Topical fluorides are applied directly to the tooth enamel. For examples include fluoride toothpastes and mouthwashes as well as fluoride application by the dentist.Systemic fluorides are those that are swallowed to the entire body. Examples include fluoridated water and dietary fluoride supplements.

Adults have secondary teeth and children primary teeth. Covered by enamel, their crowns have dentin below that gives them volume. The embryological difference of these tissues creates a clearly defined amelodentinal junction [ADJ]. In secondary teeth, the enamel shows lower mineralization stages called striae of Retzius, which should also be visible in primary teeth. Our objectives were to compare the histological aspect of ADJ, its relationship with dentine structures and the striae of Retzius in both dentitions.

Concrescence represents a rare developmental anomaly of teeth. It is a condition showing union of adjacent teeth by cementum along the root surfaces. Maxillary molars are the teeth most commonly involved teeth. This is one such case report in which concres-cence is observed between a second and third molar in the maxilla. This article highlights the presence of a concrescence between maxillary second molar and third molar with radiographic findings along with its conservative management.

Purpose: To outline a technique for the extraction of mesiodens through the nasal cavities and discuss its advantages and disadvan-tages, as well as specific recommendations and possible complications. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in which clinical records from March - December 2015 were screened for patients diagnosed with mesiodens. Patients were excluded if they presented disorders associated with increased prevalence of supernumerary teeth. To effectively compare the different treatment approaches used, a variety of data was collected with special emphasis on complications. Results: Nine patients (four male, five female; average age 10.4 ± 1.7 years) fulfilled the described inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis revealed that there were no intra-operative complications, nor were complications reported upon follow-up for any of the utilised (classical and vestibular-nasal) approaches. Conclusion: When applied under the correct circumstances, the here presented nasal approach technique improves various aspects for mesiodens extraction, including better visibility and facilitates the technique.

Clinical science that deals with the periodontium in health and disease is called Periodontology, the practice of which is known as Periodontics. Dental ethics govern every phase of treatment, including the diagnosis and treatment planning, patient education, qual-ity of work performed, achieving satisfactory outcomes, determining fees, communication with referring dentists and accurate and honest record keeping. Dental Associations while serving as the national “watchdog” on ethics also contribute to protect the rights of organized dentistry through nationwide communication and by supporting local, state and federal legislation. Ethical responsibilities of a general dentist are that they should diagnose and treat periodontal disease properly. Proactive and conservative care along with long-term maintenance is critical. Patients with advanced disease who do not respond to initial treatment should be referred to the periodontist. A periodontist as a specialist should have a thorough knowledge of all non-surgical and surgical procedures (including periodontal plastic surgery and implants), maintenance care, oral physiotherapy, oral medicine (for diagnosing and treating systemic health as it relates to the periodontal disease), temporomandibular joint disorders and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. Ob-stacles in controlling and preventing periodontal disease in an Indian scenario are that it is a painless disease and low socio-economic strata of majority of the population. General dentists practicing Periodontics and Periodontists should take the onus to converge the knowledge of Periodontology and apply it ethically for the benefit of the community at large

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 0.2% Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs), CNPs/EDTA (1:1) and 17% EDTA on smear layer removal ability.Methods: Fifteen extracted human permanent mandibular premolars with single canals were decoronated and biomechanically prepared using protaper next rotary system and 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite, then randomly distributed according to the final irriga-tion protocol into 3 group; Group I (0.2% CNPs), Group II (CNPs/EDTA) (1:1), and Group III (17% EDTA). A standardized volume of 5 ml of each tested irrigant (s) was used for 3 minutes. Teeth were longitudinally split to evaluate the smear layer eradication using scanning electron microscope at magnifications of 500x and 1000x. The micrographs for each third were given scores by two blinded observers using Takeda., et al. (1999) scoring system. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of the three groups at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds (P-value = 0.368, 0.054, and 0.0900) respectively. As for the combined total scores of each group, Group I (CNPs) showing a significantly higher smear layer elimination than both Group II (CNPs/EDTA) and Group III (EDTA) (P-value = 0.044). Conclusions: None of the used chelating agents resulted in complete removal of the smear layer. The combined use of CNPs/EDTA (1:1) did not show superior performance over the other two groups

Objective: The purpose of this In-vitro study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and nano-chitosan ir-rigations (CNPs) with two different irrigation techniques, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on Enterococcus Faecalis biofilm reduction inside the infected dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Methods: Twenty eight teeth samples were bio-mechanically prepared, sterilized, and inoculated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) for 3 weeks. Specimens were then randomly divided into four groups (n = 7) according to the final irrigation protocol as follows: Group I, CSI with 2.6% NaOCl; Group II, irrigation with 2.6% NaOCl + PUI; Group III, CSI with 0.5% CNPs; while in Group IV, irrigation with 0.5% CNPs + PUI. Samples were then longitudinally sectioned to obtain a 4x2 mm sized sections from the apical 1/3 of the roots. E. faecalis biofilm reduction was finally evaluated using CLSM and at three different 100 µm areas representing 3 depths inside the dentinal tubules. Results: None of the four experimental groups could result in complete elimination of E. faecalis from the dentinal tubules. Group II (NaOCl+PUI), III (CNPs), and IV (CNPs + PUI) all showed significantly higher biofilm reduction when compared to Group I (NaOCl) (P-value < 0.001). However there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups (P-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Active and passive CNPs irrigations showed superior antibacterial efficacy in comparison to NaOCl, and were on bar with PUI activated NaOCl, no improvement in the antibacterial efficacy could be obtained from using PUI to activate CNPs irrigation.

The present case illustrates the management of an avulsion of the nose due to human bite under local anaesthesia with intrave-nous conscious sedation. The human bite injury of the nose though relatively uncommon presents a challenge to the surgeon espe-cially where treatment options are limited because of the poor financial circumstances of patient. This case shows that despite these challenges good results can be achieved by making good and prudent treatment decisions. Clearly, the nose is worth restoring given their functional, cosmetic and psychological importance.

Vibration loading has extensively studied as a non-invasive method bone stimulation in the various aspect of bony pathology and the most significant application is the vibrational loading on the fracture callus. Vibrational stimulation increases the osteogenic gene expression and increases the number of osteoblast. In Dentistry vibrational loading mainly used for the orthodontic tooth movement and implant Osseo integration the proposed vibrator device produces rapid tooth movements and there are few animal studies re-ported the stimulation of osteoblast cell at implant surface and promote significant osseointegration. The purpose of the literature review is to provide summery of various studies of bone stimulation, orthodontic tooth movements and implant Osseo-integration by vibrational loading

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of occlusal reduction on post-operative pain.Methods: Fifty-two patients diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis in maxillary and mandibular molars were included in this study. The root canals were instrumented and obturated in a single-visit root canal treatment. The pa-tients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 26 each. In Group A, the occlusal surface was reduced, whereas in Group B, the occlusal surface was not modified (no occlusal reduction). Each patient was asked to record his/her postoperative pain on a numerical rating scale (NRS) pre-operatively and at 6, 12, 24, 48-hrs post-operatively. Results: Showed similarity between the two groups regarding demographic data and pre-operative pain, as for Pain intensity, there was observable decrease at 6, 12, 24, till it disappeared at 48-hrs with no significant difference between both groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Intact occlusal surface and reduced occlusal surface showed more or less similar effect on the post-operative pain in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis performed in a single-visit.

This study was done to test the antimicrobial efficiency of four irrigating solutions such as chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium hypochlo-rite (NaOCl), Bio pure MTAD, Oxum, against the E. Faecalis microorganisms in root canals. Fifty freshly extracted single- rooted hu-man teeth were selected. They were enlarged to a size 45 k - File (Maillefer). Instrumentation was followed by irrigation with 5 ml of above irrigating solutions for each file used. 20µl of the suspension was inoculated into each of root canals. After 48 hr of incubation at 37°C, microbial growth was verified, confirming the contamination of the root canals. After the instrumentation, the sampling was done. The specimens were incubated at 37°C for 7 days. Within the limitations of this study it was concluded that MTAD significantly reduced the number of E. Faecalis followed by chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite and least reduction was observed in oxum.

Workplace-based learning (WBL) is a vital component of the training and education of healthcare professionals and learning in the workplace enables students to learn knowledge, skills, and aptitudes required in their professional practice. This study aimed to evaluate final year dental students’ field posting visit to The Ministry of Health (MOH) facilities to observe and learn how the principles of primary health care are being applied. A cross-sectional survey was carried out for final year students who completed their field posting visit to MOH centers in Malaysia. A pretested and validated questionnaire based on the Likert scale range from 1 - 5 (Scale 1 -highly disagree and scale 5 - highly agree) was distributed to the students. Data collected were analyzed using SPPS software. The mean value range was from (3.38 - 4.26) for all 8 items questions. Overall students agreed that field posting was well organized (70%), enhanced knowledge in health care services provided in MOH (95%), helped to understand future clinical practice in MOH (89.5%), and less than fifty percent agreed that health care services were accessible, available, acceptable and affordable to public (48.8%). The overall students’ experience with field posting visit to MOH centers showed a positive attitude and had able to understand the health care facilities provided in MOH, Malaysia

Objective: This study attempted to compare the shaping abilities of the 2Shape, Neolix and Pro Taper Next rotary NiTi systems in terms of canal transportation and centering ability by cone beam computed tomography. Methods: Mesiobuccal canals of fifty-seven first mandibular molar teeth with an angle of curvature ranging from 20o to 40o accord-ing to Schneider’s technique were randomly assigned into three groups according to the rotary system used (n = 19). Canals were scanned using cone beam computed tomography before and after preparation to evaluate canal transportation and centering ratio at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in amounts of mesiodistal canal transportation between the three groups at the apical, middle and coronal thirds. There was no statistically significant difference in the centric ratio between the three groups at the coronal and apical thirds. At the middle third, the 2Shape and ProTaper Next showed higher statistically significantly median centric ratio in the mesiodistal direction than Neolix group.Conclusions: The three systems showed comparable performance regarding the degree of canal transportation and centering ability.

Background: Hachimoji is a double DNA helix that has an additional 4 nucleotide bases. In normal RNA and DNA, combination of four base pairs enables the storage and transmission of genetic information. The 4 new letters P, B, Z and S approximated the structures and functionally of regular DNA. This is of significance because DNA has always been thought to be unique. DNA is the only materi-als for which we have the ability to design sequences that have predictable stability, this new four letters satisfy every aspect of this predictable stability as well. Aim of The Study: To evaluate and emphasize the sensitivity and specificity of Hachimoji DNA in oral therapeutics. Research Question: Is Hachimoji actually significant enough in detecting and treating specific oral diseases and lesions.Materials and Methods: With the Medline database taken as a source for authenticated scientific research data, articles were se-lected having undergone randomized control trial. Out of these, articles (studies) were chosen which met the criterion for systematic review.Results and Conclusion: We can interpret that Hachimoji DNA comes up with numerous advantages. To name a few, better un-derstanding of its complex structure. Enhanced understanding of different base pairs with its modified properties. Minimising the complexity of nano structures. Synthesis of protein from unusual amino acid. The complexity of DNA and the nucleic acid which once seemed daunted have now been discerned. Thereby, not only modifying and improving the cellular galaxy at a molecular level but also enhancing the approach towards various disease therapeutics which have been so far a challenge to medical and dental science

Background and Objectives: The commitment of the dental profession in delivering the highest quality of care to each of its indi-vidual patients and applying advancements in technology and science has been continually improving the oral health status of the population globally. Radiographs can help the dental practitioner evaluate and definitively diagnose many oral diseases, disorders and conditions. Hence the present study aims to compare the clinical features and findings with the panoramic radiographic features and the frequency to detect various occult findings which were undetected clinically.Methodology:A total of 130 patients above 10 years of age inclusive of both genders were taken as sample size. After an informed consent from all the study subjects and institutional ethical committee clearance, a thorough clinical examination was carried out under optimal illumination and recorded on a pre designed Performa.This was followed by a panoramic radiographic screening. The pathologies which were taken into consideration, clinically (C) and radiologically (R) to check for their association in the study included:• Dental caries (C1 and R1)• Periodontal bone loss (C2 and R2)• Condylar changes (C3 and R3)• Any occult/incidental findings (C4 and R4)The data was analyzed using Chi-Square test.Results: The association in above mentioned 4 groups was found to be 99% (significant p < 0.05), 94% (significant p = 0.44), 84% (significant p = 0.32) and 11% (p > 0.05 - statistically insignificant) respectively.Conclusion: Radiographs have been an important aid in guiding the dental practitioner evaluate and definitively diagnose many oral diseases and conditions. The use of panoramic radiography as an additive tool to the clinical examination in oral evaluation would enhance the global oral health thereby proving to be an essential diagnostic tool.

Coronavirus disease which was originated in Wuhan, China, has become a major public health issue for the world. The World Health Organization stated it as a public health emergency of inter-national concern. This disease has spread in 34 countries, with a total of 80,239 laboratory-confirmed cases and 2,700 deaths.

There are multiple avenues which have been suggested for reversing the process of ageing. It is a given fact that the cellular process of ageing cannot be stopped. It is a natural process every living being goes through. This article explores the aspect of early onset ageing where the look on the face is a decade or more elder than the natural biological age of the patient. The reasons for this early onset ageing are explored and enumerated. Muscles tend to lose their tone adding to the aged look and the reason for this loss of tonicity is also explained.Methods to stop and reverse this condition of early onset ageing are then explained. The connection between a rotated mandible and early onset ageing is established. Cases are presented which clearly demonstrates how this process can be effectively reversed

Background: Oral cancer is a major global threat to the public health causing great morbidity and mortality rates that have not improved in decades. Oral cancer development is a multistep and multifocal process involving field carcinogenesis and intraepi-thelial clonal spread. Amongst the numerous terminologies associated with various aspects of Oral Cancers, Paraneoplastic (PNP) Syndromes are those which are directly related neither to the physical effect of the tumor, nor to metastasis of the tumor, nor are they associated with side effects of anti-cancer treatment or with any complications of cancer. There is an increasing knowledge of asso-ciation between Paraneoplastic syndromes and head and neck cancers but the relationship between Oral Cancer and Paraneoplastic disease has not been previously investigated. Hence, this paper aims to highlight the significance of the association of Paraneoplastic Syndromes in patients with Oral Cancer in the form of Meta-analysis research. Aim of the Study: To highlight the significance of the association of Paraneoplastic Syndromes in patients with Oral Cancer. Materials and Methodology: Study sample included review of research articles, based on scientific databases from the English lit-erature based COCHRANE collaboration having a definite RCT (Randomized Control Trial), on Paraneoplastic Syndromes in various Oral Cancers. The literature was studied, analyzed and assessed based on the their p-values (probability) to determine the signifi-cance of the association between the two entities paraneoplastic syndromes and oral cancer. Research Hypothesis: Is there actually a definite relationship or association between the Paraneoplastic Syndromes and Oral Can-cers? Result and Conclusion: Paraneoplastic syndromes have poor association in patients with oral cancer.

Background: Sickle cell disease is caused by mutations in the beta-globin gene, resulting in misshapen red blood cells. Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is being pursued as a treatment strategy for hemoglobinopathies. The approach is based on hematopoietic stem cells that “engraft,” or settle, in the bone marrow to produce red blood cells with functional hemoglobin [1].Aim of the Study: To determine the therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) edited with the CRIS-PR-Cas9 nuclease and evaluate recapitulation of naturally occurring mutations identified in individuals who express hereditary per-sistence of HbF. Materials and Methods: With the Medline database taken as a source for authenticated scientific research data, articles were se-lected having undergone randomized control trial. Out of these, articles (studies) were chosen which met the criterion for systematic review. Research Question: Can CRISPER edited HSPCs offer a solution for the treatment of sickle cell disease? Result and Conclusion: Treatment of SCD mostly includes dealing with the complications of sickle cell anemia as they occur. It might include antibiotics, vitamins, blood transfusions, pain-relieving medicines, other medications and possibly surgery, such as to correct vision problems or to remove a damaged spleen. No treatment modality has offered a complete cure of the disease. CRISPR is a highly precise gene-editing tool that relies on guide RNA molecules to direct a scissor-like Cas9 enzyme to just the right spot in the genome to correct the misspelling [2]. The gene-editing treatment involves removing bone marrow from a patient, modifying the HSCs outside the body using CRISPR gene-editing tools, and then returning them back to the patient [3]. CRISPR plays a key role in treating SCD by correcting the mutation in the beta globin gene, promoting the production of fetal hemoglobin and enhancing the recovery rate [4].

Aim of the Study: To statistically demonstrate the enhanced significance of BIOSENSORS over other comparative investigative pro-cedures for detection of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (PMDs) over a decade’s timeperiod.Methodology: Study sample included research articles, based on databases from the COCHRANE collaboration having undergone a definite Randomised Control Trial, on various investigative procedures for Oral Precancer Lesions and Conditions and Oral Cancer itself over the past decade. This included literatures on Toluidine blue, Lugol’s iodine, Vizilite, Velscope, Colposcopy and Biosensors. The literature was, assessed analysed and studied, comparison was made based on the various p-values between various techniques on one side and biosensors on the other in terms of sensitivity and specificity. A Meta Analysis of all the modalities including the above mentioned parameters was carried out and advantages and disadvantages documented and compared with those of Biosen-sors in order to demonstrate the title of the study.Result: Compared to the 100% sensitivity and specificity of biosensors, the sensitivity and specificity of vital staining techniques were found to be respectively 95% and 81%, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of visual aids were found to be respectively 86% and 78%.Conclusion: Biosensors definitely came up as the best diagnostic aids and investigative procedures at hand compared to all others existing or tried so far

Background: Designed proteins hold great promise as building blocks for synthetic circuits, one such designer protein-degron LOCKR, which is based on ‘latching orthogonal cage-key proteins’ (LOCKR) technology-is a biological switch that degrades a protein of interest in vivo via a genetically encoded peptide. The designed nature of degron LOCKR proteins enables modifications to tune feedback behavior. This work demonstrates the large and untapped potential of de novo design of proteins for generating tools that implement complex synthetic functionalities in cells for a myriad of applications.Materials and Methods: With the Medline database, Cochrane collaboration and Medknow database taken as a source for authenti-cated scientific research data, 70 articles were selected having undergone randomized control trial. Out of these, 17 articles (studies) were chosen which met the criterion for meta-analysis. Results and Conclusion: LOCKR can act as a molecular switch. Individual LOCKR proteins can also be connected to form circuits that induce intracellular changes in response to both internal and external stimuli. The ability to engineer feedback control into liv-ing cells represents an important milestone in biology. LOCKR’s potential applications are endless, including biotechnological and therapeutic applications that can change the vista of cellular signaling