We are soaked in microbiota, both, externally and internally. The balance between harmful and beneficial keeps us healthy, however even slight imbalance in their ratio may make cause ill health. Many of the species of Lactobacillus keeps the vagina healthy; even some species of Lactobacillus are troublesome to the vagina. Other pathogenic bacteria and fungus cause many diseases. Lactobacillus spp prevents harmful bacteria to infect the vagina; nevertheless their population varies due to various factors mentioned in the text. Because of this the woman suffers even with infertility, abortions etc.

Background: Sexuality is an important part of normal human functioning. Gynecological cancer and its treatments can affect one or more phases of the sexual response cycle, through alterations of sexual function. Sexual dysfunction is one of the most distressful symptoms among cervical cancer survivors. Sexual distress is a broad term encompassing any sexual discomfort and dysfunction. Sexual difficulties following cervical cancer can be stressful for couples as it can feel like a core part of the relationship has disappeared. Aim: The study is conducted to evaluate the impact of an educational program on sexual issues (sexual dysfunction & sexual distress) among cervical cancer survivors women in Northern Upper Egypt. Methods; Design: A quasi-experimental design. Setting: out-patient clinic in the oncology unit at Beni-Suef University Hospital. Subjects: A purposive sample of 70 women. Tools: structured interviewing questionnaire sheet, female sexual function index, and female sexual distress scale. Results: The results of the study revealed regression of all items of womens sexual distress scores, and progression of all items of womens sexual items post-program compared to pre-one. Conclusion: The teaching program was very effective in improving sexuality among cervical cancer survivors women. Recommendations: Disseminate the educational booklet at health centers and oncology outpatients. Integrate psychologist, psychosexual specialist, and social worker in treatment and counseling program for women with cervical cancer in the early stage of their treatment.

Rupture of the scarred uterus away from the scar site is an unusual and rare complications in pregnancy. A, second gravida, previous cesarean section patient, at 40 weeks of gestation, not in labor was admitted and planned for elective cesarean in view of breech presentation. Patient suddenly developed acute pain abdomen. On examination, there was tachycardia, uniform tenderness all over her abdomen, with intact uterine contour and fetal heart rate was not localized. At laparotomy, hemoperitoneum and a rent of 2x2 cm was seen at the anterior wall of upper uterine segment with intact previous cesarean scar. Stillbirth was delivered. Placenta was on the anterior wall of the uterus and delivered completely. Post-operative period was uneventful. Prompt response in cases of scarred uterus to pain abdomen can help in avoiding stillbirth as in our case.

Background and Objectives: Overuse of cesarean section and its implications are of growing concern. Suspected fetal distress has been the commonest indication for cesarean in last few decades heart rate changes shown by fetus without being adversely affected and CTG has been criticized to create unnecessary higher rate of operative deliveries. There is need to know which fetal heart rate abnormality is important and leading to two adverse neonatal outcome to decrease unnecessary operative deliveries. Therefore Caesarean Audit was planned. Material and methods: A total of hundred women were included who underwent emergency cesarean section for suspected fetal distress in labour or without labour detected by cardiotocography or intermittent auscultation were included for analysis. Details were noted in pre designated proforma. Results: During the audit period, total number of caesarean done due to fetal distress analysed during the period were 100.The most common fetal heart rate abnormality was nonspecific in form of single or transient deceleration seen in 63% of cases where records were also incomplete, it was followed by persistent deceleration on cardiotocography which was present in 16% of the cases. In 57 women who were primigravida 14 (24%) patients had nonspecific fetal heart rate patterns and intra operative findings were normal in this group. These were avoidable cesareans. Various Intraoperative findings, observed ,maximum no. of cases had meconium stained liquor seen in 63% of the cases followed by abruption in 9 cases followed by other findings like loop of cord around the neck of foetus, thin scar or scar dehiscence . Maternal resuscitation was carried out only in 53% of cases. Detection delivery interval of less than 30 minutes was present in 4% of cases. In fetal outcomes 16% of babies diagnosed with fetal distress, had poor outcome where Apgar score < 7 and 12 babies had asphyxia related NICU admission. 82% of babies had absolutely normal fetal outcome among which majority (78%) did not require any form resuscitation. which were thus avoidable cases. Conclusions: Correct Knowledge about Standardized fetal heart rate interpretations on CTG and their standardized management protocols like Maternal resuscitative measures, the follow-up to ensure fast detection delivery interval should be practiced strictly in all cases of non-reassuring Fetal Heart rate patterns. There should be consistent efforts in reducing the rate of cesarean sections particularly primary cesarean deliveries and in order to understand the degree to which cesarean delivery is preventable it is important to know no why cesareans are being performed. Therefore caesarean audit is need of the hour