It is very much true that people living in most of the rural areas depend on renewable energy resources for their daily domestic requirements. They either get an interrupted power supply from the traditional commercial electric supply or in some cases where the people living in a remote location may not get the traditional supply due to the distance. The people in the rural area already started using renewable energy resources for their daily needs. But it is seen that most of the rural area are potential to use many forms of renewable energy resources. There is a major requirement in combining more than one form of such energy to fulfill the needs. This paper explains the different methods of production of energy using the renewable resource in the rural area and a model to combine them to use the energy efficiently. This model suggests the controller to be designed which will use the energy produced from renewable energy efficiently. This controller has a responsibility to avoid the energy from the traditional method as long as there is a supply of energy from renewable resources. The controller uses the traditional energy only when there is no alternative energy supply from renewable energy

The rapid growth of information and communication technology resulted in abundant data and information growth in every field with the necessity for high data security. Face recognition is one of the types of unique biometrics measure related to human characteristics, which can be used for identification or authentication purpose as individual’s claimed identity. Face recognition system acquired great scope for the past few years in image processing for the security purposes including identification and verification process, due to its applications in various domains like crime detection, banking, and defense. Based on face data acquisition, face recognition techniques can be broadly classified into three types as intensity images using local binary pattern, video sequences using training videos and 3D information using 3D feature extraction. This paper discusses different face recognition algorithms and analyses it uses its advantages and disadvantages. This paper also compares and discusses how these techniques can be used for various identification and verification system in various fields and attempts to disclose state of the art of face recognition technology.

The rapid growth of information and communication technology resulted in abundant data and information growth in every field with the necessity for high data security. Face recognition is one of the types of unique biometrics measure related to human characteristics, which can be used for identification or authentication purpose as individual’s claimed identity. Face recognition system acquired great scope for the past few years in image processing for the security purposes including identification and verification process, due to its applications in various domains like crime detection, banking, and defense. Based on face data acquisition, face recognition techniques can be broadly classified into three types as intensity images using local binary pattern, video sequences using training videos and 3D information using 3D feature extraction. This paper discusses different face recognition algorithms and analyses it uses its advantages and disadvantages. This paper also compares and discusses how these techniques can be used for various identification and verification system in various fields and attempts to disclose state of the art of face recognition technology.

The organic materials with the ability of self-focussing/defocusing through their light intensity-dependent refractive index and phase shift properties are potential materials in alloptical photonic devices have become interesting topic of continuous research. Several organic materials including dye-doped polymer films are attracting many researchers due to their advantages in terms of enhanced efficiency, and acceptable mechanical properties to fabricate useful devices. In this paper, we have reported the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an organic dye Disperse Orange-25 (DO-25) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods by means of low power continuous wave (CW) laser beam. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input powers using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient ß, changes in refractive index with input intensity, and the magnitude of third-order optical nonlinearity of the dye-doped film are experimentally determined. The saturated output power for type 1 and type 2 optical limiting are determined. The input limiting threshold and saturated output power level for both type 1 and type 2 optical limiting configurations are recorded. DO-25 dye-doped in PMMA-MA polymer film has shown saturation absorption at lower input irradiance and reverse saturation absorption at higher input irradiance and hence found to be a potential candidate for the third harmonic property based photonic devices.

Online educations are gaining more scope due to the busy schedule of working groups and their interest to acquire knowledge in new fields. Working group people find difficult to get admission in top institutions for their interested course due to competition and lack of time flexibility. Regular full-time university affiliated courses become lack of interest for the working group due to outdated curriculum, lack of innovation in teaching, unchanged learning and evaluation environment and lack of industry oriented advanced courses. Some institutions/universities provide short-term online courses for working people, which are liked by many working people due to its new evaluation and learning methods, advanced curriculum and industry oriented subjects. The introduction of mobile wireless communication technology modernization, innovation and globalization are increasingly driving the online education to become ubiquitous, personalized, convenient, and flexible for working groups. In this paper, we discuss based on the location how some short term certification courses can incorporate changes in curriculum. In this paper, we discuss when a particular university introduces some certification courses worldwide, how concepts, regulations or entire subject changes depending on the geographical location. At the time of registration location of the user is accepted from the user. If the registered user changes the location for more than two weeks then that is traced by GPS through the mobile phone and curriculum content changes a little bit. Initially, this is introduced only for some competitive examinations material and short term certification courses related to commerce and political science, which is slightly different depending on the location. This paper discusses how in online short term certification courses, changes in curriculum and innovation in teaching, learning, and evaluation can be implemented for the benefits of working people located in different geographical regions of the world.

The materials with an ability of self-focusing/defocusing through their light intensitydependent refractive index and phase shift properties are potential candidates for all-optical photonic devices. Several organic materials including dye-doped polymer films are attracting many researchers due to their advantages in terms of enhanced efficiency, and acceptable mechanical properties to fabricate useful devices. In this paper, we have reported the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an organic dye Disperse Yellow - 7 (DY-7) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods by means of low power continuous wave (CW) laser beam. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input powers using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient ß, changes in refractive index with input intensity, and the magnitude of third-order optical nonlinearity of the dye-doped film are experimentally determined. The sample is tested for optical power limiting in which the input limiting threshold and saturated output power level for both type 1 and type 2 optical limiting configurations are recorded. DY-7 dye-doped in PMMA-MA polymer film has shown saturation absorption at lower input irradiance and reverse saturation absorption at higher input irradiance along with thermal nonlinearity and hence found to be a potential candidate for the third harmonic property based photonic devices.

Employers in the job market are constantly making paradigm change in their recruitment functions every moment involving various electronic mediums, social media, and ICT (Information & Communication Technologies) in order to simplify the recruiting processes without compromising the objective of identifying suitable, best human resources for their vacancies. Present campus recruitment training methodologies employed for training students are yielding unproductive whilst tested with advanced interview methodologies of new age industry recruiters may adopt E-HRM practice to find the optimum solution to their challenges. Therefore, in this paper, a new e-campus interview training model known as “The Box Framework for E-Campus Interview Training” is proposed. Through conceptual study, by introducing various box contents of the framework, it is shown that a comprehensive online interview training plan can be designed by the trainer for a robust online e-interview preparation training program for the students. Evaluation of the training model option is also proposed under the new training framework. The four box model is expected to be most suitable and best method for E-campus interview training.

Biometrics is an emerging field of research in recent years and has been devoted to the identification of individuals using one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. Fingerprints are the prominent and widely acceptable biometric features compared to face, speech, iris, and other types of biometrics. Fingerprint characteristic or features are unique for everyone and which cannot change throughout the lifetime. Fingerprint biometrics is having applications in diverse fields like attendance system, criminology, mobile applications and logical access control system. This is the purpose behind the popularity of fingerprints as the biometric identifier. The biometric image captured through mobile supportive devices like the mobile camera or USB Fingerprint contains low-quality images. In fingerprint recognition system the quality of the image plays a very important role while matching two fingerprints. Most of the fingerprint recognition systems result in poor matching due to impurity or noisy images. So there is high necessity and scope for image preprocessing and enhancement techniques in order to improve the quality of fingerprint image and to obtain high accuracy in the matching process. In this paper, we discuss some approaches and methods for reducing noise or impurities and to improve the quality of the image before matching them. These techniques help the fingerprint recognition system to become robust and to obtain high quality in the matching process.

Contrast and Brightness are two major factors, which affect the superiority of an image for easy or stainless or pleasant viewing. Overall lighting condition and darkness condition of the image collectively called as brightness, whereas differences in brightness or intensity range between the low and high-intensity value of an image are called as contrast. Histogram equalization is a very famous approach for image contrast adjustment or enhancement in image processing, but which produces sometimes washed out appearance, especially for a small region of the grayscale image. Contrast adjustment is part of the noise filtering or smoothing process, which is essential in automatic identification or recognition systems like a fingerprint or any other biometric-based recognition systems to get higher efficiency. Histogram-based equalization is simple in terms understandability and implementation, which is referred as one of the greatest advantages of this contrast adjustment method. Histogram equalization is less expensive compared to another similar type of contrast adjustment or enhancement algorithm. The novel approach planned in this paper controls dominating gray levels before applying histogram equalization process so that it performs enhancement of the image without over brightness or over darkness, which makes smaller part of the image invisible or loss of details in that portion of the image. This method outperforms histogram equalization method by enhancing the contrast with intermediate brightness or neither too bright nor too dark. In this paper, we compare different types of the grayscale image using the novel method and global histogram equalization method using MATLAB. Keywords: H

Six thinking hats is a recently introduced technique which outlines different thinking styles associated with analysing a given problem in an effective way. Six hats correspond to six different thinking styles used in a systematic problem solving procedure with different approaches. Alternately, by conceptualizing each type of hat with a different colour, the person focuses on the predominant style of thinking associated with each colour so that the problem can be analysed from different angles or frame of references. This method supports lateral thinking possibilities and enables new outcomes during problem solving sessions so that the optimum solution can be reached. Each type of hat generates plenty of solutions to any situation/problem based on neutral quantitative judgement, humanistic thinking, optimistic, creative, negative or managerial thinking and choosing the best solution among each possibility is the first stage. The best solution thus chosen gives a set of optimum solutions. The best out of all these optimum solutions is the ideal solution. In this paper, we have tried to examine how six thinking hats technique could be used in the ideal analysis for decision making in critical situations

A significant aspect of any software application is the creation, storage, processing, transmission, and access to data. ADO.NET is the data access component for the .NET Framework of the Microsoft. This component used by .NET products to communicate with a database for recording, fetching, and updating data and also to support all type of databases. It has collections of classes, interfaces, and structures for managing the data access from different databases. ADO.NET bridges the .NET application and database communication through XML to exchange data and add many new program interfaces to access the database. This paper introduces the structure, feature and inbuilt object of the ADO.NET technology and analysis database access technique of the ADO.NET. The paper also analyses the method of the ADO.NET connection with various types of database

Increasing awareness on the various environmental problems has led to a shift in consumer behaviour. There has been a change in consumer attitude towards a green lifestyle. Thus green Marketing has evolved special implications in the modern market. Green indicates purity through quality, fairness in price and worthy in dealings. Green marketing focuses on marketing eco-friendly products to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. It adopts innovative techniques of product modification, dynamic product process, maintaining sustainability and diversified advertising etc. The vision of Green marketing is to protect ecological environment. Present day customers need to be socially responsible and conscious towards environmental aspects. Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed particular important in the modern market and has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of developing and developed world, and is seen as an important strategy of facilitating sustainable development. In this research paper, the main emphasis has been made of concept, need and importance of green marketing. Data had been collected from multiple sources of evidence, in addition to books, journals, websites, and newspapers. It explores the main issues in adoption of green marketing practices. The paper describes the current scenario of the Indian market and explores the challenges and opportunities businesses have with green marketing.

One of the huge methods in Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is the segment or separation of the fingerprint. The process of decomposing an image into exclusive components is referred as segmentation. Fingerprint segmentation is the one of the predominant process involved in fingerprint pre-processing and it refers to the method of dividing or separating the image into disjoint areas as the foreground and the background region. The foreground also called as Region of Interest (ROI) due to the fact only the region which contains ridge and valley structure is used for processing, whilst the background carries noisy and irrelevant content material and so that it will be discarded in later enhancement or orientation or classification method. The challenge proper right here is to decide which a part of the image belongs to the foreground, retrieved as an input from the fingerprint sensor device or from benchmark datasets and which part belongs to the background. A 100% correct segmentation is continually very tough, specifically inside the very poor quality image or partial image together with the presence of latent. In this paper, we discuss a modified clipped based segmentation algorithm by adopting threshold value and canny edge detection techniques. We segment the background image is x and y dimensions or in other words left the edge, right edge, top edge and bottom edge of the image. For the purpose of analyzing the algorithm FVC ongoing 2002 benchmark dataset is considered. The entire algorithm is implemented using MATLAB 2015a. The algorithm is able to find affectively ROI of the fingerprint image or separates the foreground region from the background area of the fingerprint image very effectively. In high configuration system proposed algorithm achieves execution time of 1.75 seconds.

Various models are used in developing strategies to improve people’s performance in organizations. Such for example, are theory X, theory Y, and theory A. All these in common are based on presumptions about the human behaviour at work. Theory X and Y are opposing each other in predicting human nature. Theory A (Theory of Accountability) focuses on innate human potential, inherent urge for creativity, self-expression, and contribution to the organization as motivators. This is a winning strategy by collectively setting in motion a process of shared goals, divided responsibility, mutual inspiration and shared output. So much so managers have to transform average employee to real performers using role models and self-exploration. Accountability is assumed by both individuals and teams to ensure success in given task. The functional elements of Accountability Theory are Planning, Target setting, Motivation, Work Strategies, Responsibility, Role model, Monitoring & Guiding, and Accountability. This is indicative of a series of processes starting from Institutional assessment to problem identification and joint policy formulation; shared understanding through communication and action planning; Adoption of the idea and increased performance; Empowerment, support and teamwork; Commitment, consistency, and target fulfilment; Acknowledging example and willingness to improve; Joint review, self-appraisal, and confirmation of accomplishment; and Contribution through commitment and creativity. In all these stages lateral thinking through Six thinking hats opens up possibilities for objective and quantitative thinking, emotional thinking, negative pessimistic thinking, cautious optimistic thinking, creative innovative thinking and managerial thinking. In this paper, we have discussed how Theory A can be integrated with different types of thinking styles in any organization to improve its performance using six thinking hats model of lateral thinking

The objective of any business organization is profit and sustainability. To attain this objective majority of business organizations follow a strategy to identify and encash all possible opportunities which include low-cost, product differentiation, high-tech products & services, international expansion, continuous value addition to products & services, and so on. As a result, many business organizations started in a given country, expanded their business to almost entire world and became global players. Such expansion strategy transformed them into multinational business firms having a number of subsidiaries or branches and through their huge structure, market share, and capability, and hence they became a prominent player in their industry/industry sector. Some of such firms further expanded their business to different industry and industry sectors and also started to use many business models to reach and cover the entire world. In this paper, we have discussed various business analysing frameworks used to analyse the business system and strategy used by many international firms and the environmental factors affecting their business. We have used ABCD listing methodology to identify the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of these identified frameworks to analyse international business strategies and environmental analysis frameworks. Both criticism and suggestions on available framework usage are also given.

Biometric recognition encompasses numerous modern strategies. Among them, fingerprint reputation is taken into consideration to be the most effective approach for utmost security authentication. As industrial incentives boom, many new technologies for user identity are being advanced, each with its very own strengths and weaknesses and a potential area of interest marketplace. Fingerprint matching consists of a different process like filtering or preprocessing, binarisation, thinning or skeletonisation, postprocessing, feature extraction, and matching. Out of these fingerprint thinning or skeletonisation is one of the important processes in fingerprint identification or verification systems. Fingerprint thinning or skeletonisation is the manner or technique of lowering the thickness of every line of a fingerprint pattern or ridge pattern to just a single pixel width. After extracting the minutiae from the improved, binarised and thinned image some post-processing is carried out on this final fingerprint image to take away any spurious minutiae. The techniques on this class are of types–crossing number based and morphology-based totally. In this paper even though a new method for thinning is not proposed but a real attempt is made to explain the Edge prediction based thinning process. The Edge Prediction based Skelton formation is totally based on the conditional thinning set of rules, which is used to carry out thinning. The Edge Prediction based thinning process is explained with the help of workflow, algorithm, and flowchart.

The old age declines the functional capacity of the organs due to physiological transformation. The study of physical and psychological changes that occur in old age is called “gerontology”. Vital role is played by the legislations in granting welfare of the elderly population. The elderly welfare requires the solutions to the practical problems of the elderly. India has adopted United Nations International Plan of Action on Ageing to provide care and protection to the elders by considering them within the social category who requires special attention. The principle of equity is enshrined in the Constitution of India in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. Elderly population belongs to the marginalised and deprived sections in India. This paper introduces Pradeep & Charan’s model of ‘Broad Based Benefit’ (BBB) for the elderly by integrating legislative and social interventions towards empowerment of elderly. This paper provides guidelines to interlink the efforts of Government and Non Government Organisaitons by using legislative and judicial interfaces to promote elderly welfare. This model guides the way for empowerment of elderly population to be self sufficient and sustainable in their lives. The study is descriptive by nature, by using primary and secondary sources of data.

To remain competitive in a technology driven, fast changing, globalised business environment, and pursue sustainable development goals; Companies today are demanding a high degree of professionalism, intellectual common sense, emotional maturity, domain knowledge, competitive techno-functional competencies from the new breed of graduating students, engineers and value chain managers. Human Resource capacity enhancement and development of functional capabilities in new work related skills, per say employability skill improvement, has become a major challenge across organizations and institutions, especially from emerging and developing economies. In the context of higher education, to address these challenges, a structured, systematic and collaborative approach by strengthening Industry Academia Interface [I.A.I.] can inherently supplement professional skill development efforts of graduating students. University Industry Collaboration or I.A.I. is emerging as a key growth area in the context of academic value addition and value integration that would inadvertently supplement conventional classroom learning of traditional education formats. A mutually integrative engagement model for I.A.I. is illustrated as Collaborative Engagement for Organizational Development and Employability (CODE) in this paper. Thereupon to infuse a fresh perspective across various competitive skills desired by the employers, in the categories of hard and soft skills, with a blend of basic and advanced life skill traits; various subset elements of graduate employability are grouped to develop a graphical perspective of an Employability Skill Traits Management Quotient (ESMQ). This paper contains the concept proposal, structure, synthesis and theoretical analysis of the ESMQ model, from various organizational frames of references. It is believed that the proposed ESMQ Model would assist in designing varying levels of training interventions, through Accelerated Learning Programs (ALPs) that would distinctly enhance the overall employability of graduating students; consequently making them ready for speedy absorption in Businesses and Industry.

Identifying the characteristics of an ideal system in nature and comparing it with existing real system in a given area for possible improvement is one of the research methods in research methodology. While comparing the ideal system characteristics with existing/real system characteristics the research gap can be determined and further research can be carried out to improve the real-world system. The four basic problems still existing in the society worldwide are related to nutritious food, drinking water, renewable energy, and comfortable health. In this paper, we have studied the characteristics of the ideal water purifier, a hypothetical system used to convert contaminated water into pure water to solve drinking and irrigation water problems. The characteristics of the ideal water purifier system are classified and discussed under four categories as input characteristics, system requirements, Output characteristics, and environmental characteristics. Further, the possibilities of realizing such a system using nanotechnology are also discussed. Nanotechnology is emerging as a multidisciplinary new frontier of Science & Technology expected to solve many major problems/needs of the mankind of the society which include supply of abundant potable drinking water, pure water for agriculture and plantations, availability of nutritious food for everybody, uninterrupted green energy for society, and comfortable health for everybody. The paper discusses the possibility of using nanotechnology to realize the ideal water purifier using nanotechnology and also the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of such technology to improve such system towards the ideal systemNew Knowledge Created/New Analysis &Interpretation :The paper created new knowledge on the concept and characteristics of ideal water purifier, and analysed and interpreted the possibility of realizing it using nanotechnology

Recently, graphene-based materials have engaged the attentiveness of all researchers doing research related to materials science, particularly related to gas sensing application. Graphene nanocomposites or nanohybrids are the modern inclusion to the marvel applications of graphene-based materials. One of the occupying utilisation of the graphenebased nanocomposites is chemical detection which is beneficial for observing the explosive nature, harmfulness and inflammability of gases. Diversified metal oxides like tin oxide, ferric oxide, zinc oxide and indium oxide as soon as combined with graphene-based materials to form nanocomposites own enormous potentiality for detecting a minute amount of harmful gas. In this article, the various synthesising methods, preparation of composites, fabrication and gas sensing utilisation of graphene-based nanocomposites are depicted in detail