https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tutad/issue/62689/860952

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tutad/issue/62689/885812

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tutad/issue/62689/898092

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different salt concentrations on germination and seedling growth of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor var. saccharatum (L.) Mohlenbr.] cultivars. The research was carried out under laboratory conditions and sweet sorghum cultivars Ulusoy, Sorge, Biomarli, Erdurmus, and Gülseker were used as plant material. Five different sweet sorghum cultivars and four different salt (NaCl) concentrations (0-, 100-, 200-, and 300 mM) were the subjects of the laboratory experiments which was set up in randomized plots in a factorial design with 4 replications. In the study, germination parameters such as germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), coefficient of uniformity of germination (CUG) and germination speed (GS), and seedling growth parameters such as root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root and shoot length, lateral root number and lateral root length were investigated. As a result of the research, it was determined that the germination and seedling growth parameters (excluding MGT) decreased as salt concentration increased. This decrease in germination characteristics was significant at 100 mM salt dose according to the average values of the cultivars, and it was observed that the cultivars were more sensitive to salt stress in the seedling development stage than the germination stage. In the study, it was determined that there were significant differences between sweet sorghum genotypes under salt-stressed conditions during germination and seedling stages. In this sense, Ulusoy and Erdurmus sweet sorghum cultivars were prominent in terms of salt tolerance. It is important to use salt tolerant cultivars considering the genotypic differences in sweet sorghum cultivation in salt-affected areas.

Identifying the primary factors influencing spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is critical for improving the accuracy of soil organic carbon stock estimation. The primary objective of the current study is to determine the effects of land use-land cover, and some soil characteristics on SOC stock in an area of 111 km2 in Vezirköprü district, Samsun province in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. To determine land use and land cover of the study area, Triplesat satellite image was used. Four main land use and land cover that are forest, pasture, settlement, and cultivated land were determined. According to the results obtained, it was determined that some soil characteristics and land use-land cover in the study area had a statistically significant effect on the spatial variation of SOC density. The amount of SOC stock in the study area varies between 4.79- and 94.10-tons ha-1 in surface (0-20 cm) soils and between 5.16- and 8.86-tons ha-1 in subsurface (20-40 cm) soils. Among the different land uses, it was determined that the highest amount of SOC stock in the surface soil was 53.356 tons ha-1 in forest areas, while the lowest amount of SOC stock was in agricultural lands with 34.048 tons ha-1.

The COVID-19 epidemic has affected the agriculture and food sector and many other sectors in the world and our country and forced countries to take measures on food safety. As a result of the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on the world food sector, the need for traceable, sustainable, and reliable food has gradually increased. The establishment, which emerged as Good Agricultural Practice in Europe and the United States in the 1990s and developed the GLOBALGAP system over the years, is used by many producers in 130 countries for access to reliable food. GLOBALGAP also regulates business enterprise standards structured to create supply against the increasing demand for safe food by consumers. With certified production with common standards, it reaches more and more people in the global market, including our country, and its market share is increasing accordingly. While COVID-19 increased the demand for food security, it also caused significant problems in the food supply. Therefore, new applications have been put into operation within the scope of GLOBALGAP. In this article, the certification system of GLOBALGAP, which provides a common international standard from production to consumption in the food industry, and especially its current data in the COVID-19 epidemic process, its sub-scopes and innovations are presented.

This study was conducted in the pasture of Aslançayiri village (41 00 52 N, 35 38 59 E, 800 m altitude), Havza district of Samsun province, located in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey, to determine the changes in pasture vegetation caused by improvement and management applications. The rangeland has been divided into two different sections depending on the destruction level caused by its use, and a holistic program has been implemented for improvement. Fertilization, cleaning clipping, and alternating grazing system were applied throughout the pasture and in addition, seeding was applied to the 1st section (Destroyed by plowing pasture), and mechanical aeration was applied to the 2nd section (Base pasture). The alterations in the pasture were determined by the modified wheeled loop method before and after the improvement applications. The improvement applications have increased the ratio of legumes and grasses, decreased the ratio of other families in the pasture, and contribute to the formation of balanced vegetation. Before the improvement, the rates of annual, invasive, and decreasing species were found 29.25%, 70.33%, and 18.68%, respectively. Following the improvement, annual and invasive species have exhibited a decrease while decreasing species have proven an increase by giving the rates of 15.46%, 45.02%, 46.54% respectively. In the pre-improvement period, while Lotus corniculatus, Hordeum murinum, Taraxacum officinale, Bellis perennis, Carex acuta, Cyndon dactylon and Scariola viminea species were dominant in the pasture, it was observed that decreasing species such as Trifolium repens, Poa pratensis, Lolium perenne became dominant after the improvement. The improvement and management applications increased the plant-covered area throughout the pasture from 91.0% to 98.4% and grazing capacity from 10.17 AU (Animal Unit) to 18.01 AU and enhanced the pasture condition and health category from medium-healthy to good-healthy. It has been concluded that the prevention of excessive and untimely grazing is the most decisive factor in ensuring the progress achieved, and it is recommended to continue the grazing plan implemented in terms of sustainability.

This study aims to determine the antioxidant activities of fruit, leaf, and branche extracts of Morus alba L. and Morus nigra L. species collected from Diyarbakir. Different in vitro methods such as Total Phenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Copper (II) Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH), and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the two Morus species. The highest total phenolic amount belongs to acetone extract (257.5±0.05 µg gallic acid equivalent mg-1) obtained from M. nigra branches, while the highest total flavonoid content was found in acetone extract (185.8±0.15 µg catechin equivalent mg-1) obtained from M. nigra leaves. In the CUPRAC test, the highest activity was observed in methanol extracts from M. alba branches (IC50 values is 35.63±0.22 µg mg-1). The IC50 values of the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts are between 128.1±0.13 and 2494.7±0.30 µg mg-1, the best radical scavenging activity was demonstrated by acetone extract (128.1±0.13 µg mg-1) prepared from the M. alba branche. The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity belongs to the methanol extract (75.5±0.25 µg mg-1) obtained from the M. alba branches. The results prove that both Morus species possess antioxidant properties, not only in leaves and fruits but also in the branches. At the end of the study, it was determined that M. alba and M. nigra have medicinal usage value which can be used as natural antioxidants.

In the study, it was aimed to determine the effect of different organic wastes grape pomace (Gp), hazelnut husk (Hh), and hazelnut groats (Hg) on the development of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri), Gigaspora margarita (Gm) and Commercial AMF (ERS). The plants were grown in climate chamber conditions in the growing medium prepared by mixing 3% of organic wastes into the soil. At the end of the experiment, AMF root colonization, mycorrhizal dependence, spore density in the soil, total phosphorus (P) amount in the plant were determined and plant growth parameters (shoot diameter, shoot length, root length, total plant fresh and dry weight) were evaluated. According to the data obtained, Gp had no effect on AMF root colonization and soil spore density, but increased mycorrhizal dependence and P content. While root colonization of Hg, Ri and Gm increased mycorrhizal dependence and spore density in the soil, Hh had a positive effect on Gms mycorrhizal dependence and spore density in the soil. While the application of Hg and ERS together led to an increase in some development parameters in the plant, the interaction of all organic wastes with AMF species increased the total amount of phosphorus. As a result, it is seen that these agricultural wastes are promising in terms of both plant growth and promoting beneficial microorganism population in the soil. In this context, it is thought that recycling of agricultural wastes will be beneficial in terms of ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production as well as protecting soil and environmental health.

This study was conducted to determine alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pest species of Sitona Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Igdir Province located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey where alfalfa was cultivated in the years 2019 and 2020. Field surveys were carried out at 39 locations between April and November, and 6.107 adult individuals were collected from 64 fields using sweeping nets. Based on research results, six species Sitona humeralis Stephens, 1831, S. concavirostris Hochhuth, 1851, S. bicolor Fåhraeus, 1840, S. longulus Gyllenhal, 1834, S. callosus Gyllenhal, 1834 and S. puncticollis Stephens, 1831 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were identified. Of these species, S. humeralis was found as the most intense and dominant species with a rate of 81.4%. The density rates of other species were detected as 12.1%, 5.0%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively. It was determined that the adults of Sitona species populations reached the highest number in July and October, and S. humeralis was the most intense and widespread species.

In this study, the effects of alkaline stress on germination and seedling development of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) were investigated. Two landraces (1603 and 4403) and cultivated varieties “Iptas” and “GAP Blue” were used as plant material. Five different concentrations of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mM) were applied as alkali solution in the study. The study was arranged as split plots in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Germination and seedling growth characteristics were determined in pots under climate chamber conditions with a 25 °C constant temperature, 10 hours of light-14 hours of darkness, and 70% humidity. Soil taken from the agricultural areas in the region was used as a growth environment. Germination speed, germination rate, root length, shoot length, root and shoot dry weights, crude protein, and ODAP contents were examined in the study. As a result, it was determined that there were differences between genotypes in terms of their responses to alkaline stress. When alkaline doses were compared, the genotypes responded positively up to 50 mM alkaline dose, and it was determined that all properties were negatively affected with 100 mM alkaline dose. Accordingly, it was exhibited that all grass pea genotypes used in this study can grow in alkaline areas up to 50 mM.

Propolis is a natural bee product that protects the beehives from internal and external factors. It is a natural-complex compound with a wide potential use as an antimicrobial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory effect. The role of propolis as a plant protection agent and an alternative to pesticides is an unexplored area. Here, two different commercially available propolis extracts were evaluated for antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strain DC3000. Also, the activities of defense response genes WRKY70 and CaBP22 in Arabidopsis thaliana under propolis application were compared. According to the results, each propolis extract and dose had a different effect on gene expressions as well as antibacterial activity. One of the commercial brands had a significant effect at all doses while another brand’s propolis extract had its activity at only 1% concentration. Propolis reduced bacterial growth up to 93% with a 2% concentration. For the first time, propolis is also evaluated for its capacity as a plant defense activator agent and it induced WRKY70 and CaBP22 gene expression. The differences in gene expression and bacterial growth inhibition levels suggest the importance of the origins of propolis, such as plant species and regions it collected. While preliminary in nature, these results suggest a significant potential of propolis in plant protection in commercial and organic agriculture.

In this study, it was aimed to test the seed viability of Alkanna orientalis and endemic Alkanna sieheana species rich in Alkannin/Shikonin (A/S) and to determine the germination percentage and callus regeneration suitable for in vitro A/S production. The viability rates of seeds collected from nature were determined by the tetrazolium method. The germination rates of the seeds of both species were tested with three different applications (on filter paper, MS nutrient medium with agar, in peat). The seed coats of both species were removed, and their embryos were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing plant growth regulators in various proportions. The viability rates of the seeds were found at 98.3% for A. orientalis and 96.0% for A. sieheana. Germination rates were determined only on filter paper as 8.3% for A. orientalis and 5.0% for A. sieheana, no germination was observed in other applications. The highest zygotic shoot and root formation rate were obtained from A. orientalis with 91.6% and 40.3%, respectively. But, the highest callus formation rate was observed on A. siehenea with 75.0%. As a result, it was determined that although the viability rates were high in both species, the germination rates were low, but in vitro reproducibility was possible.

In Turkey, real estate that is subject to ownership rights secured constitutionally can be expropriated upon cash payment of its value, in accordance with the Expropriation Law. Buildings are indispensable and immovables for life in meeting economic and social needs, especially housing. The continuation of these functions of the buildings will be ensured by determining their real values in case of expropriation. For this purpose, it is of great importance for the appraisers to know the technical principles of valuation, to be knowledgeable about the real estate market, and to consider the economic and social aspects of expropriation. The purpose of this article is to reveal the theoretical principles of value determination in buildings within the framework of the Expropriation Law.