In current, the basic equations in fluid flow or solute transport as one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional horizontal (2DH), two-dimensional vertical (2DV), three-dimensional (3D) flow were established by the classic average method, do not generalize by means of dual approach [1,2,4-7]. Therefore, in this paper, a dual approach is applied to construct some basic equations (1D, 2DH, 2DV) in fluid flow and solute transport [4-7].

The feeding regime has a great rule in success of aquaculture projects. The optimum level of feeding rate (FR) with the optimum feeding frequencies (FF) at the optimum feeding time (FT) result in saving the feed offered, reducing the feed uneaten, preventing the health problems of overfeeding and maintaining the water quality as long as possible hence reducing the water exchange and saving the energy of water pumps.

The distribution of water on the Earth’s surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of the water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean. Of freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, 30% underground and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers and swamps. Looked the another way, only one percent of the water on the Earth’s surface is usable by humans, and 99% of the usable quantity is situated underground.

Rapid increase and industrial revolution in the whole world have led to the depletion of freshwater resources available to man-kind in the recent past. The issue of water scarcity is increasing with the passage of time. Many regions of the world are facing serious medical problems because of unavailability of freshwa-ter. Crop’s cultivation requires handsome amount of water and unavailability of water in these regions is now causing threats to mankind. This increased the interests of science to identify and research various novel methods and techniques which play their role in the achievement of sustainable development, accelerated growth and yield of agricultural crops because agricultural sector was one of the largest consumers of freshwater in previous times.

Rapid increase and industrial revolution in the whole world have led to the depletion of freshwater resources available to man-kind in the recent past. The issue of water scarcity is increasing with the passage of time. Many regions of the world are facing serious medical problems because of unavailability of freshwa-ter. Crop’s cultivation requires handsome amount of water and unavailability of water in these regions is now causing threats to mankind. This increased the interests of science to identify and research various novel methods and techniques which play their role in the achievement of sustainable development, accelerated growth and yield of agricultural crops because agricultural sector was one of the largest consumers of freshwater in previous times.

The Haridwar belong to Western Himalayan Region with geographical coordinates are 29.948 deg latitude, 78.160 deg longitude. The trend analysis of rainfall pattern in Haridwar is studied through time series analysis of rainfall for a long period of 20 years. The Kharif crops production is dependent on this rainfall. The average annual rainfall of region during 1999-2018 is 1051mm. and south west monsoon rainfall 925.9 mm observed.. The annual rainfall in year 2007 showing the highest positive rainfall anomaly (2.31) while the other years show rainfall below normal with 2009 Showing the lowest negative rainfall deviation (-2.03). and the South west (1999 to 2018) rainfall of Haridwar District in year 2018 showing the highest positive rainfall anomaly (2.15) while the other years show rainfall below normal with 2009 Showing the lowest negative rainfall deviation (-2.05). The R2 value -1.408 means that only -140.8 percent variations is observed in twenty years. The maximum South west rainfall recoded 1564 mm in year 2008 and lowest rainfall recoded 439 mm in year 2001. The annual rainfall highest SIAP value 2.31 is observed in year 2007 whereas highest negative value -2.03 is observed in year 2009. The South-west rainfall highest SIAP value 2.15 observed in year 2018 whereas lowest SIAP value -2.05 observed in year 2009. On the basis, the future forecast of rainfall for a period of ten years from 2019 to 2030 has been observed a negative trend for the coming years. In future, expected annual rainfall may be more in year 2030 observed 1024.9 mm in the district.

Most landfills are unengineered in the country; therefore it is difficult to manage municipal solid waste, with respect to collec-tion, transportation, disposal, composting and leachate treatment. This paper attempted to focus on various leachate modelling being used in leachate management to control over various characteristics found in leachate generated. Some important models, studied here are HELP model, LPI, water Balance model (wBm), Deterministic Multiple Linear Reservoir model (DMLRm), Stochas-tic Multiple Linear Reservoir model (SMLRm), Leachate Generate (LG) prototype model. In this paper experimental analytical and mathematic model have also been considered. Most of the models performed under certain conditions and bounded to limits. The results of modelling studies showed that they provided specific value of specific parameters which is not viable. A prototype leachate generated model which is based on layer theory, using Gomutra as a simulator was found to be effective, economic, ease to manage. The results revealed that the effects of Gomutra to control pH value, temperature, moisture content ratio of BOD/COD, C/N ratio and other minerals was found to be positive; which would helpful to prevent contamination of surface water and enhances, soil condi-tions growth of plants successfully.

AGlobal population growth is demanding for more food production in the future. The selection of the plant for cropping has led to the loss of valuable genotypes. Genome-editing technology is the recent advances in plant breeding which allows the insertion, dele-tion or substitution of the specific loci in the target host cell. Among the homologous recombination (HR) technology, transcription activation-like effector nuclease (TALEN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR); the most popular these days is CRISPR/Cas. Here, we review the methods of genome-editing, their applications, potentials, and the regulatory issues related to genetically modified organisms.

Dr. Raifa Hassanein was born on July 15, 1946, in El-Menofia city, Egypt. She received a BSc degree in Botany from the Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University in 1967 followed by M.Sc. in 1972 with a thesis titled “Physiological Studies on Plant Growth Regula-tors Exuded from Certain Weeds” and Ph.D. in 1977 with a thesis titled “Effect of Certain Growth Regulators on Plant Growth and Metabolism”, both were under the supervision of Professor Hassan Anwar Foda, the godfather of plant growth regulators’ research in Egypt.

Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) is a pathogen causing a severe disease in peanut. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select peanut genotypes for improving field resistance to CaCV disease and yield using two selection indices, including a multitrait index based on factor analysis and ideotype-design (FAI-BLUP index) and a multi-trait stability index (MTSI). The 121 genotypes were evaluated under natural infection at the disease hotspots in Thailand from 2017 to 2018, totalling three environments. The experi-mental design was a randomized complete block with two replications. The 11 traits related to disease resistance and yields such as percentage of disease incidence (DisInc), the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), pod yield (PY), harvest index (HI), number of pod per plant (PdPt), pod weight per plant (PWPt), seed weight per plant (SWPt), shelling percentage (SH), hundred seed weight (100SW), seed length (SdLgth) and seed width (SdWdth) were collected and used for simultaneous selection. After the selection con-sidering a selection intensity of 15%, the selection differentials and selection gains obtained by the FAI-BLUP and MTSI indices were positive for almost yield-related traits except for SH and negative for DisInc and AUDPC, which want to be increased and decreased, respectively, indicating that these selection indices provide desirable genetic gains for all traits simultaneously. The genotypes se-lected by the two selection indices had a good performance for both disease resistance and yield characters. The FAI-BLUP and MTSI indices are efficient method for multi-trait selection and can be used as a tool in selecting promising genotypes based on several targeted traits in plant breeding programs

Understanding the student’s perception in higher education goes far beyond student retention. Factors such as satisfaction, mo-tivation and irritability points help not only in a more convergent service planning between the institution’s efforts in the face of student expectation, but also in better learning. The perceived quality is difficult to measure and subjective. This work aims to under-stand the perceived quality of the student and analyze the SERQUAL model for its application in higher education. The 5 dimensions of the model were correlated with academic pillars and the sub-items of each dimension were expanded, according to previous stud-ies. The research was conducted with 15% of the universe of students from a higher education course, which represents 69 students, from a private institution. The results were validated in a focus group of 5 students using tools such as the Ishikawa diagram and the Interrelationship Diagram. As a result of the application it was diagnosed that students have a higher expectation than the service offered, which results in a perceived negative quality. Points such as ‘parking’ and ‘operational service’, which are not essential char-acteristics of the educational service, directly impact on the perception of quality and consequently on the student’s satisfaction. As a main result it was noticed that the method points out the problems that most bother the students. They tend to analyze the whole and camouflage items in the face of these stressful stimuli. The method proved to be an ally in the detection of problems of perceived-feltquality, but that requires beyond thedetermination of the data to understand the root cause of the results

With inelastic supply of land for cultivation, and high and growing population pressure on cultivable land in a country like India, it is desirable that the cultivable land is as intensively used as possible. This is truer for eastern part of the country where average hold-ing size of farm has fallen below one hectare. Though this part of the country is naturally endowed with fertile soil and abundance surface and sub-surface water usable for cultivable round the year, the raising a second crop is often believed to be constraint by the traditional practice of open grazing of village cattle in fields after the harvest of the main paddy crop. As this believe is not founded on any systematic study, the authors set out to investigate whether open grazing significantly limit cropping intensity of farms.

The present investigation was carried out with 60 genotypes including 4 checks (KIRAN, DEEPIKA, PADMINI, and INDIRA ALSI) and 56 entries. The experiment was laid down in medium black soil under rainfed conditions during rabi season with statistical de-sign, Augmented Block Design comprising 07 blocks, each block consists of 8 genotypes with 4 checks total of 12 plots. The linseed was classified into 5 clusters. Cluster I was the largest, containing of 18 genotypes followed by cluster IV comprising 17 genotypes, cluster V with 13 genotypes, cluster II comprising 7 genotypes, while cluster III with 5 genotypes.The highest intra cluster distance was recorded for cluster III (2123.64) (46.08), followed by cluster V (1640.66) (40.50), cluster II (1572.96) (36.66), cluster IV (1539.42) (39.23), while the lowest intra cluster distance was observed for cluster I (1411.20) (37.56). highest inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and III, followed by clusters III and V, cluster III and IV, cluster I and II, cluster I and V, cluster I and III, cluster II and IV, cluster I and IV, cluster II and V, while the lowest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V. Genotypes in cluster I demonstrate largest genetic diversity within the cluster be comparable to the geno-types be the member of other clusters. Thus, hybridization can be taken among all these genotypes to getting useful in F2 generations for the yield and yield contributing characters.

Medicinal plants have been used in healthcare since ancient time. Medicinal plants play dynamic roles in their promotion disease prevention and use fit into all prevailing prevention strategies. There are even more studies and applications of herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases. Medicinal plants are a significant source of molecules with medicinal properties of the nature of phyto-chemical constituents, medicinal plants are valuable for treating human diseases and play an important role in healing. Natural and unique medicinal plants are used to treat various diseases and illnesses as well as produce wealth. The use of plants in the treatment of various human disorders is mentioned in Ayurveda and other Indian literature. Medicinal plants are a precious asset in the fight toward serious diseases all over the world. The present study focuses on the knowledge and awareness on uses of medicinal plants and the scientific investigation to confirm their medicinal values i.e. the role, contributions and usefulness of medicinal plants in at-tempting the diseases of public health importance.

Both agriculture and medicine, which concern themselves with healthy life, have their “alternative” versions. Just as people work-ing in healthcare are unfamiliar with the term alternative agricul-ture, those involved in agriculture find the term alternative medi-cine to be novel

In large parts of sub-Saharan Africa, smallholder yields have remained low and declining, and food security is very low. The decline in yield is due to the loss of soil organic matter (SOM), as farmers generally collect all plant matter as animal feed or cooking fuel. Other factors include unavailability of arable land, inherently low soil fertility, insect pests and diseases, and climate change. In addi-tion to wind and water erosion, much of the land degradation is caused by overgrazing, deforestation and intensive cropping. Accord-ing to researchers, fertilizer use in Sub-Saharan Africa is low (NPK at 8.8 kg). This situation is similar in South Africa. For millennia, humans have utilized legumes as a source of food, animal fodder, traditional medicine, shelter, fuel etc. Legumes such as Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), have that special ability to meet more than half of their N requirements through the biological nitrogen fixing-process.

The on-going health crisis due to COVID19 pandemic has affected all walks of life including agriculture. The ongoing second wave of COVID19 has made the situation further miserable. Although a slo-gan “everything can wait except agriculture” is prevailing but the on-goingpandemic and lockdown has affected the agriculture to a large extent. A plethora of report indicates the interruption of agricultural activities due to non-availability of migrant labour, disruption in sup-ply chain, financial crisis etc. The successful crop cultivation requires management of crop throughout the cropping season. Apart from sowing and harvesting of crop, several management practices are be-ing carried out intermittently to keep the crop plant healthy. The rise of mechanization in agriculture has reduced the time and dependen-cy of labour in sowing and harvesting of crop plants to a large extent.

Genetic variation is uncommon in mulberry (Morus spp.) cultivars due to its asexual propagation and shows the considerable phenotypic plasticity to adopt different agro-climatic conditions. These open an ample scope for the selection of superior clones for better leaf yield and quality. To uncover this cryptic feature, we have selected clonally evolved mulberry cultivars TG-1, Anantha, and Vishala and compared them with their putative mother plants M-5, RFS-135, and S-1635 respectively. Interestingly, significant variations are obvious in all clonally-selected mulberry cultivars with their respective putative mother plants. Comparatively, the plant height, the number of branches, leaf yield, and survival percentage were higher in TG-1, Anantha, and Vishala over M-5, RFS-135, and S-1635 cultivars respectively. Furthermore, altered anatomical structures - thick cuticle, fewer and smaller stomata in TG-1, Anantha, and Vishala leaves are positively correlated with moisture conservation and drought adaptation. Besides, clonally-selected mulberry cultivars had significantly higher leaf moisture, soluble protein, and sugar contents. The cytological evidence shows that RFS-135 and Anantha have 2n=2x=28 (Diploids), M-5 and TG-1 also exhibit 2n=2x=28; but Vishala and S-1635 possess 2n=3x=42 (Triploids). We hypothesize that discrete morphological, anatomical, and biochemical variations in clonally-selected mulberry cultivars compared to their putative mother plants are due to no gain or loss in chromosomal complements, rather to repetitive DNA sequence or related epigenetic modifications.

The study was conducted to investigate the physiological outcome of interactions of Phaseolus vulgaris L.with Telfairia mosaic virus (TeMV). Seeds of P. vulgaris used in this study were obtained from a farm where the plants were monitored on the field for virus symptoms expression. The seeds were sown, on germination inoculated with the virus at the two leaf stage and allowed to stay for symptom expression. Relative water content, leaf nitrogen content, photosynthetic pigments and enzymes activities were determined at different stages of growth to quantify host virus interactions physiologically.Due to virus infection, some physiological parameters like photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids), relative water content (RWC), leaf nitrogen content were drastically reduced while all enzymes activity increased significantly. Interaction of P. vulgaris with TeMVled to decreased in RWC and leaf nitrogen content. Percentage decreased in RWC of 40.1% at 12 weeks after inoculation (WAI)and 57.6% for leaf nitrogen at 2 WAI was found. Telfairia mosaic virus interaction caused reduction in leaf chlorophyll a content of 53.6%, chlorophyll b (32.9%), chlorophyll a + b (46.6%), ratio of chlorophyll a/b (30.8%) and carotenoids (50.0%). The virus interactions engendered increase in the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PdH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGdH) enzymes of 57.0%, 64.9%, 90.4%, 99.1% respectively at 8 WAI.Interactions brought about changes in host physiology with variations in quantity of physiological components affecting whole plant functioning.

Climate change has become a major concern for the people community in the world. Climate change does have consequence in terms of human migration and mobility and its impact can be expected to increase in the future. However, environmental change will affect migration present and in the future specifically through its influence economic, social, environmental and political drives in condition of context climate change which themselves affect the linkages between climate change, migration, environment and sus-tainable development in the context of conditional climate change in the future.