soil types in Mardin province are brown forest soils with 43.65% and reddish-brown soils with 42.57%. In terms of the land usage, 38.81% of the province consists of pastures, and 25.38% consists of the shrubs. In terms of erosion, it was determined that 74.35% of the province has moderate, severe and very severe erosion risk. A total of 28.89% of the study area consists of I., II. and III. classes according to land capability. In terms of soil depth, 43.13% of the province has been found to have very shallow and shallow soil characteristics. It is determined that the lands where agricultural production is intensive in Mardin are mostly concentrated in regions with low altitude and slope values. It has been determined that the water problem in the region creates limitations in the product variety and erosion is among the most serious problems of the region. Elimination of these problems will contribute positively to the agricultural production of the region.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of harvest time on some mineral contents in sorghum x sudangrass hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense Stapf) and sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] cultivars grown as a second crop. In this research, field trials were conducted under semi-arid climate conditions of Diyarbakir province in Turkey. Plant material of the research was consisted of "Sugar Graze-II" and "Nutri-Honey" sorghum x sudangrass hybrid varieties and "Gözde-80" sudangrass variety. As the harvest time, completely blooming, milk stage and dough stage were chosen. Field trials were designed as divided parcels in randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications. According to results of the research, significant differences were determined between the varieties for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and Nutri-Honey sorghum x sudangrass hybrid was the richest (0.35% P, 2.11% K, 0.56% Ca and 0.19% Mg) in terms of mineral content. As the harvest time is delayed, it was determined that the P, K and Mg amounts in the plants decreased, while Ca rates were increased. As the average of two years data, the highest P (0.34%), K (2.26%) and Mg (0.18%) values were obtained in the completely blooming period, and the highest Ca rate was obtained from the plants harvested in the milk stage (0.55%) and dough stage (0.58%). Sorghum varieties were sufficient to meet the needs of animals in terms of forage K content; however, P, Ca and Mg ratios were below the limit values that should be in feed rations. Ca/P ratio did not pose any risk for animal health in terms of both cultivars and harvest times. As a result of the research, K/(Ca+Mg) ratios varied between 1.80-3.72 according to cultivar and harvest times, and sorghum varieties with an average K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of 2.71 were found to have a risk of tetanic disease in terms of animal health. According to these results, if the sorghum varieties are used for roughage alone, it will be appropriate to add P, Ca and Mg substances to feed rations and/or to use sorghum in animal feeding with these minerals rich feeds.

Plants are constantly exposed to different abiotic stresses throughout their lifecycle. Sub-optimal temperatures are important abiotic stress factors in agriculture. Plant growth, development, yield, and crop quality are significantly affected by low temperature stress. In the present study, 95 different common bean genotypes were grown in the growth chamber. As the control group, the growth chamber was designed to be 16/8 h light and dark with 25 °C and 20 °C day/night temperatures, respectively. Fifteen days old seedlings were exposed to chilling stress as cold stress treatment in the dark (night) at 4 °C for 8 hours and in light (day) at 25 oC for 16 hours. After fifteen days of low temperature stress, the experiment was completed to investigate calcium (Ca) intake in plants. Shoot Ca concentration of the genotypes were analyzed and genotypes were classified according to their Ca content. Therefore 24 genotypes were found to have less than =0.5%, 35 genotypes were found to have between 0.51 to1.0% and 36 genotypes were found to have between 1.01 to 3.0% Ca content under chilling stress.

The determination of the flora and fauna structure of university campus areas, which can be evaluated within the scope of urban ecosystem with high human population and large living areas, is important in terms of determining the biological diversity of the related areas. Furthermore, the identification of the relevant species provides a resource for the assessment of environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This study was carried out between 2018-2019 on the determination of herbaceous plant species and their definition of impacts in Düzce University Konuralp Central campus, located in Düzce Province, Turkey. The main purpose of the study is to create a resource for the establishment of necessary measures and control programs against herbaceous plant species in the campus area and for the protection of the biological diversity and strategies of the relevant area. Based on the results, 65 taxa from 27 families were determined. The families with the most taxa were Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Cruciferae. When the lifetime of taxa is examined, 33 taxa have annual, one taxon has biennial, 22 taxa have perennial and nine taxa have common lifetime. According to the frequency of occurrence; Lamium purpureum and Veronica persica were the most common species with 84.4%. The species following were Anagallis monelli (81.2%), Medicago arabica (72%), Poa bulbosa (72%), Ranunculus repens (69%), Plantago lanceolata (69%), Conyza canadensis (66%) and Lolium perenne (66%), respectively. As a result of the 65 taxa identified in the campus area having different impact patterns, 108 impacts were evaluated in terms of environmental (68) and socioeconomic (40) aspects. While the most impact types were determined in the impact of strong reproduction and spreading with 34 taxa, this was followed by the impact on landscape texture with 26 taxa. When the impact statuses were examined, 65 negative and 43 positive impacts were detected. The results may provide resources for the establishment of necessary measures and control programs to reduce the negative effects of herbaceous plant taxa in campus areas. In addition, it can help develop strategies to preserve positive effects and biodiversity. Lastly, these data may be used to monitor herbaceous plant taxa changes in the campus area of Düzce University in the coming years.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of grain size on seedling root architecture. Ten different bread wheat cultivars were selected to examine the effect of grain size on primary root traits under controlled conditions. Seminal root traits were tested with germination papers at the growth stage 1. Significant differences between seminal root number, total seminal root length, longest root length, and root growth angle were observed among 10 cultivars. The seminal root number per plant was found to be 3.93 in the large, 3.71 in the medium and 3.20 in the small grain groups. Similar rankings in the seminal root length were observed, while root growth angle did not follow the same trend. The study suggested that the cultivar Atay 85 with superior primary root traits can be an advantage, especially in regions where plants achieve an advantage at a deep soil water level, under water stress at early growth stages.

The BES1 transcription factor family has an important role in the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids. It is a steroid hormone that affects plant growth and development processes and the mechanism of response to environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to determine the expression profiles of BES1 transcription factor in different tissues of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] by applying different nitrogen sources (controlled fertilized, ammonia, nitrate and urea) and to characterize BES1 gene family members through in silico methods. In sorghum genome, 9 Sobic-BES1 proteins with amino acid numbers ranged from 190 and 716, molecular weights between 35.27 and 80.54 kDa and isoelectric points between 5.0 and 10.07 were determined. In gene structure analysis, the number of estimated exons ranged from 2 to 10. Phylogenetic relationship was determined using BES1 proteins of S. bicolor, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa species. Sobic-BES1-4 and Sobic-BES1-9 genes were found to be segmental duplicated in the evolutionary process. According to the silico gene expression analysis, the expression levels of Sobic-BES1-4 and -9 genes were the highest in the root and shoot tissues where different nitrogen sources and irrigation control were applied. On the other hand, the expression levels of Sobic-BES1-1, Sobic-BES1-2 and Sobic-BES1-8 genes were differed according to the nitrogen source and tissue used. The results of this study will provide a basis for functional gene research and contribute to the understanding of the BES1 gene family in Sorghum bicolor.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) belongs to Cannabis genus in Cannabinaceae family. Industrial hemp (C. sativa var. vulgaris L.), a variant of the C. sativa, is an important industrial crop. Industrial hemp is one of the oldest raw material resource crops know to humans. Hemp is cultivated to produce a vast variety of products such as hemp seeds, hemp oil, clothing, rope, paper, insulation, cosmetics, biodegradable plastics, construction material, resin, fuel, etc. Hemp is very sensitive to environmental conditions, diseases, and pests. Plants are more susceptible to diseases in adverse environmental conditions. More than 100 microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, virus, etc.) can cause disease in cannabis. In many studies conducted; hemp streak virus (HSV), hemp mosaic virus (HMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) have been reported to cause diseases in hemp varieties. Also, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), tobacco streak virus (TSV), tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV), eunoymous ringspot virus (ERSV), elm mosaic virus (EMV), and foxtail mosaic virus (FMV) are isolated from hemp plants. In recent years, studies on cannabis viruses have reported that beet curly top virus (BCTV) and lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) infect cannabis plants.