Springs are the major source of water supply for domestic and agricultural uses in the mid-hills of Nepal. Therefore, these resources must be preserved and protected for the benefit of the ecology, environment, economic wellbeing and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the community perception and vulnerability assessment of spring water. Based on the participatory methods, views and experiences of communities were analyzed to understand their perception towards climate change. On the other hand, vulnerability assessment was carried out to analyze the situation of water availability in springs. The study reveals that water consumer communities have experienced changing patterns of local climate which correlates with the long-term rainfall and temperature data. Vulnerability ranged from 0.10 to 0.67. Moreover, meager water resources and low discharge during summer have resulted a lot of hardship to the people. The findings will assist policymakers and development agencies to plan and implement their projects more effectively at the local and national levels.

Groundwater is the most significant assets on the planet and is declining continuously. The integration of GIS system and remote sensing turned into substantial tools in the field of subsurface water study, which assists in surveying, observing and monitoring the groundwater capitals. With this backdrop, using GIS and remote sensing application, a study was conducted to identify the potential groundwater zones in the hilly district Khagrachhari. The ground water potential zones were identified based on different thematic maps such as drainage, density, lineament density, slope, land use or land cover, soil and geology by using weighted overlay analysis. The groundwater potential zones were investigated orderly into four classes known as poor, moderate, good and very good. This groundwater potential information will work as a guideline to the concerned local authority to identify effectively the suitable locations for the extraction of groundwater.

The tasks of analyzing the processes underneath the integration of national legislation of Ukraine conforming with that of the European Union are critical for strengthening the State in quest of gaining membership in the European Union with the achievement of the strategic goals. This analytical article aims: 1) to unveil the genesis of the legal reform in the field of animal protection from ill-treatment and the use of animals for scientific purposes in Ukraine, 2) to analyze and summarize the features of regulations pertaining to the protection of animals from abuse within the EU, and 3) to outline further directions in reforming the domestic legislation of Ukraine concerning animal protection against ill-treatment and use of animals for scientific purposes in the context of European integration. Ukraine is gradually intensifying the process of reforming domestic legislation concerning cruelty to animals and use of animals for scientific purposes. The Verkhovna Rada (the Supreme Council) of Ukraine adopted Draft Law ? 2351 of 30.10.2019, which still requires reformation to solve the highlighted problems. Some solutions are recommended for the Government of Ukraine.

Bhawal National Park (BNP) is one of the biologically historic and rich habitats in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the current management strategies of BNP for sustainable biodiversity conservation along with investigations focusing underlying causes of deforestation and biodiversity losses. A structured questionnaire survey, interview, focused group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KII), and literature survey were used as research tools. The results reveal some threats to the sustainable park management, such as its proximity to urban areas, encroachment, abundance of private land within its boundaries, and the pressure of rapid industrialization. It is found that extensive fuelwood collection, industrial setup, agricultural activities, forest fire, forest land encroachment, wood collection are significant causes for deforestation and biodiversity loss. Moreover, number of species of plants and wildlife has decreased roughly by one-third and one-half, respectively. The findings of this study are valuable for sustainable forest biodiversity conservation and management apart from formulating relevant strategies, planning, and policies for the protected areas of Bangladesh.