ENFETs are field-effect transistors integrated in the same chip with their recognition enzymatic elements, applied to bio-molecules detection like urea, creatinine, glucose, pesticides and so on. Despites to the recent developments, the concept of the ENFET designing is pretty complex and challenging, requiring microelectronics, electro-chemistry and bio-recognitions knowledge. Therefore, this paper presents some punctual advances in the field of Field Effect Transistor design part, aided by specific software from microelectronics, besides to some specific technological steps encountered to the enzymatic layer immobilization on nanostructured materials on Si-wafers.

In this work, the effect of sonication on the size, morphology, and stability of gold nanostars was investigated for the first time. It was found that the seed-mediated method, followed by the sonication treatment developed in this study, offers new opportunities to synthesize aqueous suspensions of monodispersed gold nanostars with prolonged stability. The results indicate that at a sonication frequency of 25 kHz, the maximum average nanostar size of 120nm is attained. Increasing the sonication frequency, the average size of nanostars decreased significantly and, consequently, the position of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) band, could be easily tuned. It is thought that the change in the morphology is due to the collapse of the cavitation bubble which generates extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. Cavitation images in the gold nanostars solution were for the first time extracted by using an original software. It is found that the gold nanostars, after ultrasound treatment, are substantially more stable because their aggregation becomes much slower. The use of the sonication technique to stabilize gold nanostars, without any additional chemical stabilizer, is both technologically and scientifically important. It can be expected that by using this technique, to be able to produce large volumes of consistent quality, stable gold nanostars.

This study aimed to develop a sustained-releasing asiaticoside-loaded liposome with well lung-targeting. Liposomes were prepared by film-dispersion and extrusion method. The rotatable central composite design (RCCD) with three-factor and five-level were applied to evaluate the optimization experiments. To maximize the percentage encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading, a quadratic polynomial model was generated to predict and evaluate the independent variables with respect to the dependent variables. Fitting RCCD model were confirmed by the ANOVA Table (P<0.05) through variance analysis, which predicted values of EE (%) and drug loading in good agreement with experimental values. By solving the regression equation and analyzing the response surface, the optimal result for the preparation of D-mannose modified asiaticoside-loaded liposomes, three-dimensional model graphs and plots, were found as follows: the ratio of drug to lipid is 0.07;the ratio of cholesterol to drug is 0.17;and the content of D-mannose is 0.03 g·ml-1. The encapsulation efficiency was 75.529±1.071 % (n=3), the drug loading was 2.539±0.029% (n=3) and the deviation from the predicted values were -0.217% and 0.205%,respectively. The release profiles, pharmacokinetic behaviors and tissue uptake were performed. The results indicated that the asiaticoside loaded in liposomes could have slow and well-controlled release, and half-life increased obviously in vivo. Meanwhile, the asiaticoside would focus on the lung when the octadecylamine was conjugated on the surface of liposomes.