https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tutad/issue/66281/981546

The transformation of rocks and organic inputs into parent material and soil is a dynamic process controlled by physical, chemical and biological factors. In this process, the parent material, climate, topography, organism and time are known as formation factors. The differences in physiography cause variability in soil properties with the effect of other formation factors. In this study; It is aimed to reveal how the physiographic variability is reflected in the profile morphology and the statistical effects of this reflection on soil properties. Morphological descriptions of four soil profiles (PI, PII, PIII, PIV) were made in the north-south direction to represent the varying physiographic units (shoulder, toeslope, backslope) and some physical and chemical properties of soil samples taken on the basis of the horizon were determined. In addition, the variables in soil properties were evaluated with some statistical parameters. As a result of the study, all profiles were classified as Lithic Xerorthent / Petrocalcic Leptosol. While the profiles on the upper and lower skirts have similar characteristics, it has been determined that the profile in the low plain differs in terms of horizon depth and thickness, soil color, lime content, texture and water characteristics. With this study, it has been revealed that the relationship can be explained more clearly as a result of the evaluation of the change in soil properties with statistical approaches.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of barley crushing rates applied to annual legume-grain multi mix harvested in different phenological periods on silage quality and feed value. In the research, 35% Hungarian vetch + 35% fodder pea + 10% oat + 10% triticale + 10% wheat mixture was used as silage material. Hay harvesting was carried out in three different stages (before flowering, 50% flowering, the full flowering period of fodder pea). To determine the effects of the produced roughage on silage quality and feed value, silages were prepared by applying barley crushed at four different doses (0, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Silage samples were left to ferment in vacuum bags at 25 ± 2 oC for 60 days. In the samples taken from the silages opened at the end of fermentation; pH, dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus analyzes were made. The quality of the roughage was determined by calculating the Fleig score (FS) and relative feed values of the silages. According to the research results, the delay of the cutting stage affected the nutrient content, cell wall components, and fermentation of the silage. While the FS increased with increasing barley ratio, the relative feed value (RFV) was in the best quality. The addition of crushed barley at the level of 15% had a positive effect on the fermentation and silage quality of the silages. The highest RFV value was obtained from the samples harvested in full flowering and 15% crushed barley added. As a result, the silage to be made by adding 15% crushed barley to the mixture of forage crops mowed during the flowering period will be able to meet the quality green fodder needs of the animals in the winter season.

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is one of the oldest sacred fruits widely grown in the world. Southeastern Anatolia is known to have a special place as a fig gene center. In this study, 21 qualitative and quantitative properties of fig genotypes grown in the Siirt (Turkey) region were evaluated. In this study, phenotypic characterization of fig genotypes was made and a high level of phenotypic diversity was detected among the genotypes examined. The coefficient of variation (CV) of most of the traits examined was found to be higher than 20.00%, and the CV values of the parameters were ranged between 10.79% to 62.78%. The correlation levels of the examined traits and the effect ratios of each factor in defining the fig fruit were determined. The genotypes with the highest quality were determined as E-42, E-19, E-26, E-27, E-30, and E-20. The results of the current study have a unique value in the context of proper management and conservation of the fig genetic resources. It is thought that the studied genotypes can be an important source of genes for future breeding programs.

Sustainably utilizing natural resources would provide sustainable livelihoods for agrarian communities in developing countries. Using alternative and more efficient methods to utilize natural resources will probably serve to achieve this goal. Ensiling grass in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is assumed to provide an alternative roughage fodder source for the animal husbandry sector which has faced dramatic declines for the last decades. This study investigated the possibilities of preparing and adopting grass silage in the region where drying grass to provide roughages for winter feeding is troublesome due to the heavily rainy climate during the harvest season. The study was organized in two broad sections; (1) socioeconomic survey and (2) ensiling process for roughage fodder provision. In the first section, socioeconomic characteristics of livestock farmers, farming practices applied, problems encountered by farmers, and awareness level about grass silage in the region were investigated. In the second section, a silage preparation process was carried out by (1) harvesting and ensiling of grass, (2) determination of the composition of grass silages, and (3) determination of aerobic stabilities of silages. Results showed that livestock farmers in the region have small numbers of animals and operate conventionally, farmers tend to be older, hold an elementary school degree, and are mostly not open to innovations. They face serious problems with drying their grass to provide roughage fodders and lack information about this technology. The ensiling process revealed favorable results that grass produced in the region can be successfully turned into silage. The quality can further be increased with some additives. The study concludes that to sustainably utilize the regional grasslands, awareness-raising campaigns and extension programs for ensiling technology should be organized.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different copper (Cu) concentrations on some plant growth parameters in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The study was perfomed at the Agricultural Biotechnology growth room, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University (Turkey). In the study, the coriander Mardin province population was used as plant material. Five different doses of Cu (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm) were applied to plants. Plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), the number of branches per plant, the number of umbel per plant, the number of seeds in the main umbel, plant fresh, and dry weights (g) were determined. According to the results, the effect of different Cu concentrations in all growth parameters except stem diameter and number of branches were found to be significant. In the current study, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of umbel, number of seeds in the main umbel, and plant fresh weight and dry weights were ranged between 41.31-52.79 cm, 1.57-2.18 mm, 3.07-5.71 per plant, 2.57-4.86 per plant, 13.36-37.86 per plant, 2.33-4.12 g and 0.239-0.550 g, respectively. In the study, it was concluded that coriander can be included in phytoremediation programs in Cu-contaminated areas.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the weathering rates of young soils formed under the same climatic conditions on different geological parent material and to examine the effects of the parent material on soil formation. Within the scope of the study, geo-chemical, physico-chemical, primary, and secondary mineralogical properties of three young soils, formed on magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentary parent material, distributed around the Sandikli district of Afyonkarahisar province in the Aegean Region of Turkey, were determined on profile-base and the dissociation indices were calculated. At the end of the study, the effect of different parent materials on soil genesis under the same climatic conditions was revealed, and weathering indices namely the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), and Base/R2O3 ratio were calculated. In this way, mineralogical, physico-chemical and geo-chemical properties, which are considered as the measurement degree of soil formation, are correlated parametrically. According to the results obtained; since sub-surface diagnostic horizons were not detected, the investigated soils were classified as Entisol since they did not complete their pedological development. When compared to the decomposition rates of soils, all three soils located on different parent materials are at the initial stage of their formation and it has been determined that soils are still under the influence of their parent materials in terms of their physico-chemical, geo-chemical and mineralogical properties.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the transition possibilities of the extensive small ruminant farms in Balikesir Province, located in the Marmara Region of Turkey, to organic livestock farming by examining their structural characteristics. For this purpose, all the districts of Balikesir province were taken into consideration, and 603 enterprises selected by purposeful sampling method in 270 neighborhoods, where extensive sheep and goat breeding were carried out, constituted the material of the research. Surveys were used to collect data regarding the socio-demographic characteristics of the farm owners, their knowledge, and approaches to animal breeding, feeding, and health practices. According to the results of the research, 87.40% of the farm owners stated that they have been farming for more than 15 years, and 79.93% stated that they are members of a producer organization. It was reported that no disease was found in 82.22% of sheep farms and 78.43% of goat farms. The animals can benefit from grazing areas throughout the year in 74.44% of the sheep farms and 77.12% of the goat farms. Inseminations in sheep and goats are carried out via natural mating. Lambs/kids suckle their mothers for about 3-4 months. In some vicinities of the districts of Dursunbey, Ivrindi, and the Island of Marmara, the sheep and goat breeding is carried out mainly via native breeds and their cross-breeds. The small ruminant breeding carried out in these vicinities shows a great similarity to the organic system. Supports for the small ruminant farms in the mentioned vicinities in organic forage production will ensure that Balikesir, which is among the provinces that have a reputation in animal production, will also be a pioneer in organic animal production. In fact, it was determined that more than 70% of the farmers had a positive view of the transition to organic animal farming. However, in addition to technical knowledge and support for organic livestock farming, farmers should be encouraged to be organized in organic livestock farming.

This study aimed to determine the egg parasitoids Trissolcus Ashmead, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) species of Sunn pest (Eurygaster spp. Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), in cereal areas of Agri, Igdir and Van provinces in the years 2015-2016. Sunn pest egg packages were collected in the grain cultivation areas where the pest is common. Collected eggs were placed in a plastic tube and cultured at 25±1°C and 65±5% humidity. As a result of the study, Sunn pest as egg parasitoid; Trissolcus grandis (Thomson, 1860), T. vassilievi (Mayr, 1879), Telenomus chloropus (Thomson, 1861) (Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus sp. (Encyrtidae) species were determined. T. grandis parasitoid species were identified from the egg samples taken from Agri, while Trissolcus grandis, T. vassilievi, Ooencyrtus sp. and Telenomus chloropus were identified from the samples taken from Igdir, and T. grandis and T. vassilievi were identified from the samples taken from Van. The distribution rates of the detected species within the population were; Trissolcus grandis 56%, Telenomus chloropus 22%, Trissolcus vassilievi 10%, and Ooencyrtus sp. 12%. It was determined that the most common species in the provinces where the study was conducted was T. grandis.

This research was carried out to determine the physical and physiological characteristics of the seeds of the forage pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) genotypes, and to compare the genotypes in terms of these characteristics in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture of Bingöl University in 2019-2020. As a material, seeds belonging to Creakerjack, Kristal, Özkaynak, Servet, Taskent, and TTAE-YB2010 genotypes of forage peas were used. Length, width, surface area, average arithmetic diameter, and thousand-grain weight from physical properties of these seeds, germination rate, germination time, and average shoot length from physiological properties were taken into consideration. In the study, it was determined that forage pea seeds had an average length of 6.730 mm, a width of 6.118 mm, a surface area of 34.117 mm2, an arithmetic diameter of 6.424 mm, and a thousand-grain weight of 191.96 g. It was determined that forage pea seeds germinated in an average of 1,335 days, the average germination rate was 99.5% and the average shoot length was 4.775 cm. As a result of the research, it was determined that the Kristal variety gave good results in terms of physical properties and the Özkaynak variety in terms of physiological properties.

In this study, the issue of irrigation of a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) plants with different concentrations of the effluent of Van Edremit Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant in Turkey is discussed. In this context, the research was carried out to investigate the effect of wastewater on the growth of plants sole and in mixtures. In addition, it was aimed to determine the short-term effects of wastewater on some metal and metalloid content in soil and plants. The experiment was carried out in three replications according to the randomized plots trial design in pots in the climate room in 2018. Applications in the study were 100% pure water control (100S), 25% wastewater + 75% pure water (25A75S), 50% wastewater + 50% pure water (50A50S) and 75% wastewater + 25% pure water (75A25S). The plant height of the plants increased depending on the amount of wastewater application in all forms. The highest average plant height of 10.70 cm was obtained from 75A25S in white clover, and 11.42 cm and 11.21 cm in kentucky bluegrass from control and 75A25S applications, respectively. The fresh and dry weight of white clover increased depending on wastewater applications, but the effect of wastewater applications was not observed in kentucky bluegrass. The metal and metalloid content of plants and post-harvest soil generally increased depending on the applications. The metal and metalloid contents, except molybdenum (Mo) in the kentucky bluegrass and copper in the white clover, reached the highest values in the 75A25S application. There was no change in Mo, lead, and cadmium contents in the soil after harvest, but other metal and metalloid contents increased. It was determined that there was a decrease in pH value with wastewater applications in soil samples taken after harvest. It was determined that the electrical conductivity value of the soil increased as the wastewater application concentrations increased. In the light of these results, the positive effects of the wastewater used on plant growth and development were determined, but it was concluded that long-term studies are needed for its effects on the soil.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most valuable oilseed crops in the world. It is not only an oil seed crop and feed for livestock, but also valuable mineral and vitamins sources for the human diet. The soybean yield is affected by various biotic and abiotic stress factors in all growing seasons. Diseases are one of the most significant biotic factors that reduce soybean growth and yield. Fungi are important pathogens affecting yield and quality by attacking plants during the growth period and after harvest. This study was conducted to detect and identify the seed-borne fungi associated with the soybean seed. From this context, 150 soybean seeds were randomly chosen from the experimental fields of Akdeniz University in Antalya province of Turkey. These seeds were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 1 min, followed by 10% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min and then rinsed with sterile water and then placed in Petri plates by using the agar plate method. A total of four seed-borne fungi species namely Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Fusarium spp. were isolated from the soybean seeds. Additionally, Genomic DNAs of these fungal species were extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was amplified with the ITS-1 and ITS-4 primers using a thermal cycler. After sequencing of amplified products, the sequences were aligned. BLASTn analysis of each sequence showed that the sequences of the fungi had the similarity (99%) to the fungal isolates deposited in the GenBank.

The purpose of this study is to determine measures to be taken to develop organic agriculture in Turkey. In the study, firstly the legislation related to organic agriculture has been discussed in two parts as before and after the Organic Agriculture Law. Then the developments in organic agriculture in Turkey were examined considering number of organic farms, area under organic production and amounts of organic products. The measures to be taken for the development of organic agriculture in Turkey, which is the main purpose of the study, are analyzed under eight headings. Issues addressed within the scope of organic agriculture measures were; eliminating the perception of low yield in organic production, highlighting certain products according to regions, increasing control and certification and reducing costs, increasing the amount and variety of organic products in mainstream retailers, saving organic production from being dependent on exports, establishing local organic farmers markets in every province and district, provide training and extension services to farmers on a regular basis, and raise the awareness of consumers about organic products.

Priming technique is based on the soaking of seed in water or a solution with low osmotic potential under a certain time and temperature before sowing, and re-drying to initial humidity level. Primed seeds might be sown directly or stored at low temperatures for a long time without losing the pragmatic effects of priming applications. In general, the most commonly used priming techniques can be listed as hydro-priming, osmo-priming, halo-priming, solid matrix priming, hormonal priming, nano-priming, and bio-priming. The priming technique contributes to improving germination characteristics, stimulating plant growth and crop yield, and the development of tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stress factors. The density of the used solution, seed/solution ratio, priming time, aeration, ambient temperature, drying, the temperature of the storage environment, and storage time are the main factors that directly affect the success of priming applications. Studies carried out to combine the seed coating technology with the priming technique are extremely important in terms of a sustainable approach in agriculture. In addition, studies on the use of bio-priming applications in seed coating techniques and on extending the storage period are increasingly continuing. Thus, it is predicted that the reduction of chemical inputs and their damages to the ecosystem will be the initial of a revolutionary change. The purposes of this review are to; i) evaluate the possibilities of using priming techniques on plant growth and improvement of stress tolerance, ii) provide an understanding of the stress mechanism in plants and the advantages of priming techniques in terms of stress management, and iii) Examine the use of new technological and scientific applications with priming technique.