Scientists and researchers in the developing countries should have a special focus on fungal diseases. Annually, fungal pathogens destroying the crops very heavily, which caused heavy economic loss and as well as effect the supply of the food. The most dreadful pathogenic fungus are Puccinia spp., destroying the wheat, Mag- naporthe oryzae, infecting rice and wheat, Botrytis cinerea, which has wide range of host. Several crops growing in the tropic areas, such as mango, guava, bananas, coffee, cacao, and few nuts. These crops are affecting by fungal infections. Mostly these crops are not growing in colder climates. Due to lack of natural defence, to grow crops in tropical climate always at high risk of epidemic. This prob- lematic situation required to develop sustainable and effective ap- proach.

Status of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of groundnut over six kharif seasons (2011 - 2016) at hot semi-arid region of Junagadh (Gujarat) was analysed in relation to climatic change and validated using 2020 datasets in addition to its prediction for the future periods of 2050 and 2080. Variability existed for the initiation and mean seasonal status of early leaf spot across seasons. While the earliest occurrence was four weeks after sowing (WAS) during 2012, disease severity was found to increase with increase in crop age despite variations in rate of disease progressions. Terminal disease severity in respect of 2014 and 2011 was 61.5 and 53.3% and less than 40% during other study seasons. Mean severity was the highest (43.7%) and lowest (20%) in 2011 and 2015, respectively with 27.3% during 2020. Climatic deviations worked out in comparison with long term average (40 years; 1970 - 2010) for the period of 2011-16 had shown a significant increase of maximum temperature and rainfall by 0.63°C and 12.4 mm/week, respectively. Impact of climatic deviations and their relations to severity worked out using Kendall correlations revealed significant influence of increased rainfall increasing severity of early leaf spot during the past and future periods implying that the changing climatic conditions would be conducive for higher early spot disease severity on groundnut.

In the second decade of 21st century COVID-19 has attacked in the world-wide population and has created unprecedented situ- ation in the universe. It was the time when we were neither hav- ing any vaccination nor any guideline of treatment. We worked on the advisory of WHO and opted to go by lock down, shut down, curfew etc. this situation was havoc on agriculture but our agricul- tural workers, scientists especially Krishi Vigyan Kendras played a pivotal role in saving agricultural crops and other products. Dur- ing such hard time Government of India played an important role and allowed relaxation on agricultural activities. Union Ministry of Home Affairs notified to exclude movement of farmers, farm la- bourers, harvesting and sowing -related machines from the lock down.

Most of the farmers are practiced in their conventional meth- ods and they are not interested to upgrade or modify themselves towards the improved and long term cropping due to their illitera- cy

Rapid and unsustainable industrialization has caused many environmental problems that led to rise in wastewater contamina- tion, which is one of the major environmental concern. This study attempts to access the main pollutants found in the wastewater. Heavy metals were found to be the major pollutants in contaminated water. Four types of ashes simple fly ash, simple coarse ash, acid activated fly ash and acid activated coarse ash were evaluated for the adsorption of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), and Copper (Cu) from contaminated water in single contaminant system. Adsorption of these heavy metals was increased by increasing the contact time until the equilibrium attained. The adsorption sequence for the heavy metal removal was acid activated fly ash > fly ash > acid activated coarse ash > simple coarse ash. Pseudo first order kinetic model could best fit for the adsorption of Cd, Cr, and Cu. The ef- fect of pH on the adsorption of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), and Copper (Cu) was also studied. It was observed that the removal of cadmium and copper was maximum at basic pH while the removal of chromium was maximum at acidic pH. Results indicated that maximum adsorption was recorded on acid-activated fly ash for Cd (92.12%), Cr (85.22%), and Cu (64.01%) with the variation of time and pH. Our results suggest that the acid activated fly ash could be the best adsorbent out of these for the removal of cadmium, chromium, and copper because of its larger surface area and smaller particle size as well as the acid activation increase its adsorption efficacy due to the presence of electrostatic interaction.

Mulberry is subtropical tree., Genus: Mores, Family Moraceae, species Morus alba L This tree has three main species named for the fruit colored the best-known cultivar, white, red, and black mulberry (Morus alba, Rubra and Nigra). In our country found white mulberry and black mulberry, with Latin name is Morus alba L and Morus nigra L. Morus red don’t growing in our country but have with color white to pink. Zones which grow white mulberry is Shkoder, Tirana, Durres, etc. and zones which grow mulberry is Hill zones and before mountains. In this study is evaluation some traits mainly in fruit of tree, form of fruit, color fruit, antocian, flavonaid, poliphenol. The aim of this study is to know diversity between two species of Mulberry, mulberry Alba and mulberry nigra. Mulberry Alba is deciduous, has a dense spreading crown, generally wider than high of the tree. The height of tree is 23- 30 cm, have a pyra- midal shape or pyramidal shape. The leaves are light green in color, alternate, cordate. The flowers are unisexcial, greenish in color flowers. The trees are monocecious or diocious without buttre - shes (Orwa., et al. 2009). The fruit is different is small, is medium and big. In this study are analyses of some chemical indicators such as PH, humidity, Anthocyaniid, Polyphenols, Flavonoid is in fruit. Contribute to the pigment of fruit color. Anthocyanid contribute to identify of inflorescence fruit and flowers. Anthocyanid of black mulberry is 219.02 mg/LCYA 3 gluten, white mulberry don’t have. Poliphenol are antioxidant are secondary metabolites of plant, for black mulberry is 2506, white mulberry is 561.7 mg/L GAE, Flavonoid for white mulberry is 23.43 mg/L, black mulberry don’t have. Sugar for black mulberry is 81.2% and white mulberry is 79.6 %. The data are subjected to statistical processing

The present study was designed to investigate fungal diseases of wheat and maize crops of Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, Pakistan. In this study seven fungal pathogens (Puccinia triticina, Ustilago tritici, Alternaria triticina, Drechslera tritici repentis, Fu- sarium gramenarium, Cladosporium herbarum, Curvularia lunata) causing leaf rust, Smut, Alternaria leaf blight, Tan spot/yellow spot, Fusarium head blight, Black point in wheat and four fungi (Bioplaris maydis, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Colletotri- chum graminicola) causing Sourthen leaf blight, Alternaria leaf blight, Curvularia leaf spot and Anthracnose leaf blight in maize were isolated and identified on the basis of cultural characteristics and micrometry. In wheat samples Puccinia recondita and Alternaria triticina were most prevalent pathogens isolated in all ten sampling locations and showed maximum percent incidence of 73.33% and 90%, respectively. While Curvularia lunata was isolated from only one location Pangran with maximum incidence of 6.67%. Similarly in maize samples Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris maydis were dominated pathogens isolated in three locations Chamba, Sultanpur and Takia sheikhan with highest percent incidence 93.33% and minimum percent incidence was shown by Curvularia lunata i-e 3.33% isolated from samples of six locations. All foliar samples of wheat and maize were found infected either singly or mixed infection. Single infection percentage was found higher as compared to mixed infection.

Sustainable agriculture is a method and philosophy of agriculture that promotes cultivation techniques that minimizes the use of synthetic pesticides as well as fertilizers in order to promote the natural processes on Earth. Promoting the use of sustainable agri- cultural knowledge has become increasingly popular because it utilizes the principles of ecology to encourage biological diversity, ecological diversity, and the maintenance of proper soil health. As the Earth’s natural processes are better understood, agronomists, biologists, and soil scientists will become greater assets to the developing world. This manuscript is designed to disseminate knowl- edge about the practices of building supressive soils, as well as to foster post-harvest waste prevention, in order to make the process of getting agricultural products from the field to the table more sustainable.

In India, agriculture is considered as the backbone of the econ- omy as the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture to earn its livelihood. It is understood that India has the second-larg- est arable land resources in the world and is the largest producer of spices, pulses, milk, tea, cashew, and jute, and the second larg- est producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables, sugarcane, cot- ton, and oilseeds. Food grain statistics reveal that during the year 2019-20 crop year, food grain production reached to a record of 296.65 million tonnes. Whereas, the target set by the Government of India in 2020-21 for food grain production is of the order of 298 MT.

Indigenous tree species are getting rare from nature day by day. Pterospermum semisagittatum Buch. -Ham. is a vulnerable native tree species of Bangladesh gradually decreased by over rating of deforestation. Despite its high medicinal and ecological value this species is carelessly destroyed. Bearing in mind the value of P. semisagittatum, a study was conducted at the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences Chittagong University (IFESCU) during 2013 to find out effective pre-sowing method. Considering soft coat- ed seeds, three presowing methods - seeds sown vertically in polybags in open sunlight (control), seeds sown vertically in polybags under shade (shade), and seeds sown horizontally in polybags in open sunlight (flat position) were tried. Randomized completely block design was applied and large sized uniform shaped seeds were selected for the experiment. Seeds were sown in normal poly- bags (6” × 4”) with 3:1 soil and cowdung media. In effect, 100% germination and highest plant percent (81.3%), germination value (11.76), germination index (1.53), very good germination capacity observed in seeds sown in flat position in open sunlight. Maxi- mum shoot length (26.4 cm) and node numbers (11.22) also calculated in seeds sown in flat position in open sunlight. The result of the study revealed that sowing seeds in flat position in polybags and keep it in open sunlight increases germination rate as well as produce comparatively vigor seedlings. The findings of the study recommend to apply the method of seeds sown in flat position in polybags to produce vigor seedlings for massive plantation.