https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tutad/issue/60510/742929

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tutad/issue/60510/742929

Pathogenicity and anastomosis groups of seven Rhizoctonia-like isolates obtained from infected pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings were determined, in the central district of Siirt province at Southeast Anatolia Region in Turkey. Browning on the crown root of the collected saplings and drying of plants were observed. In the pathogenicity test, the most virulent isolate was Rs2 with a disease severity of 93.75%. The anastomosis group of this isolate, which caused the saplings to dry completely was determined as Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. The moderately virulent Rs3 and Rs1 isolates were determined as the binucleate AG-F group. These two isolates caused yellowing of the seedling leaves and browning of the roots, however, the plants did not die and preserved their vitality to a certain extent. The R9 and R14 isolates identified as anastomosis group AG-F did not cause any symptoms on inoculated plants and on the negative control. The Rs7 and Rs10 isolates were identified as the anastomosis group AG-4 and were determined to be pathogenic in saplings. The results of this study are the first record for the virulence and anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia species that cause root and crown root diseases in Siirt pistachio.

This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activities of methanol extracts, against the plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea Persoon and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Libert) de Bary, obtained from Humulus lupulus L., Bifora radians B. and Achillea millefolium L. The experiments were carried out by agar plate method at 24±1 °C temperature with using 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% (w/v) dose of plant extracts. The data were evaluated with Tukey test (p<0.05). The maximum antifungal effect was observed at 8% dose for each plant extract. A. millefolium and H. lupulus extracts prevented the mycelium growth of Botrytis cinerea and S. sclerotiorum with 100% inhibition rate at the 4% and 8% dose. Bifora radians extract prevented 100% growth of Botrytis cinerea and S. sclerotiorum at a dose of 8%

The adults of the Empidid flies are small to medium-sized, usually shiny black or densely grey dusted species. The adults are very important in pollination because they are flower visitors. Turkey has a wide variety of habitats and species diversity. Although it seems to consist mostly of flat plains, mountainous regions are also found in the east and northeast parts. For this reason, species diversity has increased. Siirt province is rich in steppe but forests cover less space and the summers are quite hot and arid. Siirt also has variable elevation and this positively affects species diversity. This study was carried out in Siirt between 2014-2016. Specimens were collected from different habitats with using a hand net. As a result of the field studies, 15 empidid species were determined in Siirt Province. Among these 15 species, five species belong to the genus Hilara and ten species belong to the genus Empis. And also, Hilara clavidipes Chvála, 2008, H. freidbergi Chvála, 2008 and H. fusitibia Strobl, 1899 are new records for the Turkish fauna. When we compare the species number of the Empididae family from the world and Europe, the number of the known species from Turkey is relatively low, thus constituting the idea that Turkey should be better screened with local faunistic studies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the number of samples that should be used in independent treatment comparisons with different effect sizes (0.25-3.0), the number of treatments (2-5), and the power of the test (70% -95%) in single and multi-factor treatments. The material of the study was the random numbers drawn from the population that shows a normal distribution with N (0, 1) parameter. The power of the test was calculated by sampling with replacement from the population and after the differences between the treatments in terms of standard deviation were established, 10000 simulations were performed. This setup was carried out for experiments with one, two, and three factors. In the comparison of single factor independent treatment means, when the effect size was larger than ? = 2 and the test power was between 70% and 95%, the sample sizes varied between 3 and 7. In the comparison of two-factor independent treatment means, when the effect size was larger than ? = 2 and the test power was between 70% and 95%, the sample sizes varied between 2 and 3. In the comparison of three-factor independent treatment means, when the effect size was larger than ?= 1.5 and the test power was between 70% and 95%, the sample size was 2. If all treatment comparisons were generalized; it was observed that when the effect size increased, and the power of the test decreased, the sample size decreased In the t-test and F tests used in independent treatment comparisons, a power analysis was performed under different situations, and the number of experimental units for each 5% power increment between 70% and 95% were presented in tables. These tables, may help researchers to determine the number of samples without power analysis in independent group comparisons.

The aim of this this study is to study the antioxidant responses of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivar, Beith Alpha F1, under heat stress (45 ?C and 55 ?C, 4 hours). Cucumber plants were grown in plastic pots containing perlite in the climate chamber for ten days and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. Plants were harvested 24 hours after high temperature application. The amount of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll in the cotyledons of the cucumber plant gradually decreased with the increase in temperature. Superoxide dismutase activity induced by high temperature in cucumber cotyledons indicates that the superoxide radical is effectively detoxified. Low ascorbate peroxidase and high glutathione reductase activity in cotyledons at high temperature conditions indicate that the ascorbate-glutathione cycle is inhibited. However, heat stress did not lead to the accumulation of H2O2 in cotyledons. In addition, lower level of malondialdehyde in the cotyledons showed that membrane systems were not chemically damaged under heat stress. Accordingly, it could be concluded that superoxide radical accumulation did not occur in the cotyledons of cucumber and catalase was the predominant H2O2-detoxifying enzyme under heat stress. In addition, membrane systems in cucumber cotyledons may be physically affected by high temperature applications.

The use of nano-agents in the healthcare field is an important alternative in reducing the increasing pathogen resistance. One of the main purposes of the nano mechanism is that the secondary metabolites produced naturally in plants become more effective through metals. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were obtained by green synthesis using Veronica beccabunga plant extract and AgNO3 in our study. Scanning electron microscopy was used for SEM, SEM / EDX images of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The interaction of V. beccabunga with Ag was explained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The characterization process was performed using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer and Fourier converted infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was determined that silver nanostructures have an important antioxidant potential as a result of 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) analysis. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized metal nanoparticles was investigated, against some pathogens causing disease in humans, by the disk diffusion method. Ag NPs /Vb has been found to have antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25952, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 microorganisms. In our current study, Ag NPs / Vb appears to provide a remarkable effect for its use in medicine, pharmacology.

The study determined the prospect of the rice milling cottage industry in Nigeria’s Niger State using cross-sectional data. The data were collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview scheduled from fifty-five (55) active millers chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Based on the findings, it can be suggested that the potential of rice milling enterprise in the study area has not been fully explored despite its profitability turnover ratio. The industry is exclusively men enterprise with the majority been low-income earners. Potentials alongside challenges still exist in the rice milling industry as evident by the overwhelming influences of weakness and threat. Millers’ age was observed to be the major inducing factor that increases income inequality among the processors. In lieu of the foregoing, the study advised the millers to adopt a defensive strategy to remain afloat in the industry. In addition, there is a need for capacity building enhancement viz. acquisitions of innovative milling skills by the millers, thus enhancing their managerial efficiency.

Determination of the effects of insecticides on insects is usually done by considering account the mortality rates. This includes only a part of studies that show how insect populations will be affected by insecticides. However, recent studies have concluded that the effect of insecticides on insects can be revealed more clearly by determining the sublethal effects. The sublethal effects of insecticides on insects can be on the development, physiology and behaviour of insects. In this review, the sublethal effects of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on different insect species are discussed.

Time series data (1966 to 2017) that covered prices of six selected major exporting rice markets in the world were used to determine the integration of rice markets in the world. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. In spite of the long-run price association among the selected six markets, the poor extent of market co-integration made the law of one price (LOP) not to hold i.e. elusive in these markets. Except for Pakistan and China markets, all the remaining markets were quite competitive as they have a high degree of market integration- stable equilibrium that absolved any short-run shocks that generate discontinuity and asymmetric price responses. Pakistan market has a dominant role in price formation of all its contemporary five markets while China market viz. leverage effect (inventory accumulation) is not affected by any local shock that emanated from the five markets. However, the local shock generated from China market is felt by all the selected markets. Furthermore, it was observed that international trade in rice marketing is very useful in Cambodian; USA, and China markets as volatility of their respective current prices was quite persistent. Based on the forecast, it can be inferred that the rice prices of the selected markets will adjust according to supply and demand. Therefore, for the development of a single integrated economic rice market in the world, there is a need to strengthen the linkages and interconnectedness among the major exporting rice markets for faster transmission of price and commodity management for efficient allocation. This can be achieved by enhancing the development of market infrastructure viz. assaying, grading, sorting, standardization, quality assurance, physio-sanitary standardization; use of e-trade and e-commerce, value addition, transportation, and other back-end supply chain.

This study was carried out in Southeastern Anatolia Region in Turkey between 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of irrigation skipping in different phenological periods on yield and some physiological properties of corn (Zea mays L.) in second crop conditions. The trial is designed as randomized complete block design with three replications. DKC-6664 hybrid corn variety having classified as moderate maturity in the FAO (650-700) maturity classes were used in the study. Four irrigation skipping periods which are full irrigation treatments (S1, control), irrigation skipping in vegetative growth period (S2), irrigation skipping in pollination period (S3), and irrigation skipping in generative development period (S4) were studied in the research. According to the two-year averages; there were statistically significant differences in hybrid corn variety in terms of investigated characteristics. According to results, grain yield (GY), chlorophyll content (CC, spad), water use efficiency (WUE, mm), crop water stress index (CWSI) and plant water consumption (ETa, mm) were ranged from 12761.5 (S2)-14021.3 (S1) kg ha-1, 39.10 (S4)-44.50 (S1) spad, 1.902 (S1)-2.114 (S3) mm, 0.18 (S3)-0.33 (S4) and 6752 (S3)-7712.0 (S1) mm respectively. Because of drier weather conditions in 2017 compared to 2018, while GY, CC, and WUE parameters decreased, CWSI and ETa parameters increased. In the first year of the trial when dry weather conditions prevailed, the corn variety consumed more water and was more stressed. As a result, yield losses were experienced. There were positive and significant correlations between GY and CC and WUE, and negative and significant correlations between CWSI. The results of the study indicated that irrigation should not be skipped during the entire vegetative period for economical and profitable corn production in semi-arid regions.

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tutad/issue/60510/831558

In order to eliminate the negative effects of conventional agriculture on human health and the environment, organic agriculture and good agricultural practices have become widespread in recent years and researches on this has gained importance. The aim of this research is to determine the opinions of farmers engaged in conventional fruit farming on organic agriculture and good agricultural practices in Zonguldak province located in the Blacksea Region of Turkey, and their thoughts on the transition to these production systems in the future. Survey data consist of questionnaires conducted with 125 fruit farmers engaged in conventional agriculture. According to the results of the research, the rate of farmers who think that chemical fertilizers are used in organic agriculture is 12.00%, and the rate of those who think that pesticides are used is 46.40%. In good agricultural practices, 25.60% of the farmers think that chemical fertilizers are not used, and 12.80% of them think that pesticides are not used. These results show that the farmers do not have enough knowledge about organic agriculture and good agricultural practices and that they are not sufficiently aware of the application principles of these systems. While the rate of farmers who intend to switch to organic agriculture is 28.00%, this rate is only 8.80% in good agricultural practices. The adoption of organic agriculture and good agricultural practices by farmers depends on the profitability of these farming systems compared to conventional agricultural products. For this purpose, especially considering the increasing input costs in recent years, the supports given to organic agriculture and good agricultural practices should be revised.

Physical and chemical analysis of soils with traditional methods usually brings some disadvantages to the environment and economy due to time, cost, and chemical waste outputs. The purpose of this research were to i-) determine the increasingly widespread usage areas of visible near-infrared reflection spectroscopy (Vis-NIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectra in soil science, ii-) contribute to the increasing the efficiency of Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra and the areas that can be used in soil science for Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra. The advantages of Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra over traditional physical and chemical analysis methods of soils are that they are environmentally friendly, low cost, no need for any chemical substance, and rapid results without damaging soil samples. Therefore, it is increasingly used in characterizing and predicting soil properties. Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra have been widely used to predict the content of sand, silt and clay, organic carbon, organic matter, lime, moisture content, cation exchange capacity, and pH of soils. The researchers reported that Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra were very successful in their individual and combined use in determining and predicting soil properties. To expand the usage areas of Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra in soil science, it is necessary to develop the method and the calibrations of the devices by making more researches in the developing soils under different main materials, land use, climate, and vegetation. Thus, it is predicted that the success performance in the prediction and characterization of soil properties with Vis-NIR and pXRF spectra will increase.