Historically, natural ventilation has been an important factor to achieve thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption in healthcare buildings. Since the recent century, there has been an increasing change and scientific advancement that led to the reliance of mechanical ventilation systems in commercial buildings and especially in hospitals and healthcare settings. However, the fully mechanical system approaches have changed gradually after global warming and the lack of energy sources. In this context, this study investigated systematically, passive ventilation techniques used in medieval near eastern hospitals ”Bimaristans” and historical hospitals in Europe. The study traced the roots of natural ventilation in a sample of historical healthcare buildings. It also investigated ventilation techniques used in historical hospitals in Middle East and Europe. This study is looking forward to discover the architectural design parameters’ effects of historical hospitals on ventilation, to make a better environment for patients’ health by learning from past lessons in traditional architecture, and how could we adapt these techniques in our nowadays healthcare buildings. This step will allow further research on the adaption and integration of passive techniques inherited from the past in our contemporary hospital design.

Public authorities and governments in many nations ensure to assign the operations management of existing PPP projects and for financing new projects to the private sector. This approach adds a lot of benefits for all parties. These benefits included risks’ mitigation, cost savings regarding governmental expenditures, service enhancement, employment opportunities, and improvement in economic indices. This approach called public-private partnership (PPP) (Yescombe, 2007). Due to their complexity, nature and their long duration, PPP projects are usually more difficult to implement than other procurement models. Previous research studies on several PPP projects indicated that a number of problems exist in the calculations of the project’ returns. Additionally, it is explicit that there is a need for an objective, reliable and practical returns’ assessment model for PPP projects with regards to the different factors that might affect theses estimated returns. The required model will help decision makers and investors to assess the revenues of PPP projects at their early stages. To apply PPP projects in Egypt successfully, one of the fundamental requirements is to perform and implement a comprehensive analysis of Return on Investment (ROI), to do such analysis; it should include the factors affecting the ROI relating the projects’ influences such as; financial, legal, political, social . . . etc. According to the World Bank report, the private financial participation in Egypt has accounted $219,229.82 Million in the period from 1990 to 2000. This figure has increased to $998,667.36 Million in 2015 (World Bank ,2016).

The importance of historical sites containing archaeological and architectural fabrics has many physical, economic and social; they differ depending on the form and structure in different areas of the city. The historic environment of the urban content for historic buildings and heritage guides the manager to the preservation of the entities. Research shows that there is a large gap between the classroom buildings and the development process of the surrounding urban environment. By focusing on sustainable development of the historical heritage areas, it is necessary to operate a reallocation of buildings for better preservation. The study covers the following: the attempt to link the new features for creating activities of the heritage of the population of the surrounding environment, to increase the degree of attention of the living environment around the building. Factors that affect the process of maintenance, and reuse of heritage buildings in the choice of assignment. It is proposed to try to find a general concept for the development of heritage areas within the public sphere. The role of community participation as a means of awareness and the definition of ordinary citizens of the importance of the environment and heritage content. It also discusses the mapping methods to study and treat to represent the heritage buildings through reallocation as one of the important conservation measures through the example of the Casbah of Belamech. This research also presents a set of conclusions and recommendations in the form of a model with an information system on the environment (SIE) to develop the most important features in the development of heritage buildings, to ensure the sustainability of its environment.

The local problem in Egypt concerns the absence of balance between benefiting the community throughout the buildings’ new uses and conserving them. As in many cases, either the concept of museamizing buildings within the absence of visiting museums culture, or reusing the building in a vital function to the community such as schools. Within the second case a lot of destruction is caused due to absence of reuse codes, lack of awareness of cultural value for both users, and the administrative practices and vision. The research conducted a number of analytical stages. Through the analysis, it is concluded that there is a more comprehensive context than the known ones representing the generally prevailing value system in the community and its continual changing of the other contexts and their direction of change. An Adaptive Reuse Classification of 6 types will be reached after the analysis of a number of cases, in which every type is identified and ways of how to achieve the purposed balance is concluded. A methodology is formulated in order to reach a balance between getting the benefit of the heritage building and conserving it. Finally, a case study will take place.

India is well diverse with a variety of cultural and traditional practices. Impact of age-old practices redefined the idea of culture and tradition, not only as a hereditary system, but also as part of art and architecture. Factors such as the cultural changes between North and South India, impact of the British, changes in spatial organization and patriarchy and matrilineal system drew an impact on cultural impression of India through time. Palaces (04th —18th century) and the lifestyle of the heirs, being a soul example to exhibit the Indian uniqueness, gradually inclined towards British culture and morals. This influence brought a change in the architectural design of palaces, which is the core study area in the thesis. Comparing the architectural planning of palaces from the 13th to the 18th century showed a clear change on how British influenced Indian palace design. This became one of the finest reasons to identify cities with palaces based on their culture and tradition, and on art and architecture. In addition to finding how it has brought the influential change and what is the present scenario of the same palaces. The architectures that were adopted in India was a form of true traditional architecture which is been followed through a very long time and hence it was collaborated with Italian, French, Indo Sarcenic or European style.

When examining the traditional Egyptian community since the beginning of time, it would be found that the Egyptian individual is no different from any other traditional one. His life images and perceptions have some strong collective roots, they interweave strongly with the religion. He uses religious references to formulate images and manifestations to create a sacred universe where he can inhabit and function. The aim of this paper is to analyze vernacular/ traditional Egyptian architecture and its religious/cultural manifestations through the Egyptian heritage. It will focus on the cultural heritage of “Saints” and how they affected both traditional architecture and urban through time. This paper will cover the following: Presenting several psychological concepts in relation to the Egyptian vernacular urban forms. It will focus on the psychological Jungian concepts of “center of the world, Axis Mundi and sacred orientations”. It will also investigate their corresponding anthropological concept of the “sacred hero” which has its manifestations in the innumerous number of the Egyptian saints / “Awliaa” through history. Transcending the limitations of perspective by analyzing the urban product of a number of Egyptian case studies in the light of psychological and anthropological concepts to lay out certain popular principles and constraints that control their urban manifestation. Exploring The huge legacy of Saints/ Awliaa with all their related festive ceremonies as this collective belief of saints leads to an important socio-cultural event that is held in most of Egyptian urban settlements. It is “Al-Moulid”, a religious ceremonial festival that is held to celebrate the birth of the saints. These religious ceremonies have a strong role in formulating the Egyptian cultural and religious identities. Finally, presenting a classification for the Egyptian villages and cities on corresponding to this cultural / religious heritage and their manifestations on the Egyptian urban forms.

Nature and culture have always offered a variety of resources for tourism in different areas. Furthermore, the fact that these assets are key for choice makers whatsoever, levels on aggravate suitable arrangements for the enhancing of ecotourism. As per the World Tourism Organization, ecotourism has been estimated to account between 10% to 15% of all international travel expenditures, it seems to be even faster than the tourism industry, as it represents 20% of the world travel market. Research assumes that despite large portions of vernacular dwells exist in Egypt, (but desired) to package vernacular architecture traditions and quantitative design knowledge to modern building designers. The aim of this study is to develop and preserve the identity of vernacular architecture in ecotourism sectors in Nubia, Egypt so that they could develop the economy and urban texture as well, and to outline the role of natural and cultural Egyptian rural communities to protect and preserve their heritage and their ecotourism resources as well. This study will assess and analyse six different international, national and local ecotourism rating manuals and certifications as well to seek the common ecotourism criteria to preserve vernacular architecture, then outline preservation vernacular-ecotourism Guidelines passed on ecotourism criteria and indicators, then validate it with efficient scale like Likert scale to be easy to use by decision makers. The research main findings based on the performance of selected vernacular-ecotourism case studies in Nubia, Egypt, were the criteria of vernacular ecotourism preservation. The research will accentuate that the Nubian building technology could be useful for redesign ecotourism resorts in rural community in Egypt. Sustainable architecture planning is a capable apparatus for making ecotourism offices that encourage aware and widening social exchanges.

Egyptian culture of the old kingdom was locally and regionally simple and efficient; belief was in the sky and humanism was regulated by Ma’at as the key concept in Egyptian mentality. IUNU was the capital of the black land KEMET where ”IUNU UNIVERSITY” is located. Physics were well studied; was already known; the right angle triangle of members 3, 4, and 5 with the 53o angle was in use. Supremacy was integrated on earth by multiple interpretations in architecture. The great pyramid of Giza was and still the best magnificent structure ever built on earth without having contemporary science’s final word been said. Massive lime stone blocks are now arranged there in a huge massive number of about two and half million pieces; their weight could reach 6.5 million tons. Conceptually there was a strong belief that symbolism connects hot spots on the Egyptian soil as it represented the known world, as well as the main stars were connected in multiple constellations on the dome of the observed sky. Pyramids of Giza plateau, Saqqara plateau, and Abusir plateau were all examples of that concept. Other pyramids of Iunu era were also related to the same concept. Structurally the Giza axis coincided on the Giza plateau. Giza plateau was a part of the Moqattam plateau during the Eocene formation. Pyramids on the worked out surface of the plateau were built with the local lime stone. Pyramids’ blocks were extracted, shaped and transported to its definite place within the precinct of the plateau. Chiseled pieces of stone - as waste from shaping blocks - were thrown out on the northern edge of the plateau. Constructional perception of what and why the Khufu pyramid took that shape shows some facts; two hundred courses composed the total existed mass where each group of courses composed a layer. Each layer started with thicker course and ended in thinner ones. Higher layers got lesser courses. So far, one should start thinking now why there were layers; why thicker and thinner courses existed. In the mean time as mortar was not in use by that time, pyramids –as in Saqqara- were formed in inclined walls, as shown in the adjacent photo. In addition, inclined walls must have formed the whole structure of Khufu pyramid.

Dealing with heritage in all of its forms is a complex process and comprises many dimensions. Heritage’s scope is wide and folds more than one layer. At the national level, it was found that sharing of interest to heritage is not widely alarmed, especially for historical parks as it faces many challenges related to policies and regulations, management and evaluation systems, and the operation process. In spite of working as both, open urban areas, historical and valuable cultural spaces; and accordingly the appearances of neglecting the historical and cultural parks are varied, even though it could strongly reflect the community quality of perception and level of interaction with these urban spaces, which is represented as one of the most important and essential public-spirited aspects. The paper is tackling the argumentation of urban conservation’s objectives and principles; thinking of public perception and observations, in relation to public and governance awareness can be considered as two sides of the same coin. The research methodology is focusing on public awareness concern; monitoring and measuring public awareness remains a challenge as it is an intangible phenomenon, and to be raised is vital in heritage conservation plans as it ensures the continuity and sustainability of the urban conservation process. Public awareness is hypothesized as non-physical vicious loop phenomena, which interacts and is influenced by both tangible and intangible aspects elements. Therefore, the public awareness to be measured and evaluated can be used as a tool to assess the success of current policies – if exist- in dealing with the current condition of heritage parks and to indicate the variables that could be used to measure, and affect the public and governance awareness with priorities management. Finally, a multi-dimensional assessment method for urban planners, landscaping architects, historical conservation experts, and decision makers could benefit from the outcomes of this study in controlling and defining the management systems and policies to move headed for the conservation of the valuable historic and culture parks in Egypt.

In order to maintain the old historical image of the city, it is necessary to look back into the past and identify the iconic buildings that have been existing during the last decades. By recognizing those valuable structures, architects together with the help of decision makers should take actions to revitalize the uses of those valuable buildings in order to prevent building’s decay or destruction. Old historical Arabic public bathhouses (Hammam) were chosen as distinctive buildings that have been used frequently during the 19th century in Alexandria city. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of applying the rehabilitation policies for the revitalization of those heritage buildings that have shaped for a long time the character of the old town in Alexandria. This paper will first discuss the beneficial use of the rehabilitation scheme that helps in safeguarding the social, cultural and economical value of the built heritage. The concept of rehabilitation mainly focuses that no historic building should be pulled down until serious effort has been made. Then, El Masry Arabic public bathhouse (hammam) located at Minet El Basal district in Alexandria old town has been selected as a case study on which the rehabilitation process has been applied through field surveying study and a literature background as well. Finally the study has proved that the rehabilitation process for the historical structures can lead to a great social contribution that help in preserving the original identity of the historical town.

By the eighteenth dynasty in the Egyptian Old History, funerary architecture was oriented towards a new direction in perceiving space and form, meaning and symbolizing, and pride and festivity. As being a great city by that time, Luxor (Thebes) looked for a site that offered a similar dignified place as it was with the pyramid plateau in Giza, in the north, close to the previous Capital ”IUNU”. As much as the Giza plateau was worked out to receive the edifices on, the place in Thebes was chosen of highly qualified natural properties. The place was on the sacred western side of the capital of the kingdom, in a huge valley formed through millions of years where its morphology could offer the dignity that we still feel, the geological formation was much easier to work through, tombs architecture within it offered the possibilities to preserve the traditions and the bodies of the great kings safe. The paper aims at declaring the environmental capabilities of the architecture form of tombs of the Kings Valley of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties of the Old Egypt History.

Settlements are important units that contain different features in their structure. In addition to elements such as topography, climate, vegetation, and socio-cultural structure, the character and identity of these settlements are shaped by structural characteristics, spatial fiction and building materials within the settlement. Particularly in the traditional settlement textures, material as stone, wood or adobe is an important parameter that influences the characteristics and identity of these areas. In this context, material is undoubtedly one of the most defining features of the identity of the settlement which is with structures built using adobe. Adobe is effective on many different issues in traditional settlements. In this context, adobe, a local material, is a decisive factor in the character and identity of traditional settlements, especially as it reflects traditional construction practices and is unique. The aim of this study is to examine the role of adobe in the formation of the characteristic of the settlements and to develop suggestions for the sustainability of this characteristic. In the scope of the study, as first, the definitions of protection and sustainability concepts and their place in the literature will be covered. Then the concepts will be considered as material-oriented. Following these reviews, material-focused conservation and sustainability will be detailed in the sample settlement. In this context, adobe settlements in Malatya / Turkey region will be discussed. It is believed that the study will contribute to the protection of these settlements by examining the qualifications of material, which is an important characteristic of traditional settlements.

Algeria, like the other Maghreb countries, had a long period of colonization. At independence, most Algerian cities inherited an important architectural legacy, which appears mainly at the level of public buildings and more clearly in institutional buildings to symbolize the presence, power and domination of France on the colonized Algerian territory. This architecture was expressed in a particular stylistic register based on the re-employment of architectural elements used in the local architecture and on the import of western exogenous models, whether historical or modern. Most studies which were interested in colonial architecture in Algeria have focused on northern cities. According to these studies, the colonial architectural legacy has been identified with a set of formal characteristics concerned with the so-called neo-Moorish style (or arabisance). However, the question of the stylistic identification of the colonial architecture produced in the south of the country remains posed. Have a unique style been adopted for all Algerian territory, in this fact a Moorish one? Or was each region characterized by its own style (a local style)? Does the institutional colonial architecture produced in the south of the country admit a specific style compared to the north of the country? Can we speak about a Saharan colonial architecture? To answer these questions, a comparative study was carried out on a corpus of some public buildings facades dating from the colonial era. The facades were selected in various regions of Algeria. The objective of the study is to identify the formal characteristics of the colonial public Saharan buildings readable in the facades and, then, comparing them with the dominant styles adopted in the institutional architecture of northern cities. The preliminary results obtained from the morpho-stylistic analysis of the facades indicate that the neo-Moorish style that predominated in the treatment of public buildings in the north of the country differs from the style adopted in the south of the country. The analysis also identified architectural constants and variations among the major Saharan regions.

Appeared in the thirties of the last century and because of the presence of the English and the expansion of the city of Baghdad residential neighborhoods such as (Salhiya,Waziriya, Ayawadiyah, Batawi) in the suburbs of Baghdad carried a modern style that is different from the traditional pattern in the distribution of space . The presence of the English has a clear impact on the appearance and changing patterns of the traditional urban fabric in the city of Baghdad, especially those that were established during their presence in the region. Therefore, the research aims to identify the characteristics that characterized the modern style in the urban fabric of the modern Baghdad revival, which was established after the entry of the English, especially the Salhia region. It is also aimed to know the relationship of this pattern to the traditional style of the old neighborhoods revolving, the reasons for this transformation in the pattern, whether cultural, social or economic, etc. and the impact of these modern patterns in the identity of the city and the latest method of preservation and investment . The hypothesis of the research is that there is a gradual shift in the pattern of urban fabric from the traditional to the modern which appeared in some neighborhoods in Baghdad, and that the presence of the English in the region has a clear effect of this transformation. In order to address the research problem of the lack of clarity of knowledge studied and dealt with the transformation in the pattern of urban fabric of some neighborhoods in the city of Baghdad, the effects of the English occupation, the research developed his plan by an analytical study of the chronological sequence of the emergence of the study area and morphological analysis of the factors behind this change, how to diagnose transitions in the schematic pattern of their traditional tissue through their holistic calendar, and the appearance of the architectural style of the Salhia in this architectural form.

Egypt is among one of the world’s richest countries in the diverse architectural heritage resulting from the various civilizations that have arisen on the land of Egypt. However, the architectural heritage in Egypt suffers from multiple problems represented in the poor handling of the heritage site and the lack of protection for those sites. Which lead to the deterioration of the situation of some sites, and with the technological advances that the world is witnessing today in all spheres of life. Virtual Heritage Technology is emerging as one of the solutions that can be used in heritage sites in Egypt. This is one of the latest and most innovative technologies for the virtual environment, which is emerging as an integral part of it, and it is the reconstruction of historical sites as they were at the beginning of their construction. This depends on re-documentation of architectural buildings and heritage sites in detail through 3D models and holographic drawings. It also depends on many techniques and one of those that are often used in the applications of the virtual heritage are augmented reality technology, which is used to reconstruct archaeological sites in the site, by using tools or devices that support that technology, whether from portable smartphones or through devices that are worn like glasses and contact lenses. The virtual heritage technology offers many advantages to heritage sites, where it is considered historically as a digital documentation process for heritage which ensures that the artistic and historical value of buildings and heritage sites are preserved. It can also be used in the process of restoration of buildings; in addition to economic assistance in further enhancing heritage sites that attracts many tourists and visitors, which gives them the possibility to view the history of archaeological sites interactively; allowing them the sensory and intellectual integration with the site and this contributes to obtain historical information. This research will examine the possibility of utilizing the technology of virtual heritage through its application in the heritage sites in Egypt and the cultural and economic impact of the use of such technology on heritage sites. In addition, some virtual design cases will be discussed for heritage sites around the world and a SWOT analysis would be made to exemplify the challenges and discuss how they may be addressed. These examples are then presented to demonstrate how to deal with some of the difficulties, taking into account the arrival of proposals and recommendations that can be used and applied in Egypt.

There is a complete assessment of approaches regarding conservation in the modern heritage suburbs field. As we know that the modern heritage conservation as cultural heritage to a limited degree has been accepted inside a known structure and discipline, and inside hypothesis, the preservation legislation inconsistency has been critically evaluated. The conservation scope is seen restricted to the old and historical, and hence it renders latest heritage not worth of any such conservation. In many countries like Egypt this is seen valid. Regardless of confined elucidations of current and advanced heritage which is able to foresee the mono typing, the cultural suggestions and “product of the past” state are denied especially of the 20th century. There is degradation in the expanding and transforming features of cultural heritage which is immovable. In Egypt, as such, the latest or modern heritage undergoes inadequate analysis and is generally featured inside the cultural heritage framework. The buildings and their conservation started from the 20th century inside the predilection of Ministry of Heritage and Culture. As no such criteria are determined for such preference, there is a gradual loss in the buildings which symbolize the modern heritage regardless of their unique style and structure in relation to other infrastructure which is considered for conservation. The conservation of modern heritage is rendered with the threat of being torn down or destroyed due to aging functionally and physically inside the cultural heritage framework. This also includes the legal context updating on the basis of recent and modern parameters, essential and vital. The buildings which are not only the modern heritage products, but also the important and vital sources of the city’s history, as well as architecture needed to be sustained and hence Egyptian history and the process of rapid modernization, is becoming more and more important. It is through an impact of Cairo (the capital city) on urban identity. In short, the aim of this paper is to focus on the Heliopolis heritage suburbs and the related studies on the current sustenance of suburbs of modern heritage. Moreover, the approach to conserve heritage suburbs is assessed in this paper, which was developed at first in Cairo in the nineteenth century and the beginning of 20th century. Heliopolis heritage suburbs are given particular importance here in this paper.