This study aims to analyze the sustainability of salt farming based on index assessment using the Rap-Salt method by Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). This research was conducted in three national central salt production in Madura Island, namely Sumenep, Pamekasan and Sampang districts. The data used were primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained from direct interviews with farmers and some salt experts. The secondary data was obtained from the Statistics Indonesia, the Fisheries and Marine Affairs Office, the Trade Office, and literature that supported this research. The results of the Rap-Salt ordination technique of the MDS method indicate that the sustainability index value in salt farming in three regions on Madura Island ranges from 52,23-53,31. The three regions on Madura Island, respectively, are Pamekasan, Sumenep, and Sampang districts belong to sufficient sustainability category. The analysis of the sustainability of the salt farming in each dimension in five dimensions (ecology, economy, social culture, technology, and institutions) shows that Sumenep Regency has a relatively large index value in several dimensions compared to the other two districts, respectively economy (97,92), culture social (71,70), technology (73,83), and institutional (38,73).

Most of the dairy cow farmers in Indonesia are members of the dairy cooperative who receive loan facilities for dairy cattle production and feed concentrates to be useful for increasing the productivity of dairy cows and milk as well as to increase national milk production. The purpose of this study was to identify the business of dairy farmers, and analyze the impact of loans for dairy cattle production facilities on production, income and household well-being of dairy farmers. The analytical method consisted of descriptive analysis and household economic model of dairy farmers in the form of simultaneous equations with sample households of 97 member farmers and 46 non-member farmers in Lembang, West Java. The results of the study show that the age of the farmer is in a productive age with a long experience of farming so that the opportunity for formal education is limited. The scale of ownership of small dairy cows with a low percentage of lactation cows resulting in low milk productivity. Ownership of dairy cattle influences the dairy cattle loan and the price of feed concentrate affects the loan of feed concentrate input. The impact of the cooperative giving loans on dairy cows is greater than giving loans on feed concentrates on increasing the income of dairy cow business and dairy farmer’s household well-being.

During the past eleven years, shrimp is the leading commodity of Indonesian fishery exports, especially the types of frozen and preserved shrimp that have a considerable export value. However, Indonesian exports value growth of both shrimp products are lower than its competitors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of competitiveness and the exports dynamics position of frozen and preserved shrimp in Indonesia among competing countries in the international market. The method used is Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage (DRCA). The method is used to analyze changes in the competition level for 11 years (2007-2017), which is divided into 2 periods namely 2007-2012 and 2012-2017. The results showed that both frozen shrimp and preserved shrimp had a competitiveness in the international market. The competitiveness of Indonesian preserved shrimp tends to increase among 9 main competitors in two periods. In the first period, the competitiveness of Indonesian preserved shrimp was in the falling star position while in the second period reached the best position, namely rising star. On the other hand, the competitiveness of Indonesian frozen shrimp position in the first period was in the lost opportunity and reached the rising star position in the second period. Indonesia needs to increase exports of frozen and preserved shrimp products by ensuring the availability of raw materials and improving quality in exporting frozen shrimp and preserved shrimp.

The improvement of production efficiency to increase the soybean production is necessary in this recent time. Increasing the soybean production can be done with the intensification and extensification program. This purpose of study is to analyze the technical level of soybean’s efficiency based on variety and production area in Indonesia and the factors that determinated it. This study used BPS data in five main soybean production area with 3 038 farmer observation. This research used Cobb Douglass stochastic frontier to analyze the production function. The result showed that soybean production based on variety and production area were efficien except outside Java. The production efficiency determined by type of land and farmer groups.

Udanawu was one of the cocoa producing areas in Blitar. The average age of cocoa plants in Udanawu was 24 years old, so that if the yield was compared with cocoa plants that were still in their productive age, they were still far away. Cocoa productivity in Udanawu of Blitar was greater than the national cocoa productivity. Whereas when compared with East Java cocoa productivity was smaller than cocoa productivity in East Java. In this case, it was suspected that in the implementation there were factors that support cocoa productivity in Udanawu so that their productivity could be higher than the national cocoa productivity. The data analysis method used was the exponential production function approach with a total sample of 40 farmers. Based on the results of the study showed that: (1) cocoa production in Udanawu of Blitar, as a whole was influenced by land area, labor, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer and pesticides. Of the five variables there was one variable that was significant to the significance value of 5%, namely the land area variable and significant to the significance value of 10%, namely chemical fertilizer. While the other three variables were not significant to the significance value of 5%, namely the variable labor, variable organic fertilizer, and variable pesticide, (2) the scale of production of cocoa farming in the Udanawu of Blitar was on the scale of production (Constant Return to Scale).

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of entrepreneur characteristics and other variables on the performance of tempe business in Indonesia. Tempe businesses were grouped into two categories, those were members and non-members of KOPTI. The business performance analyzed was business profit. Respondents in this study were micro and small enterprises, which were 1.150 business units of tempe producer. The analytical method used was multiple linear regression analysis. The data utilized were secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, as well as international publications, national publications and other sources related to the purpose of research. The results showed that age, raw material costs, number of workers, sales allocation, sales distribution, then assistance and training dummy significantly influenced the profit of tempe business.