Global geopotential models of spherical harmonic coefficients are used to determine the external gravitational field of the Earth. These coefficients are derived from satellite orbit perturbations, terrestrial gravity anomalies and altimeter data. Hundreds of thousands of coefficients and standard deviation values for these coefficients are estimated from millions of observation. Measurement amount, homogenous distribution of the measurements of global scale, different measurement types reflecting the different frequencies of the gravity signal and measuring-assessment techniques affect the model accuracy directly. Starting from 1960’s and lasts to the present day and also gaining new acceleration with the satellite gravity field missions, every outcome of the studies related to the determination of the global Geopotential model is experienced by a series of validation tests. Accuracy of the model can either be determined from the estimated error degree variances concerning the coefficients (interior validation) or comparison of geoid heights, gravity anomalies, gravity disturbances and components of vertical deflection calculated from the model with terrestrial measurements directly (outer validation). In this paper, recent global geopotential models are primarily explained. Global geopotential models are compared with GNSS/levelling data of the study area. The objective of this comparison is to determine the best fit global geopotential model which will contribute to the study of Turkish geoid determination

Based on the Med-Atlas 20002 database data at Mediterranean Sea surface, analysis of spatial and temporal variations of temperature and salinity, as well as, the search of its possible trends are the main goals of this work. The used statistical techniques allowed us to obtain various climatological fields of temperature and salinity, on a period of 45 years (1955-1999). Spatial and temporal analysis of those fields shows that the north-south gradient is weaker than the east-west gradient. The strongest variability in both mean fields is sharper in downwelling areas than anywhere else, showing the colder and less saline surface waters. Warmer and saltiest water surface are located in southeast of the Levantine basin. The eastern Mediterranean Sea is generally more saline than the western basin. The temperature seasonal cycle is more marked than the salinity seasonal cycle. The summer-winter thermal and saline fields are completely contrasted, especially in the northern Adriatic Sea. The largest positive peak of inter-annual temperature variability is encountered in 1994, the largest negative peak in 1992. Whereas those related to salinity observed in 1983 and in 1997 respectively. The decadal variations indicate a cooling of Mediterranean Sea surface in 1970s and a northward warming since 1980s that accelerated in 1990s. The eastern Mediterranean Sea exhibits a higher warming rate as compared to the western basin, but the average increase is about 0.2 °C/decade. The Salinity rising corresponds to the cooling periods and the decreasing is associated with the warming ones.

Cultural heritages due to have different natural characteristics, have different sizes, and heir complicated structure should be measured and requires a more sophisticated measurement tools and techniques to documentation. One of them aerial photos taken by UAV pictures to use in architectural photogrammetry.In this study, Photogrammetric study was conducted in the ancient church next to the pothole. The study was completed with photographs taken from the air with UAV and close range photogrammetry. The images obtained from both methods adjusted in photogrammetric software and obtained a three-dimensional model of the church. Photography by UAV has proved to be a technical supporters of close range photogrammetry. Also coordinates of the reference points on the images obtained through photogrammetric software and compared with terrain coordinates. Point position accuracy of points mxyz = 2.1 cm were found. In order to protect the world heritage of cultural heritage IHA help to be sensitive enough to measure derived from aerial photographs taken, can be used as a base to work from different professional disciplines, The UAV was concluded in anywhere near the height can be used for photogrammetric.

There is a proverb, that emphasizes the importance of sunlight for human health, which is “Where the sun does not enter the physician enters”. It is one of the most important elements to see the sunlight of the buildings for both healthy life and energy saving. The positioning may be desirable to take the advantage of the morning and evening sunlight of the buildings to be constructed in the housing area. Indeed, in 1985 constructed blocks of buildings in Eskisehir Yenikent in public housing projects, designed and applicated according to the this principle. This study was made with the purpose of the application and to be designed to see the sunlight during the day of the blocks will be the method of discrete structures in accordance with the development plan will be built the individual or collective housing project in the Eastern Mediterranean. At the beginning of this study, the azimuth angles were calculated in the sunrise and sunset in four provinces forming region, baseline, throughout the year and annual sun graphics arranged, by meteorological data help received from meteorological stations in the region. Information of sun tanning about the province of Adana was found sufficient to represent the region according to the results of the evaluation. It describes the inning information building design and application in accordance with the principles for provinces in the region at the end of the study.

The usage of realistic three-dimensional (3D) polygon terrain models with multiple levels of detail (LOD) is becoming widespread in popular applications like computer games or simulations, as it offers many advantages. These models, which represent an actual location in the world, are essential for the simulation-based training of military vehicles like planes, helicopters or tanks. Because training scenarios on this kind of simulations are used to observe or to hit a target on the modeled location. In addition to that, driving the behavior of terrestrial vehicles is influenced by the terrain properties like slopes, ramps, hitches, etc. because of the direct interaction with the ground. For this reason, the terrain models in the simulation scene should not only display the textures realistically, but also represent an accurate morphology; meaning the terrain altitudes should be modeled as correct as possible. Such terrain representations can be created by using Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for the geometry and satellite images for texturing. The geometry models are in the form of polygonal meshes through the triangulation methods. However, the accuracy is influenced by some parameters. Using insufficient (under-refined) triangles during the 3D modeling causes missing of some altitude vertices. That means these points will not be present in the model. Consequently, it can be thought that the number of triangles should be increased for a better geometrical fidelity. Nevertheless, it is not always correct as the usage of too much (over-refined) triangles can also cause errors, especially in terrains with almost vertical faces (like cliffs). In addition to that, the performance of the system deteriorates drastically through the increase in the number of triangles, as the computational complexity is also getting higher.