We are pleased to announce the first edition of the SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences (SVU-IJVS). We hope that this journal will advance the field of animal sciences and related biomedical disciplines. SVU-IJVS is particularly interested to publish any work –of a high quality-in the field of animal sciences. Beside conventional animal-related work, interdisciplinary articles i.e. medicine, biology, bioinformatics and mathematics which may not be published by the narrow windows journals, are highly appreciated in the SVU-IJVS. We hope that SVU-IJVS will play a positive role in this field of research.

One of the outstanding features of the liver is its enormous regeneration capacity. Compared to other solid organs, such as kidney, pancreas, heart or brain, the liver shows a superior capacity to regenerate. Probably, this regeneration capacity has evolved during ‘animal plant warfare’, when plants protected themselves from herbivores by new toxins and herbivores responded by novel detoxifying enzymes and efficient hepatic regeneration. Control mechanisms of liver regeneration have attracted scientists since decades. One limitation that has hampered progress is the lack of possibilities or real-time observations of cellular and subcellular processes in the regenerating liver without removing the organ for analysis. This has now become possible by the introduction of an improved technology of two-photon based intravital imaging. This technology allows the possibility to perform real-time imaging of the intact liver in anesthetized mice. Resolution is close to the theoretically possible 200 nm and therefore allows imaging of organelles and vesicles. Also, imaging of fast processes in the millisecond range is possible. Using available fluorescent reporter mouse systems it is possible to visualize all resident cell types of the liver, such as hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Furthermore, infiltrating immune cells can be imaged during liver injury and regeneration using cell-specific antibodies or reporter mice. This minireview presents some of the possibilities of intravital imaging and its applicability for research in the field of liver regeneration.

The flat bone develops through intramembranous ossification, in which the mesenchymal cells are directly driven towards osteogenic lineage without the formation of cartilage template. While long bone develops through endochondral ossification, where cartilage template act as an intermediate stage between mesenchymal and bone tissues. Although the avian sternum is a flat bone, some studies describe the formation of a cartilage template during its development. The aim of the current study was to observe the mechanism of ossification in quail sternum during embryonic development. Thirty quail embryos were collected for the current study (5 embryos/ day) during the period between Day (D) 5 and D10 of embryonic development and processed for light microscopy. The differentiation of mesenchymal condensation into the chondrogenic cells was observed at D5 whereas the secretion of extracellular matrix could be evident at D6. The cartilage primordia were observed by D7 which were consisted of chondrocytes, embedded in the matrix and surrounded by perichondrium. Later these primordia were developed into cartilage template by D8 where the chondrocytes were present in their lacuna. This template attained the shape of future sternum by D9, which was more distinct at D10. These preliminary observations suggested that the quail sternum grows through endochondral ossification. The future study will further explore the histological changes of quail sternum during post-hatching development.

This study examined the effect of the different group sizes on the titers of some immunological indicators and signs of health in two strains of lohmann layers. A total 558 layers (279 lohmann brown and 279 lohmann selected leghorn), aged 50 weeks were homogenously classified into four groups, where 360 birds (180 lohmann brown and 180 lohmann selected leghorn) in 6 cages (60 layers/cage “5 m2”) and 198 birds (99 lohmann brown and 99 lohmann selected leghorn) (33 layers/cage “2.8 m2”) with the same floor space relatively. The antibody titer of avian encephalomyelitis, avian meta-pneumonia, infectious bronchitis and mycoplasma synovia were higher in small group (33 birds) than large group size (60 birds). However, the differences didn’t reach the significance. In the other hand, the lohmann selected leghorn was more susceptible to avian encephalomyelitis, infectious bronchitis and mycoplasma synovia due to the increase in its antibody titers, while the antibody titers of avian meta-pneumonia and mycoplasma gallisepticum were higher in lohmann brown. In large group size, the scores of plumage condition were referred to the best, especially in lohmann brown. Furthermore, the changes in feet condition in lohamman brown were better than lohmann selected leghorn, especially in large group. In order to achieve the full genetic growth potential, layers must be reared under optimal group size. Therefore, any deviation of the managemental condition of layers may impair their performance, cause immunosuppression, and change their physiological responses leading to increase their susceptibility to diseases.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is considered an ecofriendly technology because it does not involve toxic chemicals. In this study, green zinc oxide nanoparticles (7-25 nm) were synthesized from olive plant and examined for its anti-inflammatory activities alone or with dexamethasone in rats. Seventy rats were randomly allocated into 7 groups (10 rats/group). Group 1 served as a negative control. Other rats in the six groups were injected with formalin into the intra planter paws of right hind limb (50ul) followed by administration of investigated agents as following; group 2 used as control positive for inflammation. Group 3 and 4 were administrated dexamethasone at 2 doses; 2 and 5mg/ kg b.wt. (i.m), respectively. Group 5 was treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles at dose of 25mg/ kg b.wt.(i.p). Groups 6 and 7 were treated with Zinc oxide nanoparticles at dose of 25 mg/kg b. wt. (i.p) and dexamethasone at doses of 2 and 5mg/kg b. wt. (i.m), respectively. All treatments were continuous for 5 successive days. Representative blood and tissue samples for immunological, chemical and pathological investigations were collected. The present study refers to the anti -inflammatory effect of both zinc oxide nanoparticles and dexamethasone through variable pathways; mixed treatment between green Zinc oxide nanoparticles and dexamethasone improve the dysregulated biochemical effects induced by inflammation. ZnO nano-particles affect mainly Th2 which enhanced by dexamethasone that had mainly immune- suppressive effect on B-lymphocytes. Despite the recorded anti-inflammatory effect, attention to side effects such as genotoxicity recorded in that study, should be considered. We could conclude that although green zinc oxide nanoparticles may be considered as a potential treatment for inflammatory conditions, but it enhances the apoptotic effect of dexamethasone with end-result of (transient) genotoxic effect.

Lavender foal syndrome is one of fatal genetic coat color - associated disorders in Arabian horses caused by a recessive gene. Arabian horse harbor heterozygous genes represent a carrier case with normal criteria, while that harbor homozygous genes mostly will had a characteristic lavender coat color and represented an affected case that will die within few days. Egyptian Arabian horses are incriminated to harbor up to 10% of this syndrome recessive gene and hence of great economic important for Arabian horse’s industry. In this study we trace the historical appearance of LFS in the records of one Arabian horses farm, apply PCR followed by sequence analysis for 8 suspected cases. On the other side pathological investigation of early dead foal with lavender coat color was carried out. Our results detected the incriminated single base deletion at the molecular level by sequence analysis of hair samples in four out of the eight suspected horses. Histopathological investigation was carried out on liver, kidneys and different regions of the brain of dead foal with lavender coat color. Moreover, immunohistochemistry technique was done to clarify the possible LFS pathogenesis. Our result reflects the principle role of myosin Va as a cargo molecule in LFS pathogenesis in association with development of endoplasmic reticulum stress effect with end result of multi-systemic effects.

Cefepime is a broad-spectrum semi synthetic ß-lactamase resistant fourth generation cephalosporin. Looking to potential for clinical use, pharmacokinetics of cefepime following single intravenous and intramuscular (IM) dose (100mg/kg b. wt.) in healthy and experimentally Salmonella typhimurium infected broiler chickens were determined. Cefepime concentration in plasma samples was determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with mobile phase. The mobile phase was a mixture of 10mM phosphate buffer (pH 7): Methanol; 75:25 was always freshly prepared. Flow rates were 1 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 256 nm, injection volume was 20 µl. After a single intravenous injection, cefepime reached its maximum serum concentrations of 4.28 ± 0.37µg/ml in normal chickens, while in the infected chickens, the maximum serum concentration was 2.62 ± 0.72 µg/ml. Cefepime was eliminated after intravenous injection with half-life (t1/2 ß) of 4.608 ± 0.145 h in normal which significantly longer than 4.19 ± 0.158 h in infected chickens. The mean residence time (MRT) was 6.51 ± 0.189h in normal vs 5.86±0.18 h in infected chickens. After IM administration the drug reached its maximum serum concentrations of 193.06 ± 2.27µg/ml at maximum time of 1.138 ± 0.012 h in normal, while in infected chickens the maximum serum concentrations was 132.93 ± 1.53µg/ml attained at maximum time of 1.265 ± 0.013 h. In conclusion a cefepime at dose of 100 mg/kg administered intravenously or IM at 24 h intervals may provide successful treatment of chicken infected with Salmonella typhimurium.

In post–mitotic tissues such as skeletal muscles there are no significant cell replacements throughout life; the cells sustain local damage through its pool of specified stem cells. Muscle satellite cells are mononuclear cells that remain in a quiescent state till be activated; when they proliferate and fuse with muscle fibers to donate myonuclei, a process necessary for post-embryonic growth, hypertrophy and tissue repair in this post-mitotic tissue. Modern trends in using (autologous) biological agents in initiation of regenerative process encourage us to evaluate the efficacy of some of these agents. In this study muscle damage was induced by cardiotoxin; followed by administration of biological agents; autologous physiological serum, L-arginine and IGF-1 as a stimulating factors of myogenic satellite cells to initiate the myogenic regenerative process. Our study refers to variable degrees of efficacy in stimulation of myogenic stem cells differentiation and the outcome of the regenerative process. Although the physiological serum had marked ability to stimulate MSC but high number of newly formed myotubules are split. L-arginine despite had delayed regenerating time, but more organization of newly formed myotubules was retained. IGF-1 had rapid effect but associated with considerable number of newly formed split myotubules. We could conclude that for perfect regenerative myogenic tissue not main just formation muscle fibers, but theses fibers must be organized and functional. Healthy functional regenerative process need synchronization of several agents should be considered.

A total of 150 random samples of raw cow milk and some locally manufactured dairy products including yoghurt, Kareish cheese and ice cream were collected from various dairy shops, and supermarkets in Qena city, Egypt. Samples were examined for the presence of Enterococcus spp. The investigation revealed that 64, 28, 76, 72 and 16 % of the examined raw milk samples, large and small-scale yoghurt, Kareish cheese and ice cream were contaminated with Enterococcus spp., respectively. Isolates were identified as E. faecalis and E. faecium in percentages of (8 & 32), (16 & 0), (8 & 28), (8 & 36), and (4 & 0) in the examined raw milk samples, large and small-scale yoghurt, Kareish cheese and ice cream, respectively. The obtained isolates were screened for presence of some virulence genes gelE, asa1, esp and cylA using multiplex PCR. The results indicated that gelE, asa1, esp and cylA were located in 53.9, 76.9, 69.2, and 30.8% of the total E. faecalis isolates and in 46.9, 71.9, 53.1, and 34.3 % of the total E. faecium isolates, respectively. The asa1 and esp genes were the predominant virulence traits among all investigated enterococci isolates followed by gelE and cylA genes. Therefore, the results of this study showed that milk and dairy products can play an important role in the spread of Enterococci with virulence potential through the food chain to the human population.