In multicellular organisms but, meiosis is limited to the germplasm, where it is a template for sexual reproductive. Take notice of somatic cells process mitosis to increase, the germplasm process meiosis to create haploid gametes (the sperm and the egg). The extension of a new offspring organisms next started by the cross of these cells at zygosis.

"Making Worth Living Environment" I initiate this statement and allow me to visualize the surrounding we live in. The question arises, "How" to make it? In my view, the rooftop garden is the best option for making the environment attractive. The rooftops, balcony, and terraces are the places that we can utilize for farming and making the surrounding more appealing.

Plant breeding is started of 9000-11000 years ago and mutation breeding is just new design in breeder toolkit. Mutation breeding has been started since the 1930s. It’s a mean of speed up the process of development traits for choice, for Example disease resistance, tolerance tofast-growing condition, and othervalue agronomic traits. It doesnot containgene improvement, also known as gene splicing. Mutation breeding using on plant’s gene pool on the method of selfing mutation.

With an end goal to supportthe agribusiness division, the Indian government has defined a driven objective to twofold ranchers salary by 2022. In doing as such, it has uncovered techniques running from the water system to edit protection. Yet, in the event that the sustenance worth chain is to experience genuine change, it needs to move from a creation driven framework to one driven by inter-est, one that undeniably interfaces purchasers with makers

The paper investigates the complex problem of providing environmentally friendly food to socially vulnerable segments of the population, instruments of state support within the framework of the "green basket" of the WTO to motivate farmers to conduct organic production, to preserve soil fertility, to create a service infrastructure, to form a mechanism for combining market, distribution and informal institutions to provide.

Today, agricultural policies continue to increase their importance. Particularly in a world where technological progress is experiencing much, a significant population still faces hunger and malnutrition. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that the population of the world is about 1.5 billion, associated with malnutrition, unbalanced nutrition, and hunger problems

Urban settlers and diverse organizations harvest a great amount of trashes in abundant forms, frequently making our environments dirty and unfriendly. The metropolitan discarded solid and liquefied waste disposal deteriorating soil quality through the decrease in quality indicators because of the undiscriminating dumping of different waste. The movement of contaminated waste and mixed fluid away from the waste disposal borders presents serious environmental concerns of soil pollution. Thus, the focus of this review was to review city waste discarding effects on soil excellence at open leftover dumping places. In order to ascertain the quality of soil for public expenditure, recreation and irrigation purpose soil quality index were performed in indicating the soil quality. Agreeing to Different scholars, it was concluded that the average values of soil from municipal urban waste disposal in the world were found that all soil quality indicators was contaminated at the solid waste dumped site in comparison with the control sampling according to world standard for soil.

A production function was introduced and patterned for various natural resources management project in general and water-shed management, in particular, in earlier endeavors. Recently, innovation research entitled,‘Eceo zero weeding agriculture”, was created. The zero weeeding agricultue produces multiple benefits, which prompted to add as a new wing in the patterned production function to make it as auto adoption of technologies of natural resources management. A new concept of convergence of services vis a vis divergence of obenfits are intoduced and added as a new wing to the production function. Case study of innovation of eco zero weedings is presented, which produces multiple benefits and remains as panacea shrine for total solutions in agriculture. These ben-efits give an automotaion in the practice which will bring prosperity, livable healthy environment and social harmony among people. The eco zero weeding eliminates several risks involved in outdoor agricultural arduous field works. Thus, this innovation supercedes the Rogers theory of adoption of innovation, which identifies different groups of innovation adopters, as it is getteing atomatically adopted by it self and comes into action for producing benfits.

Vapors from non-natural coatings are alien to natural fumes. For example, when washing asphalt and concrete roads. Water, beating with great pressure from the nozzles of the watering machine, is destroyed in its molecular structure. Secondly, it thenevaporates partly from this coating, partly flows into sewage or storm drains, and alsoescapes intothe atmospherefrom treatmentfacilities without fulfilling its natural duties. The main function of water on earth is to provide biota with mineral and organic substances that dissolve after precipitation from the atmosphere.

The study was conducted in Gambella and Itang Special districts of Gambella Regional state of Ethiopia on Determinants of mango market supply and channel choice with specific objectives of analyzing determinants of mango market outlet choice and volume of mango market supply in study areas. Both qualitative and quantitative types of data were collected from both primary and secondary sources of data through a semi-structured questionnaire. The multistage sampling technique was employed to draw sample populations (195 respondents) from 4192mango producers and by using convenience sampling 10 wholesalers, 12 local collectors, 30 retailers, and 3 processors and 20 consumers was interviewed. Both descriptive and econometric models were employed to analyze data’s. Multiple linear regression result indicated that the age of household, quantity of mango produced, livestock holding unit, non-farm income, and distance from the market center were influenced quantity of mango supplied to market at 10%, 1%, 10%, and 5% signifi-cance level, respectively. The likelihood of choosing a local collector was influenced by the volume of mango supplied positively, the quantity of mango produced negatively, non-farm income positively, and distance from the market center positively at 10%, 5%, 1%, and 1% significance level, respectively. The likelihood of choosing wholesaler market outlets was influenced by household size positively, the quantity of mango supplied positively, non-farm income positively, and distance from the market center negatively at 10%, 1%, 1%, and 1% significance level, respectively. Recommendations drawn from the study findings include the need to improve the input sup-ply system, training farmers, increasing quality of market information, providing orientation on how to use appropriate market outlet to minimize cost and earn maximum margin and profit, improving productivity and volume sales of teff, constructing infrastructure, providing extension and credit services and strengthening supportive institutions, respectively.

Eucalyptus is the most wide species in planted forests in Brazil. However, in the state of Mato Grosso, studies of forest plantations are still incipient. Eucalyptus hybrids have high potential in the country, but there is no genetic material developed for the edapho-climatic characteristics of the northern region of Mato Grosso. Thus, the selection of genetic material suited to the region is of great importance. The present study evaluated a clonal plantation in the northern region of Mato Grosso to indicate which clones have the best potential for planting in the region. For this, the diameter at breast height and the commercial height of all trees (census) of a plantation containing 21 Eucalyptus clones in the municipality of Sinop, northern Mato Grosso, were measured. Based on the results, the average values per clone of mortality, production, and productivity or mean annual increment (MAI) were estimated. Among the evaluated clones, the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis performed best. The genetic materials which presented higher MAI values and low mortality rates were judged to be the best adaptation to local edaphoclimatic conditions, so they are recommended large-scale planting in northern Mato Grosso.

Manipulation of living organisms to get beneficial products for the health of human being and better lifestyle is Biotechnology. Today among one of the world’s problem is environmental pollution which is one of the major concern. Due to this reason ecological balance is severely disturbed. Contaminants pollute the air, water and soil thus resultingin ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, global warming, and acid rain. Petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic heavy metal, groundwater pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the major toxins. Microorganisms have the natural ability of enzymatic degradation that can convert complex substances into simpler ones. Plants are also beneficial because of their model system and the major benefit of having contacts with these containments through roots. Bioremediation is biotechnological process to get rid of pollutants or to detoxify them into less harmful products by using the microorganisms especially fungi and bacteria and also some plant species that can tolerate and accumulate the heavy metal contaminants. The Trichoderma spp. are fungi that are usually found on plant roots and in soils. They have resistance to many agro-chemicals and also resistant to a wide range of toxicants such as cyanide and heavy metals. The success lies in the metabolic diversity which is occurring in this group of fungi. A good understanding regarding these processes will likely result in use of less expensive and safer means to preserve the environment and a most likely increase in the yields of the crop in contaminated sites. There is still need for improvements in bioremediation processes.

Climate change, an emerging global concern have serious effects in every aspects of agriculture. Changed patterns in climatic factors like temperature, precipitation, humidity, and other meteorological components are affecting the quality and quantity of agricultural commodities production. Along with direct impacts in crop productivity, climate change is threatening global food production via pest-related losses of food crops. Each additional degree of temperature rise could cause yield losses from insect pests to increase by a further 10-25%. Climate change has increased the pest population and their damage potential by expanding distribution, enhancing survivability and allowing to develop the adaptability of insect pests. Rising temperature, modified precipitation patterns, disturbed gaseous composition of the atmosphere, etc. are causing the change in the population, mobility, the behavior of insect pestss. This change has been affecting the global agricultural production figure. Largest grain producers of the world viz. China, the US, France etc. are already fac-ing massive infestation of crop pest and consequent yield losses.

Lycopene, an optimistic red carotenoid colorant has fascinated significant attention between the well-being expert due to its high antioxidant properties. The Lycopene content of selected Tomato, Beetroot, Red Cabbage, Amaranthus, and Red Chili commonly consumed in Sri Lanka was determined using theoretical and experimental methods. The lycopene content ranged from 13.65 to 43.60% in Tomato, 1.43-2.58% in Amaranths, 0.33- 0.5% in Beetroot, 20.91-48.91% in Red Chili and 1.34-1.54% in red cabbage. This study has shown that red chili is very rich in lycopene followed by fresh tomato, amaranthus, red cabbage, and beetroot. These vegetables have to be habitually included in the intake for a sufficient supply of lycopene.

The objectives of this study were to analyses Boron in growth media contain boron concentration1.5 ppm, 1.5 ppm and 2.5 ppm which covered by duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza) and other media contain only boron standard 0.5 ppm, 2.5 ppm and 1.5 ppm without duckweed.All Growth media were analyzed by using spectrophotometer technique at wavelength 420 nm by taking different samplesof growth media contain boron only, and other growth media contain boron with duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza).We show in this study, Boron is decreased in first media which contain duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza) by the time from 2.5 ppm to 1.55 ppm, second media Boron is decreased from 1.5 ppm to 1.04 ppm third media from 0.50 ppm to 0.27 ppm.

The role of agriculture seems never to have been so discussed in so many parts of the world as now, both in developed countries and in developing countries. Agriculture has been a major producer of foodstuffs, and increasingly of healthy foodstuffs. At the same time, people, specialists and even farmers have become more and more preoccupied by the loss of good quality agricultural land to various types of urban development as well the negative effects of so-called productivism agriculture on human health, water resources and even on attractive and heritage landscapes, one of the plusses of many agricultural areas for tourism development (hence the term of agritourism!).

Accurate and reliable information about crop acreage, yield, and water requirements immediately after sowing is desirable for the local, regional and international agricultural markets to predict the grain prices well in advance. The present study was thus carried out to estimate the area under major Rabi crops and the corresponding irrigation water requirements for district Ghotki using GIS and Remote sensing tools. The field and historical data were gathered and analyzed statistically while satellite data was classified us-ing ArcGIS 10.3 software. Based on satellite data, it was estimated that wheat was a major Rabi crop of Ghotki district during 2016-17, which was cultivated over an area of about 123427 ha, occupying about 19.39% of the total geographical area of the district. While, the sugarcane was second major Rabi crop, which was cultivated over an area of about 49116 ha in 2016-17, occupying about 7.72% of the total geographical area of the district. A good linear and positive relationship between the wheat crop yield and the NDVI with a coefficient of determination of R2= 0.90 was observed. A good relation between historical cultivated area and the total production of the wheat and sugarcane with R2 = 0.85 and R2 = 0.97 respectively was observed. The total irrigation water requirement for the district during Rabi season 2016-17 was estimated as 0.962MAF while the irrigationwater distributedby the SIDA to theGhotki district for the Rabi period was 0.72 MAF at the field. Thus, a shortfall of 0.242MAF (or about 25.1%) might have been supplemented from groundwater. Based on the present study it is recommended that Remote sensing and GIS tools should be used for timely, ac-curate and reliable cropped area estimation and yield forecast of agricultural products as well as irrigation water requirements in other districts of Sindh.

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of chemicals against Okra fruit borer. The use of chemicals against Okra fruit borer was studied in Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Tarnab, Peshawar 2009. The plots were randomly selected for treatments. The chemicals used against Okra fruit borer were Nucleo Polyhydrosis virus (NPV), Peskil and Neem Seed Water Extract (NSWE). Among these Nucleo Polyhydrosis Virus (NPV) showed highly significant results against Okra fruit borer followed by Peskil and NSW. It can be concluded that Nucleo Polyhydrosis Virus (NPV), Peskil and aqueous extracts of NSWE all have shown synergetic effect along with the resistant Okra cultivars against Okra fruit borer and greatly increase the Okra yield parameters. Application of Nucleo Polyhydrosis Virus (NPV), Peskil and aqueous extracts of NSWE alongside sowing resistant Okra cultivars would give more effective management of Okra fruit borer and higher yields of Okra fruit.

Automation can be defined as the technology through which a process is executed with least man interference. In manufacturing plants, automation has been actively followed over 50 years and it will definitely continue to be so, even more aggressively, in the future to serve us. The interest in automation in foodprocessing industriesis mainlydue tothe tremendous development of computer hardware andsoftware technologies. As computers occupy almost every aspect of our daily lives, the public at large has come to expect a high level of automation in every aspect of the manufacturing processes. Another reason for industrial automation can be said that the shortage of labour in some type of work. For example, at the time of some process which produce extreme heat that cannot be bear by personnel the automation technology approaches there.

Plant pathogens and pests are the major challenges in crop production since ancient times and continue to haunt the agricultural industry even today. Fungal pathogens take a heavy toll on crop yield across all crop lants world over. Chemical fungicides dominate the disease management strategies in agriculture, though many of them are known pollutants of the environment at large. Plant-derived fungicides have been explored and evolved as a safer alternative during the recent past, and still, more research needs to be done on this domain. We present the results of the in vitro evaluation of plant essential oil-based antifungal formulations, WiltProof and Fungiproof developed by our company on Fusarium solani and Helminthosporium sp. isolated from infected plant materials. Trials on the efficacies of the two formulations on PDA medium in terms of colony diameter has demonstrated fungistatic effects of both formulations on the fungi tested with FungiProof showing higher activity. In situ trials using bell pepper and F. solani as a model system for investigating the infection cycle and influence of the intervention by the two products in the laboratory also confirmed the above conclusion on relative efficacies of the two products.

Knowledge of genetic diversity is crucial to assess the variability of genotypes and their potential use in crop improvement programs. The present experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Station (HRS), Dailekh (1300 masl) for three years during 2016-2018 to study the agro-morphological variability and performance of six genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for pod and seed yield. The genotypes viz. Bhatti, Chaumase, Dhankute Chirrke, WP Con Bean, White OP and, Trishuli experimented in Randomized Completely Block (RCB) design with four replications. Observations were recorded on 14 qualitative and 12 quantitative traits. Among the qualitative traits, French bean genotypes observed variability for stem pigmentation, leaf color, leaflet shape, stem hairiness, flower color, pod color, pod shape, pod cross-section, pod beak position, pod appearance, seed size, seed shape and, seed color.

This article focuses on the life and work of the German botanist and explorer Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794-1868), notably his Flora Brasiliensis. Martius’ most important work is an unrivaled (and well succeeded) attempt to classify the plants (mostly angiosperms) of Brazil, a country of continental dimensions that encompasses one third of South America; in spite of the fact that the Flora Brasiliensis became a standard reference for the identification of Brazilian and South American vegetation in general, in Brazil, Martius and his magnificent work have been systematically relegated to oblivion.